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PubMed1973

Glucose metabolism of the isolated eccrine sweat gland. II. The relation between glucose metabolism and sodium transport.

This paper attempts to further clarify the characteristics of Mecholyl- or epinephrine-stimulated glucose metabolism in the isolated monkey eccrine sweat gland with special emphasis on its relationship to increased sodium transport. The Mecholyl- or epinephrine-stimulated glucose metabolism (as estimated by either lactate or (14)CO(2) production or both) is seen only in the secretory coil and not in the duct. It is markedly suppressed in the absence of glucose, Na(+), or K(+). It is inhibited by ouabain (10(-3) M) and partially suppressed in a low-sodium (40 mM), high-potassium (100 mM) medium.2,4-dinitrophenol (10(-4) M) reverses ouabain-induced inhibition of lactate and (14)CO(2) production but only partially reverses inhibition induced by Na(+) + K(+) deprivation, indicating that metabolic inhibition by ouabain is secondary to the inhibition of sodium transport. There is no synergism between Mecholyl and epinephrine. The absence of any significant inhibitory effects by acetazolamide (Diamox) or HCO(3) (-)-free media suggests that H(+) transport may not be important in sweat gland function. In contrast to a report by Wolfe et al., human eccrine sweat glands show considerable oxidative activity ((14)CO(2) production of 0.42-0.72 nmol/gland/h). These observations are discussed in terms of the linkage between sweat gland energy metabolism and sodium transport.

Acetazolamide↗

PubMed1983

Measurement of osmolality and sodium concentration in heated-cup sweat collections for the investigation of cystic fibrosis.

A new system (Wescor) for sweat collection and analysis was examined with respect to its suitability for the investigation of children suspected to have cystic fibrosis. The effects of iontophoresis current, sweat collection time, sweat storage and analysis were examined, and as a result the technique was modified to allow collection and storage of sufficient sweat for sodium and potassium as well as osmolality assays in 10-20 minutes. The small electrodes and speed of the procedure make it practical for use with small children, with a reproducibility of 13-24% (coefficient of variation for whole procedure).

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Asymmetric sweating in stroke: a prospective quantitative study of patients with hemispheral brain infarction.

We performed a prospective study of sweating in 40 patients with hemispheral brain infarction and 40 healthy controls to elucidate the clinical significance and prognostic value of sweating dysfunction in conjunction with brain infarction. We measured hidrosis quantitatively at six sites on each side of the body before and after a heating stimulus in the acute phase, at 1 month, and at 6 months after infarction. Excessive evaporation on the paretic side when compared with the nonparetic side was already found at baseline, but after the heating stimulus, this asymmetry reached statistical significance on the forehead, chest, forearm, and hand during the whole 6-month follow-up. Significant asymmetry in sweating occurred in 29 of the 40 patients (73%) in the acute phase of infarction, in 18 of 32 (56%) after 1 month, and in 28 of 33 (85%) after 6 months. Hyperhidrosis correlated with the severity of paresis and the presence of pyramidal tract signs. We conclude that sweating asymmetry seems to be an essential, long-lasting consequence of autonomic failure occurring in the majority of patients with hemispheral brain infarction.

Adult↗

PubMed1986

The primary culture of epithelia from the secretory coil and collecting duct of normal human and cystic fibrotic eccrine sweat glands.

Isolated human eccrine sweat glands have been microdissected into their secretory and reabsorptive components. Complete separation of these epithelia was confirmed by differential uptake of Neutral Red stain by an intermediate section of gland containing the junction between the secretory coil and the collecting duct. Primary cultures were obtained from explants of both tissues in medium RPMI-1640 or Williams E supplemented with foetal calf serum, insulin, transferrin, epidermal growth factor and hydrocortisone. The cells in the initial coil cultures had an elongated morphology while those of ductal origin were polyhedral. After 10 days both cultures were composed of polyhedral cells of varying diameter. All these morphological types were of epithelial lineage, as demonstrated by the binding of a monoclonal antibody to cytokeratin, the intermediate filament specific for epithelial cells. Outgrowth from both secretory and reabsorptive epithelia were multilayered, with plentiful desmosomal connections and an underlying basal lamina. Ultrastructural features typical of the epithelial cell types present in intact eccrine sweat glands were absent in a high proportion of the proliferating cells but domes, indicative of transepithelial active ion transport, were present in dense cultures from the reabsorptive duct. Outgrowth was also obtained from the secretory and reabsorptive epithelia of sweat glands from two cystic fibrotic patients. Since the most characteristic malfunction of cystic fibrosis is the impaired ion transport in the eccrine sweat gland, the availability of cultured epithelia should provide a useful model for study of the disease.

Cells, Cultured↗

PubMed2005

Disposition of cocaine and its metabolites in human sweat after controlled cocaine administration.

BACKGROUND: Sweat testing is a noninvasive technique for monitoring drug exposure in treatment, criminal justice, and employment settings. METHODS: We evaluated cocaine excretion in 9 participants' sweat after they received 3 low doses (75 mg/70 kg) of cocaine HCl subcutaneously within 1 week and, 3 weeks later, 3 high doses (150 mg/70 kg). Six additional participants completed portions of the study. PharmChek sweat patches (n = 1390) were collected throughout a 3-week washout period, reflecting previously self-administered drugs, and during and after controlled dosing. RESULTS: Cocaine was the primary analyte detected with 24% of patches positive at the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry limit of quantification of 2.5 ng/patch and 7% of patches at the proposed Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration cutoff of 25 ng/patch. Ecgonine methyl ester (EME) was detected more often and at generally higher concentrations than benzoylecgonine. In patches containing both metabolites, there was no statistically significant difference in the benzoylecgonine/EME ratio based on length of patch wear. During washout, 2 participants' weekly patches tested positive (> or =25 ng/patch) during the first week; one remained positive during week 2; and none were positive during week 3. Cocaine and EME were detectable within 2 h; benzoylecgonine was not detected until 4-8 h after low doses and slightly sooner after high doses. The majority of drug was excreted within 24 h. Over 70% of weekly patches worn during low doses were positive for cocaine (> or =25 ng/patch), increasing to 100% during high doses. CONCLUSION: Sweat testing is an effective and reliable method of monitoring cocaine exposure.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Genotype analysis and phenotypic manifestations of children with intermediate sweat chloride test results.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: Cystic fibrosis (CF) is one of the most common inherited diseases among whites. Since the cloning of the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene, a number of studies have focused on associations between the genotype and phenotype in CF. This had led to the progressive identification of new groups of patients, including those who have mild lung disease and those who have normal sweat chloride values (< 60 mEq/L). The aim of the present work was to provide information on the genotype and the phenotypic characteristics of children with intermediate-range sweat chloride test results. PATIENTS AND RESULTS: We focused on children referred to the pulmonary department for various types of pulmonary disease and who had several sweat chloride test results with median values in the range of 40 to 60 mEq/L. Twenty-four patients over a 10-year period were enrolled (mean age, 4.8 years). Respiratory manifestations at initial evaluation included recurrent bronchitis, wheezing, chronic cough, and pneumonia. The duration of the follow-up ranged from 0.5 to 10.5 years. Sputum cultures revealed the presence of Haemophilus influenzae (10 children), Staphylococcus aureus (4 children), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (3 children). Pancreatic insufficiency was found in two patients. Analysis of the entire coding sequence allowed identification of 16 known mutations in CFTR gene. Fifteen chromosomes (31.2%) carried a mutation in CFTR gene and one allele carried two mutations. Three patients were homozygous or double heterozygous (DeltaF508/DeltaF508, DeltaF508/3849 + 10 kb C-->T, S1235R/G551D). The 5-thymidine allele was identified in four children. CONCLUSION: These results indicate an higher frequency of CFTR gene mutations in patients with borderline sweat chloride test results, compared to data reported in the general population. They lead to the recommendations for complete pulmonary and GI investigations in this group of patients, as well as assiduous care and medical follow-up.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1994

Age dependent reference intervals of glucose, urea, protein, lactate and electrolytes in thermally induced sweat.

Concentrations of electrolytes, lactate, urea, glucose, total lipids and total protein were measured in sweat obtained by thermal stimulation of apparently healthy volunteers. Blood and urine samples were also collected. Electrolytes, urea and total protein were also measured in serum. The concentrations of electrolytes, glucose and urea in sweat increased with age, and this increase was more apparent in males, probably due to certain age-related changes in male sweat glands. The concentrations of lactate, total protein and total lipids in sweat, however, were not age-dependent. The concentration of total protein was higher in females than in males. The concentrations of all the other analytes were higher in males than in females of the same age group.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Psychosocial risk associated with newborn screening for cystic fibrosis: parents' experience while awaiting the sweat-test appointment.

BACKGROUND: The psychosocial effects on parents of infants with abnormal results in cystic fibrosis (CF) newborn screening (NBS) that uses genetic testing remain unclear. METHODS: Twenty-eight individuals representing 14 families participated in grounded theory interviews approximately 6 months after their child's positive NBS results for CF. Participants also completed the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scales (CES-D) at their infant's sweat-test appointment (n = 51) and/or approximately 6 months after the sweat test (n = 35). RESULTS: Most parents experienced high levels of emotional distress during their wait for the sweat-test appointment (CES-D score, mean +/- SD: 16.5 +/- 6.7; 43.1% in the clinical range; median wait: 7 days; range: 3-35 days). CES-D scores of these parents were also significantly higher than those of comparison parents. Interviews showed that parental cognitive uncertainty and emotional distress were influenced by the parents' prior knowledge of NBS, CF, and their carrier status; parents' adjustment to their new baby; and the physicians' approach to informing parents. Parents' coping strategies involved requesting a sweat test as soon as possible, searching for information, assessing the infant's risk/health, seeking support, praying, or not talking with others. CONCLUSIONS: The waiting period from notification regarding positive NBS results to diagnostic test results can be psychologically distressing to parents, causing depressive symptoms that vary depending on their perceptions about the likelihood that their infant has CF. Implications for future research examining psychosocial interventions for NBS are discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2003

Cystic fibrosis with normal sweat chloride concentration--case report.

Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disease usually diagnosed by abnormal sweat testing. We report a case of an 18-year-old female with bronchiectasis, chronic P. aeruginosa infection, and normal sweat chloride concentrations who experienced rapid decrease of lung function and clinical deterioration despite treatment. Given the high suspicion of cystic fibrosis, broad genotyping testing was performed, showing a compound heterozygous with deltaF508 and 3849+10 kb C-->T mutations, therefore confirming cystic fibrosis diagnosis. Although the sweat chloride test remains the gold standard for the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis, alternative diagnostic tests such as genotyping and electrophysiologic measurements must be performed if there is suspicion of cystic fibrosis, despite normal or borderline sweat chloride levels.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1999

A case of traumatic high thoracic myelopathy presenting dissociated impairment of rostral sympathetic innervations and isolated segmental sweating on otherwise anhidrotic trunk.

A 3 year-old boy developed flaccid paraplegia, anesthesia below T3 and impaired vesical control immediately after a car accident. Three months later, the pupils and their pharmacological reactions were normal. Thermal sweating was markedly reduced on the right side of the face, neck, and shoulder and on the bilateral upper limbs, and was absent below T3 except for band like faint sweating on T7 sensory dermatome. The left side of the face, neck and shoulder showed compensatory hyperhidrosis. Facial skin temperature was higher on the sweating left side. Cervico-thoracic MRI suggested almost complete transection of the cord at the levels of T2 and T3 segments. We discussed the pathophysiology of the dissociated impairment of rostral sympathetic innervations and isolated segmental sweating on otherwise anhidrotic trunk.

Accidents, Traffic↗

PubMed1977

Fine structure of the human sweat ducts of eccrine and apocrine types.

The sweat ducts of human eccrine and apocrine (ceruminous) glands were observed with the transmission electron microscope. Both the dermal and epidermal segment of the eccrine as well as apocrine ducts consist of two epithelial layers: luminal cells and peripheral cells. Well-developed microvilli, occurrence of cored vesicles, dense granules, multivesicular bodies and phagosomes in the adluminal filamentous zone, and a strong accumulation of mitochondria in the basal part of the duct epithelium at the dermal segment, as well as an accumulation of small clear vesicles beneath the surface of the luminal cells of the epidermal segment are all prominent in the eccrine duct and concomitant with the special function of the human eccrine duct, i.e., absorption of ions to make the sweat hyotonic and an active endocytosis of some material from the sweat. All of the above enumerated characteristics of the eccrine duct are only rarely or never seen in the apocrine duct. On the other hand, lipid droplets appear in the peripheral cells in a certain level of the apocrine duct near its orifice into the hair follicle, suggesting a kind of metaplasia towards the sebaceous gland. Epidermal duct cells of both eccrine and apocrine sweat glands may keratinize. In the eccrine duct the process in the duct cells precedes the surrounding keratinocytes, while in the apocrine duct the relationship is reversed.

Apocrine Glands↗

PubMed1996

Evaluation of mental strain by palm sweating during short-term memory task.

This paper reports on the investigation of palm sweating during short-term memory tasks and testing the availability of the amount of palm sweating for an index evaluating mental strain. Six male subjects performed sets of thirty tasks with digit strings ranging from 4 to 9 digits at random order. The correctness of recalled answer, subjective difficulty for mental stress and palm sweating at each task were recorded. The amount of palm sweating (PS) was measured using hygrometry with a ventilated capsule attached on the left palm. Correct answer rates suddenly decreased over 7 digits. Subjective difficulty tended to increase with an increase in string-length. PS tended to decrease exponentially with the repetition of tasks at each string-length, and the exponential regression curve was fitted between PS and order in tasks at each string-length. Estimated PSs were obtained at 1st, 15th, and 30th tasks from the regression curves. Estimated PS at 1st task tended to increase in proportion to string-length. Each estimated PS at both 15th and 30th tasks had a threshold for increasing. Also, estimated PS increased in proportion to the string-length at no less than the threshold. The thresholds were 5 digits at 15th and 6 digits at 30th task. These present findings suggest that PS is an index available for measuring mental strain. Also, this index describes the level quantitatively in adaptation for mental stress.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Change of footwear insulation at various sweating rates.

Moisture inside the footwear can considerably affect the thermal insulation. In this study with a thermal foot model there was simulated three sweat rates (3, 5 and 10 g/h). Five types of footwear with various insulation levels (dry insulation from 0.19 to 0.50 m2. K/W) were tested. The footwear insulation reduction was calculated for 1.5 hour period. The reduction in insulation was related to sweating rate and initial insulation. The footwear with high insulation lost even in percentile more insulation than thin boots under the same conditions (9-19% at 3 g/h, 13-27% at 5 g/h and 19-36% at 10 g/h). A relationship between insulation decrease and sweating rate was established. An 8-hour sweating test (5 g/h) and a test for determining evaporative heat, losses were carried out in addition. The insulation reduction during the first 1.5 hours of the 8-hour test answered for more than half of the total reduction.

Body Temperature Regulation↗

PubMed2004

Immunohistochemical localization of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor and its receptor Ret in the rat sweat gland.

Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) was initially identified as a neurotrophic factor for dopaminergic neurons but its effects are not restricted to nervous tissue. It is reported that GDNF-induced intercellular signaling is necessary for the normal development of a variety of non-neural tissues. In this study, immunoreactivities of both GDNF and its functional receptor Ret were evaluated in normal adult rat sweat gland by light and electron microscopy. Ret was found in the epithelial cells of the excretory duct and the coiled secretory terminal of the sweat gland. Electron microscopic observation of the secretory epithelium showed that Ret immunoreactivity is localized in the basal area of the secretory cells, facing myoepithelial cells, but it was not observed in the basal infolding or in the apical region of these cells. On the other hand, GDNF was observed in most myoepithelial cells of the coiled secretory portion of the sweat gland and in a small number of nerve fibers innervating the gland. Although the GDNF-containing nerve fibers cannot be negated as a source of the ligand for Ret in the secretory cells, the finding that GDNF and Ret are localized face to face in adjoining cells in the sweat gland implies another novel trophic role of GDNF in this tissue.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Influence of sex and growth hormone deficiency on sweating.

Sweat secretion rate (SSR) was measured by the pilocarpine iontophoresis test in (a) 254 healthy children and adolescents (aged 6.0 to 19.2 years, mean age 11.2 years); in (b) 58 healthy adults (aged 20.4 to 75.2 years, mean age 37.6 years); and in (c) eight prepubertal patients with growth hormone (GH) deficiency (aged 4.2 to 13.5 years, mean age 8.9 years). Boys had higher median values for SSR than girls (pre-pubertal children: 92.7 vs 64.5 mg 30 min-1 pubertal children: 110.3 vs 73.1 mg 30 min-1), and men showed higher values than women (135.5 vs 49.2 mg 30 min-1). In addition, the change in sweat excretion rate from childhood to adulthood showed a difference between the sexes. Both pre-pubertal and pubertal boys had a lower secretion value than adult men (p less than 0.001 and 0.01, respectively), whereas girls showed higher secretion values than adult women (p less than 0.01 and p less than 0.001, respectively). There was a significant increase in SSR from prepuberty to puberty (p less than 0.001) for both sexes. The children with GH deficiency, all pre-pubertal, showed significantly reduced SSR (p less than 0.001) compared with the healthy children (median values: 32.8 vs 80.0 mg 30 min-1). We conclude that (a) sweat secretion pattern in children shows a significant sex difference and (b) sweating in children is dependent on growth hormone.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1985

Iodine intake of Japanese male university students: urinary iodine excretion of sedentary and physically active students and sweat iodine excretion during exercise.

We examined the urinary iodine excretion of sedentary and physically active male university students in order to estimate the iodine intake of Japanese. Iodine excretion in sweat collected during treadmill exercise was also determined in different dietary iodine levels. The mean urinary iodine excretion of 5 sedentary students during 15 consecutive days was 357 micrograms/day (40-3,390). When high-iodine food, i.e. seaweed, was included in meals in only 22% of the total experimental days of 5 subjects, the urinary iodine excretion was high (1,106 micrograms/day, 298-3,390), but was low (153 micrograms/day, 40-441) when seaweeds were not consumed. An unexpectedly low mean urinary iodine excretion of 149 micrograms/day (50-393) was found in 10 rowing club students during 6 consecutive days of their summer training camp, probably being due to iodine losses in sweat; sweat iodine concentrations were about 37 micrograms per liter, regardless of serum and urinary iodine levels modulated by the dietary iodine level. The present data indicate that the iodine intake of Japanese depends on the amount of seaweed consumption and that it is not necessarily as high as expected from the data obtained in the 1960s. Moreover, our findings indicate the importance of taking account of iodine loss in sweat in the evaluation of iodine nutrition for physically active persons working in hot and humid environments.

Adult↗

PubMed1975

Effect of isolated head heating and cooling on sweating in man.

A double climate chamber which permitted the independent regulation of temperature in each chamber was used to produce isolated head heating and cooling in three subjects. Deep body temperature was recorded from the tympanic membrane, oral cavity, esophagus, and rectum. Skin temperature was measured on nine body regions and a weighted mean skin temperature was calculated. Sweating rate was measured by resistance hygrometry from six regions. When head skin temperature was increased, deep body temperature measured at the tympanic membrane and oral cavity increased more than esophageal temperature, while rectal temperature remained essentially unchanged. Sweating rate increased when head skin temperature increased and again, somewhat later, as the tympanic membrane and oral temperatures began to rise. When head skin temperature was decreased, tympanic membrane and oral temperatures decreased and sweating again followed the changes in skin temperature as well as the changes in tympanic membrane and oral temperatures. Since it has been shown that head skin temperature is particularly important in determining thermal comfort and sweating rate when compared to other body regions, it is suggested that this particular sensitivity is in part due to a thermal counter-current exchange between venous blood draining the head and arterial blood ascending to intracranial thermoreceptors. Such an exchange would correspond to similar mechanisms present in other species.

Body Temperature↗

PubMed2002

The use of oral fluid and sweat wipes for the detection of drugs of abuse in drivers.

Blood, urine, oral fluid (by spitting or with a Salivette), and sweat samples (by wiping the forehead with a fleece moistened with isopropanol) were obtained from 180 drivers who failed the field sobriety tests at police roadblocks. With quantitative GC-MS, the positive predictive value of oral fluid was 98, 92, and 90% for amphetamines, cocaine, and cannabis respectively. The prevalence of opiate positives was low. The proposed SAMHSA cut-off values for oral fluid testing at the workplace, proved their usefulness in this study. The positive predictive value of sweat wipe analysis with GC-MS was over 90% for cocaine and amphetamines and 80% for cannabis. The accuracy of Drugwipe was assessed by comparing the electronic read-out values obtained on-site after wiping the tongue and the forehead, with the corresponding GC-MS results in plasma, oral fluid, and sweat. The accuracy was always less than 90% except for the amphetamine-group in sweat.

Amphetamine↗