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Results for “Structural equation modeling”

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PubMed2004

Testing the individualized care model.

BACKGROUND: Although there has been some research to identify the dimensions on which individualized care should be measured, the indicators that constitute individualized care remain unclear. OBJECTIVES: To describe briefly the maintenance of individualized care and to test a hypothetical model of individualized care in a sample of surgical patients. DESIGN AND METHODS: A correlational survey design was used. Data were collected with questionnaires from adult patients (n = 454) discharged from surgical wards in one Finnish hospital district (response rate 91%). Structural equation modelling LISREL SIMPLIS using maximum likelihood estimation was used to estimate and test the parameters of the hypothesized model derived deductively from the previous literature. RESULTS: The goodness-of-fit statistics supported the basic solution of the Individualized Care Model, although two additional paths indicating error covariances between the sub-concepts were identified in the revised model. In this model individualized care is defined in terms of patients' views of nursing activities aimed at supporting individuality in care and in terms of perceptions of individuality in their own care. CONCLUSIONS: The model has been found to capture attributes that characterize individualized care. It can be used as a basis for evaluation in clinical nursing practice from patients' point of view. The study highlights the importance of patients' clinical situation, personal life situation and decisional control as predictors of individualized care. The results also confirm the construct validity of the previously developed Individualized Care Scale.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed2006

How does alcohol advertising influence underage drinking? The role of desirability, identification and skepticism.

PURPOSE: To investigate, using an information processing model, how persuasive media messages for alcohol use lead to concurring beliefs and behaviors among youths. METHODS: Data were collected in 2000-2001 using computer-assisted, self-administered interviews with youths aged 9-17 years (n = 652). RESULTS: Latent variable structural equations models showed that skepticism was negatively associated with positive affect toward alcohol portrayals and positively with the desire to emulate characters portrayed in alcohol advertisements. These, in turn, predicted expectancies and liking of/desire for beer toys and brands, which predicted alcohol use. Parental guidance decreased alcohol use directly and indirectly by lessening influences of positive affect toward advertising. CONCLUSIONS: Media alcohol portrayals influence children's drinking through a progressive decision-making process, with its influence underestimated by typical exposure-and-effects analyses.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

In severely suicidal young adults, hopelessness, depressive symptoms, and suicidal ideation constitute a single syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Despite voluminous research on the role of hopelessness and depression in suicidality, a systematic examination of various causal models pertaining to these variables is conspicuous in its absence. METHOD: The directions of relationships between the three variables were examined by means of a prospective-longitudinal, cross-lagged, three-wave design in a severely suicidal young adults. RESULTS: Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) analyses revealed synchronous, but not longitudinal, associations between hopelessness, depressive symptoms, and suicidal ideation. CONCLUSIONS: In severely suicidal young adults, the three clinical constructs appear to constitute a single depressive syndrome.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Why are depression and anxiety correlated? A test of the tripartite model.

L. A. Clark and D. Watson's (1991) tripartite model groups the symptoms of depression and anxiety into 3 components: nonspecific symptoms of general distress, which do not distinguish depression and anxiety; physiologic arousal, which is relatively unique to anxiety; and anhedonia (or low positive affect), which is unique to depression. Structural equation modeling was used to test this model with self-report data from 3 different samples: outpatients seeking treatment for mood disorder, anxiety disorder, or both (n = 483) outpatients seeking treatment for substance abuse (n = 453), and college students (n = 516). The tripartite model did not fit any of the sample covariance matrices, because the nonspecific symptoms of depression and anxiety could not be adequately represented by a single General Distress factor. An alternative model, in which the Anhedonia and Nonspecific Depression factors loaded on a second-order Depression factor, while the Somatic Arousal and Nonspecific Anxiety factors loaded on a second-order Anxiety factor, produced an excellent fit in all the groups. The Nonspecific Depression and Nonspecific Anxiety factors were the most valid and specific indicators of depression and anxiety, respectively. Anhedonia and Somatic Arousal were significantly less valid measures of depression and anxiety. The implications of these findings are discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Children's mental health in times of economic recession: replication and extension of the family economic stress model in Finland.

This study evaluated the applicability of the family economic stress model (FESM) in understanding the influences of economic hardship on child mental health during a nationwide economic recession in Finland. The information was gathered from 527 triads of 12-year-olds and their mothers and fathers from a population sample. The structural equation models showed that the FESM fit the data well, indicating its generalizability in Finnish society. The results confirmed that a reduction in disposable family income constitutes a risk for child mental health through increased economic pressure and negative changes in parental mental health, marital interaction, and parenting quality. Controlling the children's prerecession mental health substantiated that economic hardship can lead to deterioration in children's mental health. Alternative models based on fully recursive analyses revealed reciprocal influences between parents and their children over time: Children's prerecession mental health problems predicted compromised parenting, which in turn contributed to children's internalizing and externalizing symptoms during the recession.

Adult↗

PubMed2025

Nutritional modulation of host physiology, behavior, and gut microbiome in the captive rodent Octodon degus.

Diet is a key determinant of health by affecting nutrient metabolism, energy balance, body weight regulation, and mental health. The gut-brain axis is a critical pathway through which dietary factors influence cognitive function and behavior via microbial metabolites. While this relationship has been extensively studied in traditional laboratory models, diet-microbiome-cognition interactions remain largely unexplored in Octodon degus, an emerging model for aging, neurodegeneration, and cognitive research. Here, we compared two widely used rodent diets-LabDiet and Champion-to evaluate their effects on digestive efficiency, behavior, and gut microbiome composition. We also examined the relationships between these variables using piecewise structural equation modeling (pSEM). Our results indicated that LabDiet-fed degus exhibited enhanced nutrient absorption, higher fecal acetic acid levels, and a higher abundance of Actinobacteria (particularly Bifidobacterium), likely driven by its vitamin C supplementation. These animals also showed improved working memory and social motivation, but they displayed increased anxiety-like behavior. In contrast, Champion-fed degus, which consumed a more fiber-diverse, plant-based diet, showed lower anxiety traits and significantly greater gut microbial richness, with higher abundance of Bacteroidota and Tenericutes. Innate behaviors, such as burrowing and nesting, remained unaffected by the diet. SEM analysis revealed that diet explained most of the variance in microbial activity and identified a positive association between acetic acid levels and cognitive performance. This emphasizes a strong relationship among diet, microbiome, and brain function. Overall, our results suggest that dietary composition is a key factor influencing experimental outcomes in degus, with important implications for physiology, cognition, and microbial ecology. Standardizing dietary inputs is essential to ensure reproducibility in behavioral and biomedical studies using this model. Additionally, our results reinforce the microbiome's role as a mediator of diet-driven brain function via SCFAs, underscoring degus as a powerful system for investigating diet-microbiome-neurobehavioral interactions relevant to aging and mental health.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Changes at work and employee reactions: organizational elements, job insecurity, and short-term stress as predictors for employee health and safety.

The objective was to identify focus areas for possible reduction of job insecurity and its outcomes. A model was specified and tested as a prediction model for health and safety. First, a parsimonious model was specified. The model consisted of perceived job insecurity (as a stressor), organizational factors (information quality, leadership style, work task administration), and short-term stress reactions (job dissatisfaction, reduced work motivation). Second, the model was tested as a prediction model in three separate path analyses, in order to examine the model's contribution in explaining (1) physical health complaints, (2) mental health complaints, and (3) risk taking behavior. A quota sample of Norwegian employees (N= 1,002) was obtained by means of a self-completion questionnaire survey. The results of the structural equation modeling (path analyses) supported the hypothesized model. Mental health complaints and employee risk taking behavior were significantly predicted (not physical health complaints).

Adolescent↗

PubMed2001

Contribution of education to health and life satisfaction in older adults mediated by negative affect.

OBJECTIVES: The authors developed a model of relationships between two enduring attributes (educational attainment and negative affect) and two indicators of successful aging (health and life satisfaction). METHODS: A probability sample of 1,177 participants (age 55 and older) were interviewed four times at 6-month intervals. Structural equation models were developed based on the authors' hypothetical model proposing a mediating effect of negative affect between health and successful aging. RESULTS: As predicted, education and negative affect both were directly related to health and life satisfaction. Also, as predicted, negative affect mediated the relationship between education and successful aging indicators. DISCUSSION: Education appears to confer a lifelong advantage for healthy aging. Part of this advantage is accounted for by the relationship between education and trait negative affect. Higher educational attainment is related to lower levels of trait negative affect; lower negative affect results in better health and life satisfaction.

Aged↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Gay identity, interpersonal violence, and HIV risk behaviors: an empirical test of theoretical relationships among a probability-based sample of urban men who have sex with men.

The highest absolute number of new HIV infections and AIDS cases still occur among men who have sex with men (MSM). Numerous theoretical approaches have been used to understand HIV risk behaviors among MSM; however, no theoretical model examines sexual risk behaviors in the context of gay identity and interpersonal violence. Using a model testing predictive correlational design, the theoretical relationships between childhood sexual abuse, adverse early life experiences, gay identity, substance use, battering, aversive emotions, HIV alienation, cue-to-action triggers, and HIV risk behaviors were empirically tested using confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling. The relationships between these constructs are complex, yet childhood sexual abuse and gay identity were found to be theoretically associated with HIV risk behaviors. Also of importance, battering victimization was identified as a key mediating variable between childhood sexual abuse, gay identity, and adverse early life experiences and HIV risk behaviors among urban MSM.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

A test of self-determination theory in school physical education.

BACKGROUND: Contemporary research conducted in the context of school physical education (PE) has increasingly embraced various tenets of self-determination theory (Deci & Ryan, 1985, 1991). Despite this increase in research attention, some postulates of the framework remain unexplored (e.g. impact of a need-supportive climate). As such, the present study sought to provide a more comprehensive test of self-determination theory. The present work also examined Deci and Ryan's claim that the motivational sequence embraced by their framework is invariant across gender. AIMS: (i) To examine a model of motivation based on the tenets of self-determination theory, and (ii) explore the invariance of the model across gender. SAMPLE: Participants were 950 British secondary school students (443 male, 490 female, 17 gender not specified) METHOD: Participants completed a questionnaire that included measures of need support, need satisfaction, motivation, positive and negative affect, task challenge, and concentration. RESULTS: Structural equation modelling (SEM) analysis revealed that students who perceived a need-supporting environment experienced greater levels of need satisfaction. Need satisfaction predicted intrinsic motivation, which, in turn, linked to adaptive PE-related outcomes. In contrast, need satisfaction negatively predicted amotivation, which, in turn, was positively predictive of feelings of unhappiness. Multisample SEM invariance testing revealed the model to be largely invariant for male and female students. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the study provide support for self-determination theory and corroborate the application of the framework to the context of school PE. Further, we largely found support for the invariance of the motivational processes embraced by self-determination theory across gender.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1999

Adolescent problem behavior: the influence of parents and peers.

This paper presents evidence that the Patterson et al. (1992) model of development of antisocial behavior in children generalizes to the development of a wide array of problem behaviors during later adolescence and that youth antisocial behavior, high-risk sexual behavior, academic failure and substance use form a single problem behavior construct. Structural equation modeling methods were applied to 24-month longitudinal data from 204 adolescents and parents. The model fit the data well, accounting for 52% of the variance in adolescent problem behavior. Specifically, families experiencing high levels of conflict were more likely to have low levels of parent-child involvement. These family conditions were related to poor parental monitoring and association with deviant peers one year later. Poor parental monitoring and associations with deviant peers were strong proximal predictors of engagement in an array of problem behaviors at two-year follow-up.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

A simulation study concerning the effect of varying the residual phenotypic correlation on the power of bivariate quantitative trait loci linkage analysis.

The power of bivariate variance components (VC) linkage analysis is affected by the size and source of the phenotypic correlation between variables. In particular, several authors have suggested that the power to detect linkage is greatest when the quantitative trait locus (QTL) and residual sources of variation induce phenotypic covariation in opposite directions, and that this increase in power is greatest when unique environmental sources of variation induce covariation in the direction opposite to the QTL. The purpose of the present study was to investigate further the effect of varying the residual correlation between variables on the power to detect linkage in a bivariate variance components linkage analysis. Data were simulated for a biallelic QTL that pleiotropically influenced two variables. The power to detect linkage was calculated under a variety of situations in which the proportion of phenotypic covariance resulting from shared sources of variation and from unique sources of variation was varied. These simulations were performed for the case in which the QTL affected the two variables equally and also for the case in which the QTL made unequal contributions to each variable. Our results confirm that the power to detect QTLs in a bivariate test for linkage depends upon the size and source of the residual correlation between variables, being greatest when the QTL and unique environmental sources of variation induce phenotypic covariation in opposite directions. We also found that when the QTL affected the two variables unequally, the power to detect linkage increased markedly as the correlation between unique environmental sources of variation increased from 0.6 to 0.9. Similar results were obtained under a variety of genetic models, including when there were unequal allele frequencies and dominance at the QTL. We suggest that a promising strategy to increase the power to detect QTLs might be to collect data from variables where there is either good observational evidence (e.g., from multivariate structural equation modeling of twin data) or a sound theoretical argument that the QTL and environmental factors induce covariation in opposite directions.

Alleles↗

PubMed2003

The use of latent trajectory models in psychopathology research.

Despite the recent surge in the development of powerful modeling strategies to test questions about individual differences in stability and change over time, these methods are not currently widely used in psychopathology research. In an attempt to further the dissemination of these new methods, the authors present a pedagogical introduction to the structural equation modeling based latent trajectory model, or LTM. They review several different types of LTMs, discuss matching an optimal LTM to a given question of interest, and highlight several issues that might be particularly salient for research in psychopathology. The authors augment each section with a review of published applications of these methods in psychopathology-related research to demonstrate the implementation and interpretation of LTMs in practice.

Data Interpretation, Statistical↗

PubMed1984

Sexual behavior, responsiveness, and attitudes among women: a test of two theories.

This study tests two theories regarding the attitude and behavioral determinants of women's coital and masturbatory orgasmic responsiveness. Data from 115 sexually active women were analyzed using latent-variable structural equation models. Twenty-one variables are used to represent seven latent constructs: Parent Sexual Attitudes, Sexual Latency, Sexual Behavior, Dating Competence, Social Assertiveness, Subjective Masturbatory Responsiveness, and Subjective Coital Responsiveness. Two specific theories are tested with these constructs. Each theory predicts a different structural arrangement among these latent factors with the fundamental difference being whether behavior predicts responsiveness or vice-versa. Two alternate models were found to reflect the data adequately. In both instances, attitudes predicted behavior and, in general, orgasmic responsiveness tended to be a function of behavior.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

The interrelationship of nutritional risk factors, indicators of nutritional risk, and severity of disability among home-delivered meal participants.

PURPOSE: This study examines the direct and indirect relationships between individual components of nutritional risk and increased severity of disability among a large and diverse sample of homebound older adults. DESIGN AND METHODS: Using routinely collected nutrition and function data, structural equation modeling of recursive and nonrecursive models examined the interrelationships of nutritional risk factors, indicators of nutritional risk, and disability severity among 1,010 home-delivered meals program participants in Wake County, NC. RESULTS: The equally good fit for both the recursive and nonrecursive structural models revealed that specific nutritional risk factors were directly and indirectly associated with indicators of nutritional risk and increased severity of disability. The nonrecursive model also revealed significant reciprocal associations of increased disability with unintended weight change and medication use. IMPLICATIONS: The findings from this study acknowledge aspects of the complex direct and indirect relationships between nutrition and function among homebound older persons. This knowledge will help service providers with the development of effective elderly nutrition programs with nutritional and functional status outcomes.

Aged↗

PubMed1989

Support, stress, and recovery from coronary heart disease: a longitudinal causal model.

Measures of support, stress, distress, and cardiac symptoms were obtained from a cohort of 73 male cardiac patients at hospitalization and at 3, 6, and 12 months thereafter. Sets of general and alternative hypotheses regarding the direction of causality among these variables were drawn from the literature on cardiac rehabilitation, stress, and support. Structural equation modeling was used to evaluate the stability and duration of these hypotheses over three time-lags. The results showed strong support for the general hypotheses and minimal support for the alternative hypotheses. Support ameliorated the subsequent experience of stress and distress and had opposing effects to these variables on cardiac symptoms. Support was more influential in the first half of the year than it was in the second half, however, whereas stress was predominant causally in the second half. Implications of this pattern for clinical intervention are drawn and directions for further research are proposed.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Long-term effects of child punishment on Mexican women: a structural model.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate long-term effects of parental use of physical and verbal punishment on Mexican women. To study both direct and indirect effects of these phenomena, a structural model was developed and tested. METHOD: One hundred and fifty Mexican women were interviewed with regard to their history of child abuse, their level of depression, alcohol use, antisocial behavior, and punishment of their own children. Factors representing such constructs were specified within a structural equation model and their inter-relations were estimated. Women's history of abuse was considered as an exogenous latent variable directly affecting three other factors: mothers' antisocial behavior, their alcohol consumption, and their levels of depression or anxiety. These factors, in turn, were specified as influencing mothers' harsh discipline of their own children. RESULTS: Data supported this model, indicating that a history of abuse has long-term effects on women's behavior and psychological functioning, which in turn cause women's punitive behavior against their children. CONCLUSIONS: These results are discussed in terms of the theoretical framework of intergenerational transmission of violence. The direct consequences (depression, anxiety, alcohol consumption, and antisocial behavior) of child punishment act as risk factors for the next generation of child abuse.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Contributions of parental alcoholism, prenatal substance exposure, and genetic transmission to child ADHD risk: a female twin study.

BACKGROUND: Genetic influences have been shown to play a major role in determining the risk of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). In addition, prenatal exposure to nicotine and/or alcohol has also been suggested to increase risk of the disorder. Little attention, however, has been directed to investigating the roles of genetic transmission and prenatal exposure simultaneously. METHOD: Diagnostic telephone interview data from parents of Missouri adolescent female twin pairs born during 1975-1985 were analyzed. Logistic regression models were fitted to interview data from a total of 1936 twin pairs (1091 MZ and 845 DZ pairs) to determine the relative contributions of parental smoking and drinking behavior (both during and outside of pregnancy) as risk factors for DSM-IV ADHD. Structural equation models were fitted to determine the extent of residual genetic and environmental influences on ADHD risk while controlling for effects of prenatal and parental predictors on risk. RESULTS: ADHD was more likely to be diagnosed in girls whose mothers or fathers were alcohol dependent, whose mothers reported heavy alcohol use during pregnancy, and in those with low birth weight. Controlling for other risk factors, risk was not significantly increased in those whose mothers smoked during pregnancy. After allowing for effects of prenatal and childhood predictors, 86% of the residual variance in ADHD risk was attributable to genetic effects and 14% to non-shared environmental influences. CONCLUSIONS: Prenatal and parental risk factors may not be important mediators of influences on risk with much of the association between these variables and ADHD appearing to be indirect.

Adolescent↗