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PubMed1984

Energy balance studies in frog skeletal muscles shortening at one-half maximal velocity.

High-energy phosphate metabolism and energy liberated as heat and work were measured in 3-s tetani of frog sartorius muscle at 0 degree C. Two contraction periods were studied: (a) a 0.35-s period of shortening near half-maximum velocity beginning after 2 s of isometric stimulation, and (b) a 0.65-s isometric period immediately following the shortening. There were no significant changes in levels of ATP, ADP, or AMP in the two contraction periods. The observed changes in inorganic phosphate and creatine levels indicated that the only significant reaction occurring was phosphocreatine splitting. The mean rate of high-energy phosphate splitting during the shortening, 1.60 +/- 0.23 mumol X g-1 X s-1 (n = 24), was about fivefold higher than that in the 1-s period in the isometric tetanus, 0.32 +/- 0.11 mumol X g-1 X s-1 (n = 17), observed in our previous study. The mean rate in the post-shortening period, 0.46 +/- 0.13 mumol X g-1 X s-1 (n = 17), was not significantly different from that in the 1-s period in the isometric tetanus. A large amount of heat plus work was produced during the shortening period, and this could be accounted for by simultaneous chemical changes. In the post-shortening period, the observed enthalpy was also accounted for by simultaneous chemical reactions. Thus, the present result is in sharp contrast to that obtained from a similar study performed at a shortening at Vmax, where an enthalpy excess was produced during shortening and an enthalpy deficit was produced during the period following the shortening.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Structural changes of cross-bridges on transition from isometric to shortening state in frog skeletal muscle.

Structural changes in the myosin cross-bridges were studied by small-angle x-ray diffraction at a time resolution of 0.53 ms. A frog sartorius muscle, which was electrically stimulated to induce isometric contraction, was released by approximately 1% in 1 ms, and then its length was decreased to allow steady shortening with tension of approximately 30% of the isometric level. Intensity of all reflections reached a constant level in 5-8 ms. Intensity of the 7.2-nm meridional reflection and the (1,0) sampling spot of the 14.5-nm layer line increased after the initial release but returned to the isometric level during steady shortening. The 21.5-nm meridional reflection showed fast and slow components of intensity increase. The intensity of the 10.3-nm layer line, which arises from myosin heads attached to actin, decreased to a steady level in 2 ms, whereas other reflections took longer, 5-20 ms. The results show that myosin heads adapt quickly to an altered level of tension, and that there is a distinct structural state just after a quick release.

Actins↗

PubMed1979

The differing effects of isoxsuprine on muscle flap and skin flap survival in the pig.

The pretreatment of pigs with isoxsuprine for two weeks resulted in a significant increase in the surviving length of sartorius muscle flaps when compared with untreated flaps on the same animal. However, there was no improvement in the surviving length of neurovascular island skin flaps when these animals were treated with isoxsuprine. The difference in these results is thought to be due to the action of isoxsuprine on the blood supply of skeletal muscle.

Animals↗

PubMed1983

Growth of fiber types and apparent fiber number in skeletal muscle of broiler- and layer-type chickens.

Proportions of myofiber types, radial growth (diameter) of myofibers and apparent myofiber number were measured at the midsection of the sartorius muscle of broiler- and layer-type chickens. Broiler birds grew mor rapidly than layer birds so that in comparisons at equal age, broilers had heavier body and muscle weights, larger diameter type I and II myofibers and greater apparent myofiber number. The proportion of type II red myofibers decreased and that of type II white myofibers increased during growth. These changes occurred at a younger age in broiler-type birds. At equal body weights, however, broiler- and layer-type birds had similar proportions of the various myofiber types, which indicates that development of myofiber types is affected by functional demands on skeletal muscle related to increasing body weight. At equal body weights, broilers had larger diameter type II myofibers than layers and had a more rapid rate of type II myofiber radial hypertrophy during growth. In contrast, layer-type birds had larger type I myofibers than did broilers and the rate of radial growth was similar between breeds. Apparent myofiber number per unit of body weight increased during growth at a similar rate in the two types of birds but broilers had greater numbers of myofibers. It was concluded that more rapid growth and greater muscularity of broiler-type birds are caused by more rapid myofiber hypertrophy and the presence of more myofibers. It is suggested that selection for growth and muscularity favors factors that promote selective radial hypertrophy of type II myofibers as seen in broiler-type chickens.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Muscle computed tomography in adult-onset acid maltase deficiency.

Nine patients with adult-onset acid maltase deficiency (Pompe's disease) were examined clinically and with computed tomography (CT). The CT scan showed early and severe involvement of the muscles of trunk and thighs, with selective sparing of the tensor fasciae latae, short head of biceps femoris, gracilis, and sartorius muscles. Shoulder and leg muscles were less affected. The disease spread over the years from trunk to extremities. Muscle strength and CT findings were positively correlated.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

Effects of 2,3-butanedione monoxime on contraction of frog skeletal muscles: an X-ray diffraction study.

We studied the effects of BDM (2,3-butanedione monoxime) on the tetanic contraction of frog skeletal muscles using an X-ray diffraction technique. BDM significantly increased the resting equatorial intensity ratio (I1,0/I1,1). In sartorius muscle, 3 mM BDM suppressed tetanic tension by 40-70% whereas the equatorial intensity ratio, which is 2.6 at rest, decreased to 0.75 during tetanus, close to the value in normal contraction (about 0.50). BDM (3 mM) reduced the intensity increase of the 5.1-nm layer-line to 41%, that of the 5.9-nm layer-line to 24%, and the intensity decrease of the second myosin meridional reflection (at 1/21.5 nm-1) at 81%. In overstretched semitendinosus muscle, 3 mM BDM did not significantly reduce the intensity increase of the second actin layer-line during activation, suggesting that enough calcium is released to activate the regulatory system and the regulatory proteins are intact. These results indicate that BDM suppresses tetanic tension by mainly inhibiting actin-myosin interaction. It has a smaller effect on the equatorial reflections and myosin layer-lines than on the actin layer-lines, suggesting that BDM-influenced myosin heads may bind to actin without following the symmetry of the actin helix.

Actin Cytoskeleton↗

PubMed2003

Retro-sartorius bypass in the treatment of graft infection after peripheral vascular surgery.

Extra-anatomic bypass is preferred for revascularization after removal of infected vascular grafts. The obturator canal technique has been used to bypass an infected field in the groin, although this method has not always been definitive because of several drawbacks. We present a unique method of extra-anatomic revascularization for use in such a situation. An autogenous graft is placed just below the sartorius muscle in the thigh and penetrates the iliacus muscle near the lateral end of the inguinal ligament. Limb loss and recurrent infection are prevented postoperatively. This retro-sartorius bypass technique may be a useful alternative to obturator bypass grafting in selected patients.

Aged↗

PubMed1994

Free rectus femoris muscle transfer for one-stage reconstruction of established facial paralysis.

The free vascularized rectus femoris muscle graft with a long motor nerve was used for reconstruction of unilateral established facial paralysis in one stage. The pedicle vessels were anastomosed to the recipient vessels in the ipsilateral face, and the motor nerve of the muscle, which was led through the upper lip, was sutured to the contralateral facial nerve. The advantages of this one-stage reconstruction as compared with surgery involving second-stage reconstruction are that the reconstruction can be completed in one stage and that the period required for muscle refunctioning after surgery is short. The vascular supply of the rectus femoris muscle can emanate mainly from the lateral circumflex femoral artery. In our cadaveric study, five types of variation were found for origination of a nutrient artery of the muscle. The most common type was one in which the artery derived from the descending branch of the lateral circumflex femoral artery (39 percent). The motor nerve of the rectus femoris muscle is derived from the femoral nerve under the inguinal ligament and runs downward through the intermuscular space between the sartorius muscle and the iliopsoas muscle before entering the posteromedial part of the upper third of the rectus muscle. The advantages of using the rectus muscle are as follows: (1) safety and simplicity exist with one main large arterial supply for arterial anastomosis; (2) the length of the femoral nerve (more than 20 cm) is adequate for reaching the contralateral facial nerve for suturing; (3) a simultaneous operation by two teams is possible with the patient in the supine position; (4) the force and distance of contraction are appropriate to reanimate the face; (5) the rectus muscle can be separated as a segment with appropriate lengths, size, and power for replacing lost muscles in the face; (6) the tendinous fascia in both ends provides a reliable point for anchoring sutures, which provides firmer attachment; and (7) no loss of donor leg function occurs.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of sex on muscular development of Muscovy ducks.

Muscovy ducks display marked sexual dimorphism. The aim of our study was to analyse the consequences of dimorphism on muscular growth and, particularly, on the myofibrillar typology of the Pectoralis major and Sartorius muscles. In the Pectoralis muscle, we only found two fibre types: red fast-twitch oxido-glycolytic fibres (about 90%) and white fast-twitch glycolytic fibres. In the Sartorius, the innermost part contained both white (30%) and red (55%) fast fibres and red slow-twitch oxidative fibres (15%). For both muscles, neither sex nor age had a significant effect on the percentage of each fibre type. The cross-sectional areas of fibres increased with age. The difference in muscle weight observed between sexes could be explained by a higher size and/or total fibre number in the male muscles.

Aging↗

PubMed2001

Time-resolved X-ray diffraction by skinned skeletal muscle fibers during activation and shortening.

Force, sarcomere length, and equatorial x-ray reflections (using synchrotron radiation) were studied in chemically skinned bundles of fibers from Rana temporaria sartorius muscle, activated by UV flash photolysis of a new photolabile calcium chelator, NP-EGTA. Experiments were performed with or without compression by 3% dextran at 4 degrees C. Isometric tension developed at a similar rate (t(1/2) = 40 +/- 5 ms) to the development of tetanic tension measured in other studies (Cecchi et al., 1991). Changes in intensity of equatorial reflections (I(11) t(1/2), 15-19 ms; I(10) t(1/2), 24-26 ms) led isometric tension development and were faster than for tetanus. During shortening at 0.14P(o), I(10) and I(11) changes were partially reversed (18% and 30%, respectively, compressed lattice), in agreement with intact cell data. In zero dextran, activation caused a compression of A-band lattice spacing by 0.7 nm. In 3% dextran, activation caused an expansion of 1.4 nm, consistent with an equilibrium spacing of 45 nm. But, in both cases, discharge of isometric tension by shortening caused a rapid lattice expansion of 1.0-1.1 nm, suggesting discharge of a compressive cross-bridge force, with or without compression by dextran, and the development of an additional expansive force during activation. In contrast to I(10) and I(11) data, these findings for lattice spacing did not resemble intact fiber data.

Animals↗

PubMed1974

Muscle compliance and the longitudinal transmission of mechanical impulses.

The time required for a mechanical impulse to propagate from one end to the other was measured directly in frog sartorius muscles and in fiber bundles from the semitendinosus muscle. When the fibers were fully activated, the transmission velocity was 170 mm/ms. In resting fibers the transmission time was three to four times greater than in activated fibers. Control experiments indicated that the transmission time across the tendons was negligible. A muscle compliance of 55-80 A per half sarcomere was estimated from these data. The "measurement time" of the method was calculated to be about 15 micros. This relatively short measurement time makes the method potentially useful for detecting changes in cross-bridge compliance.

Animals↗

PubMed1970

Voltage clamp experiments in striated muscle fibres.

1. Membrane currents during step depolarizations were determined by a method in which three electrodes were inserted near the end of a fibre in the frog's sartorius muscle. The theoretical basis and limitations of the method are discussed.2. Measurements of the membrane capacity (C(M)) and resting resistance (R(M)) derived from the current during a step change in membrane potential are consistent with values found by other methods.3. In fibres made mechanically inactive with hypertonic solutions (Ringer solution plus 350 mM sucrose) step depolarizations produced ionic currents which resembled those of nerve in showing (a) an early transient inward current, abolished by tetrodotoxin, which reversed when the depolarization was carried beyond an internal potential of about +20 mV, (b) a delayed outward current, with a linear instantaneous current-voltage relation, and a mean equilibrium potential with a normal potassium concentration (2.5 mM) of -85 mV.4. The reversal potential for the early current appears to be consistent with the sodium equilibrium potential expected in hypertonic solutions.5. The variation of the equilibrium potential for the delayed current (V'(K)) with external potassium concentration suggests that the channel for delayed current has a ratio of potassium to sodium permeability of 30:1; this is less than the resting membrane where the ratio appears to be 100:1. V'(K) corresponds well with the membrane potential at the beginning of the negative after-potential observed under similar conditions.6. The variation of V'(K) with the amount of current which has passed through the delayed channel suggests that potassium ions accumulate in a space of between (1/3) and (1/6) of the fibre volume. If potassium accumulates in the transverse tubular system (T system) much greater variation in V'(K) would be expected.7. The delayed current is not maintained but is inactivated like the early current. The inactivation is approximately exponential with a time constant of 0.5 to 1 sec at 20 degrees C. The steady-state inactivation of the potassium current is similar to that for the sodium current, but its voltage dependence is less steep and the potential for half inactivation is 20 mV rate more positive.8. Reconstructions of ionic currents were made in terms of the parameters (m, n, h) of the Hodgkin-Huxley model for the squid axon, using constants which showed a similar dependence on voltage.9. Propagated action potentials and conduction velocities were computed for various conditions on the assumption that the T system behaves as if it were a series resistance and capacity in parallel with surface capacity and the channels for sodium, potassium and leak current. There was reasonable agreement with observed values, the main difference being that the calculated velocities and rates of rise were somewhat less than those observed experimentally.

Action Potentials↗

PubMed1988

Depressing effects of calcium antagonists on oxygen consumption in isolated skeletal muscle during potassium depolarization.

The effects of two Ca2+-antagonizing drugs, dantrolene sodium (DAN) and TMB-8, on subcontracture, K+-induced increased oxygen consumption were studied in isolated frog sartorius muscles. Incubation in Ringer's solution +18 mM KCl caused a marked increase in averaged resting oxygen uptake (52.8 +/- 4.1 to 278.2 +/- 20.0 mm3.g-1.h-1). Incubation in Ringer's +18 mM KCl containing either 0.116 mM TMB-8 or 0.035 mM DAN resulted in a significant reduction in the averaged metabolic response (264.4 +/- 30.8 (control) vs. 142.3 +/- 19.0 (TMB-8) vs. 72.2 +/- 3.4 (DAN]. The results suggest that the enhanced metabolic rate observed upon elevating extracellular [K+] to just below contracture levels is due to increased intracellular Ca2+ release.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

Blocking ATP-sensitive K+ channel during metabolic inhibition impairs muscle contractility.

The objectives of this study were to determine the metabolic conditions in which ATP-sensitive K+ channels (K+(ATP) channels) contribute to a decrease in force. Sartorius muscles of the frog Rana pipiens were subjected to a 60-min metabolic inhibition by exposing them to cyanide (2 mM) and iodoacetate (1 mM). Muscles were exposed to glibenclamide (100 microM) to block K+ATP channels either 60 min before or 8 or 18 min into metabolic inhibition. Resting potentials, action potentials, and membrane conductance were measured using intracellular microelectrodes. Tetanic and resting tension were measured with a force transducer. ATP, ADP, and phosphocreatine (PCr) were measured by high-pressure liquid chromatography. Glibenclamide completely blocked the shortening of action potential but only partially blocked the increase in membrane conductance. When glibenclamide was added 60 min before metabolic inhibition, the decrease in tetanic force was faster than in control muscle (no glibenclamide). This faster decrease in tetanic force was associated with significant membrane depolarizations, greater increases in resting tension, greater depletions of ATP and PCr contents, and greater increases in ADP content. Addition of glibenclamide 8 min into metabolic inhibition caused an increase in tetanic force followed by a faster decrease compared with control. Addition of glibenclamide 18 min into metabolic inhibition had no effect on the tetanic force compared with control muscles. The data indicate that K+ATP channels 1) were activated during metabolic inhibition and 2) contributed to the decrease in tetanic force but also 3) had a myoprotective effect protecting skeletal muscle against muscle function impairment.

Action Potentials↗

PubMed1975

Very high tension with very little ATP breakdown by active skeletal muscle.

The tension developed and the chemical change occurring during stretching at velocities up to 2l0 sec-1 and during isometric contraction of dinitrofluorobenzene-treated and untreated frog sartorius muscle have been measured. At all velocities of stretching the tension was greater than during shortening at the same velocity and the mean rate of chemical change was less than or equal to the rates found in similar studies of shortening. For velocities 0.18, 0.33 and 0.66l0 sec-1, the mean rate of chemical change was significantly less (P less than 0.05) than during shortening at the same velocity. At the highest velocity of stretching the tension at l0 was about 0.8 P0 and the mean rate of chemical change was about the same as that for isometric contraction. At low velocity (0.1 l0 sec-1) the tension was as high as 1.4 P0 and the mean rate of chemical change during the stretches at the three slowest velocities was significantly less (P less than 0.05) than during isometric contraction; the lowest mean rate of chemical change amounted to only about 25% of that for isometric contraction. The fact that the chemical change was so low suggests that during stretching crossbridges can form links and develop tension without breaking down ATP.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗

PubMed1987

Chloride-thiocyanate interactions in frog muscle anion-conducting channels at pH 5.

Bi-ionic membrane potential measurements and three-microelectrode voltage clamp experiments have been performed on surface fibres of Xenopus laevis sartorius muscle at various mole fractions of SCN- in Cl- in the perfusate, at pH 5. Potassium was replaced in the test solutions by rubidium and/or tetraethylammonium and when the mole fraction of anions was changed the measured membrane potential changed to a new constant (i.e. time-independent) value. Over a mole fraction range of 0.05-0.95 the permeability ratio of thiocyanate to chloride was independent of [SCN-]. When the bathing solution was completely changed from control to one containing thiocyanate the change in membrane potential indicated that the permeability ratio, PSCN/PCl is close to 5.9. Inward voltage clamp currents (chloride efflux) were suppressed in the presence of thiocyanate, the degree of suppression increasing with [SCN-]. Outward currents (anion influx) were not substantially altered, suggesting that it is only the voltage-dependent anion current that is sensitive to SCN-. The results are interpreted as indicating that there is a binding site in the anion-conducting channel, accessible to the extracellular space, that must be occupied by an anion in order for the channel to be "open". But that for ion traverse to be complete, the ion at the binding site must be exchanged. If the site is occupied by thiocyanate, the more strongly bound ion, the thiocyanate blocks the channel. The bi-ionic permeability ratio is thought to reflect the ratio of the binding constants for the anions at that site.

Animals↗

PubMed1985

Ultrastructural correlates of naturally occurring differences in transmitter release efficacy in frog motor nerve terminals.

Motor nerve terminals in cutaneous pectoris muscles of the frog Rana pipiens release more transmitter and form synapses with higher levels of effectiveness than do those in sartorius muscles. Neuromuscular junctions from these two muscles were compared in the electron microscope to search for ultrastructural correlates of differences in transmitter release and synaptic effectiveness. The following measurements were made from cross-sections of junctions with known levels of effectiveness: (a) the presence of active zones, the presumed sites of transmitter release, (b) active zone size, (c) the perimeter, cross-sectional area, height and width of nerve terminals, (d) number of mitochondria, (e) vesicle density, and (f) the extent to which Schwann cells wrap terminals. Nerve terminals in the two muscles did not differ in size, shape or vesicle density. The more strongly releasing cutaneous pectoris terminals did, however, have significantly larger active zones due to deeper invagination of the terminal into the postsynaptic gutter and lesser interposition of Schwann cell processes between presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes. Cutaneous pectoris terminals also contained more mitochondria, presumably to supply the greater energy demand imposed by high release levels.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

Structure of the myosin filaments of relaxed and rigor vertebrate striated muscle studied by rapid freezing electron microscopy.

Rapid freezing followed by freeze-substitution has been used to study the ultrastructure of the myosin filaments of live and demembranated frog sartorius muscle in the states of relaxation and rigor. Electron microscopy of longitudinal sections of relaxed specimens showed greatly improved preservation of thick filament ultrastructure compared with conventional fixation. This was revealed by the appearance of a clear helical arrangement of myosin crossbridges along the filament surface and by a series of layer line reflections in computed Fourier transforms of sections, corresponding to the layer lines indexing on a 43 nm repeat in X-ray diffraction patterns of whole, living muscles. Filtered images of single myosin filaments were similar to those of negatively stained, isolated vertebrate filaments and consistent with a three-start helix. M-line and other non-myosin proteins were also very well preserved. Rigor specimens showed, in the region of overlapping myosin and actin filaments, periodicities corresponding to the 36, 24, 14.4 and 5.9 nm repeats detected in X-ray patterns of whole muscle in rigor; in the H-zone they showed a disordered array of crossbridges. Transverse sections, whose Fourier transforms extend to the (3, 0) reflection, supported the view, based on X-ray diffraction and conventional electron microscopy, that in the overlap zone of relaxed muscle most of the crossbridges are detached from the thin filaments while in rigor they are attached. We conclude that the rapid freezing technique preserves the molecular structure of the myofilaments closer to the in vivo state (as monitored by X-ray diffraction) than does normal fixation.

Animals↗