Decalcification during orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances--an overview.
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Humans↗
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Results for “Tooth Demineralization”
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The clinical evaluation of a fluoride-containing orthodontic bonding material.
A clinical trial comparing a conventional adhesive, Concise, with a new fluoride-containing composite cement is described. The bond failure rate, plaque score, gingival health, and enamel decalcification were assessed for each material after a minimum period of 1 year. The preliminary results show no significant difference between the two materials for each of the variables examined, although there was a reduction in the number of white spot lesions using the fluoride-containing composite. The level of fluoride ion concentration required to inhibit the growth of oral micro-organisms is discussed.
Adolescent↗
Products for prevention during orthodontics.
The potential for iatrogenic damage following fixed orthodontic treatment has been well documented for many years. Enamel decalcification and gingival inflammation are preventable if good practice is followed. Patients with gingivitis or active caries should not be considered for fixed orthodontics until the disease is controlled. Diet advice, oral hygiene, and topical fluorides are the basic elements of any preventive regime, and while they need to be individually tailored for each patient, fluoride mouthrinses should be routinely used by all patients with fixed appliances. The susceptibility of enamel adjacent to an orthodontic attachment remains a problem which future improvements in adhesive materials may help to address.
Chlorhexidine↗
An investigation to estimate the fluoride uptake adjacent to a fluoride-releasing bonding agent.
Decalcification of the teeth remains a problem during orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances. It has been suggested that bonding agents which release fluoride could supply it to the area of the tooth most at risk from decalcification. The aim of this study was to estimate uptake by enamel adjacent to a fluoride releasing bonding agent. Acid etch biopsies were used to estimate the concentration of fluoride in enamel adjacent to brackets bonded with Vitrabond and Geristore. Results indicate that there was a significant increase in the concentration of fluoride in enamel adjacent to Vitrabond. The clinical significance of the increase in the concentration of fluoride adjacent to Vitrabond and the mechanism by which fluoride moves from the material into the enamel remain unclear.
Acid Etching, Dental↗
A scanning electron microscopic study of early enamel caries formed in vivo beneath orthodontic bands.
A clinical trial was conducted to investigate the development of caries lesions associated with fixed orthodontic appliance therapy. To introduce a cariogenic challenge on sound buccal enamel surfaces in vivo, specially designed orthodontic bands were attached to premolars scheduled for extraction for orthodontic reasons. The bands were modified by having two metal wires (0.8 mm in diameter) welded to the inner surface of the band to produce a space for plaque accumulation similar to that occurring under loose orthodontic bands. The bands were cemented with a zinc phosphate cement (Tenet) and left in situ for 4 weeks. Of 22 premolar teeth banded in eight different patients, eight showed definite white spot lesions, eight showed definite faint enamel opacities, and six showed no discernible lesions. Examination of definite white spot lesions by scanning electron microscopy revealed characteristic patterns of initial tissue destruction. Focal holes and an accentuation of the perikymata were observed affecting the enamel surface zone, an area previously considered to remain relatively intact during the development of a caries lesion. The superficial nature of the caries lesions observed and the rapidity of their formation is significant in the clinical management of decalcified areas forming beneath orthodontic bands.
Bicuspid↗
Argon laser irradiation in root surface caries: in vitro study examines laser's effects.
Recent research shows that laser irradiation can improve enamel's resistance to caries. This in vitro study examines the effects of argon laser irradiation on root surface caries. Treated surfaces seemed more resistant to an artificial caries medium than control surfaces.
Argon↗
Light beam detects early caries.
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Dental Caries↗
A clinical evaluation of air-abrasion treatment of questionable carious lesions. A 12-month report.
BACKGROUND: The efficacy of treating questionable incipient lesions early with air abrasion, a modality used by many practitioners, has not been adequately demonstrated. METHODS: The authors enrolled 223 teeth, each with a questionable incipient pit-and-fissure carious lesion, from 93 dental patients in a projected five-year randomized clinical trial. Caries was defined as softness, decalcification or cavitation at the base of a pit or fissure or radiographic evidence of caries. Each tooth was randomly assigned to either a treatment group (n = 113 teeth) or a control group (n = 110 teeth) (which was observed but left untreated until the definition of caries was met). Each tooth in the treatment group was air-abraded and restored with a flowable resin-based composite. The authors re-examined teeth in both groups every six months; they evaluated the restorations using a modified set of Ryge criteria and inspected teeth for caries using radiographs, mirrors and standardized explorers. RESULTS: Of the 113 teeth with questionable incipient carious lesions air-abraded in the treatment group, 50 had caries extending into dentin. After 12 months of clinical service, there were three sealants that exhibited a partial loss of sealant which did not require any re-treatment. Two restorations with penetrating staining were re-treated. In the control group at the end of 12 months, only nine of the 86 recalled teeth were diagnosed with pit-and-fissure caries and were treated with air abrasion and restored with flowable resin-based composite. There was no statistically significant difference between the volume of the treatment and control preparations. CONCLUSION: After 12 months of clinical service, two preventive resin-based composite restorations in the treatment group required re-treatment. Fewer teeth than expected in the control group were diagnosed as having caries and were treated. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: The merit of treating questionable incipient pit-and-fissure carious lesions early with air abrasion has not been demonstrated after 12 months in this clinical study.
Adolescent↗
The use of high-phosphorus supplements to inhibit dental enamel demineralisation by ice lollies.
Five new formulations of water ice lollies with a high-phosphorus (low Ca) supplementation ratio were tested for their erosiveness of dental enamel or hydroxylapatite in vitro. Compared with the basic unsupplemented lolly, all five formulations that had been prepared with additional calcium and phosphorus, but in a low Ca/P ratio, as potential inhibitors of demineralisation, were associated with significantly less attack on dental mineral, as measured by the dissolution of calcium and phosphorus.
Calcium↗
Study of the fluoridated adhesive resin cement--fluoride release, fluoride uptake and acid resistance of tooth structures.
The objectives of this study, were to evaluate the fluoride release from fluoridate adhesive resin cement, fluoride uptake into surrounding tooth structures and the effect of their acid resistance. Several specimens were prepared using a plastic ring mould, from extracted human premolars, and prepared from enamel and dentin of the central area of the buccal surface of bovine teeth. The fluoride release rate of fluoridate adhesive resin cement (PN 200) per day was higher than other materials during the 7-day study period. Fluoride released and fluoride uptake by tooth structures was higher in the fluoridate adhesive resin cement. WDX analysis showed the fluoride concentration on dentin contact area was higher than that of enamel after 60 days of immersion in deionized water. The calcium release values were similar for enamel and dentin plates in the various test materials. The present findings indicated the important enhancement of tooth structure acid resistance by fluoridate material.
Animals↗
Effect of experimental fluoride-releasing tooth separator on acid resistance of human enamel in vitro.
This study aimed to investigate the fluoride-releasing ability of an experimental tooth separator consisting of polyurethane elastomer with tin fluoride and its effect on the acid resistance of human enamel. The tooth separator was set around an enamel slab and stored in de-ionized water for 10 days. The daily concentration of fluoride in the de-ionized water was measured. Then the enamel surface was artificially decalcified by a lactic acid buffer solution (pH 4.5) for 96 hours. The mineral density at the surface layer of the enamel was measured to evaluate the acid resistance. The fluoride release increased with the amount of fluoride in the separator, but decreased with the immersion time. Both the enamel area contacting with the separator and its surrounding area showed lower mineral loss and lesion depth compared with the controls (P < 0.05). It is suggested that the experimental tooth separator would release enough fluoride and improve the acid resistance of the enamel surface layer.
Absorptiometry, Photon↗
Nd:YAG laser ablation and acid resistance of enamel.
The acid resistance of Nd:YAG laser-ablated enamel surfaces was studied by evaluating crystal structure, mineral distribution, and fluorescence radiance and image in the present study. For comparison, 37% phosphoric acid etching was performed. The formation of beta-tricalcium phosphate (beta-TCP) was confirmed in the laser-ablated surface. The Ca/P ratio increased after ablation due to mineral re-distribution. In contrast, the Ca/P ratio decreased after acid etching due to mineral loss. The laser-ablated enamels showed a smaller increase of fluorescence radiances and less clear laser confocal scanning microscope images than those observed in the acid-etched enamels. The former suggests a minimized mineral loss. The Nd:YAG laser irradiation will enhance the acid resistance and retard the carious progression in enamel.
Acids↗
The efficiency of 10% carbamide peroxide gel on dental enamel.
This study investigated the effect of 10% carbamide peroxide gel on human tooth color, vibrational mode, and mineral loss. The exposed enamels were bleached for two weeks (six hours' bleaching and 18 hours' storage in distilled water per day). Color change was calculated from the CIE L*a*b* color values. Vibrational mode in Fourier transform Raman spectrum and mineral content were also estimated. The bleached enamels showed an apparent color change (deltaE* = 5.35). Within the test period, their whiteness increased linearly as the period increased. A slight decrease in Raman peak at 1068 cm(-1)--compared with the peak at 430 cm(-1)--was observed after bleaching. The total mineral content was decreased from 90.39 to 86.01 after bleaching. Also, the calculated Ca/P ratio decreased from 2.10 to 2.07. However, these changes were negligibly different from the enamels stored in distilled water except for a color change.
Analysis of Variance↗
Application of direct laminate veneer for enamel protection during orthodontic treatment: an in vivo evaluation.
The aims of this study were to examine the enamel protective effect of a direct laminate veneer against acidic conditions, measure the amount of fluoride released from the veneer and which was taken up by the enamel, as well as evaluate the usefulness of the veneer for orthodontic treatment. First, a veneer was applied to rabbit incisors. Then, apart from using profile measurement microscope and electron probe microanalyzer to measure the roughness and fluoride concentration in the enamel of veneer-covered tooth surface, those of the uncovered adjacent tooth surface were measured too. It was found that the veneer protected the enamel surface from acidic conditions. Furthermore, fluoride ions were taken up by both the uncovered adjacent enamel area as well as by the covered area. These findings suggested that covering the enamel surface with a direct laminate veneer before bracket bonding might be a valuable means of tooth protection and caries prevention.
Acrylic Resins↗
Assessment of the diet of 0- to 6-year-old children in municipal schools in a Brazilian city.
Diet control is one of the important factors in the prevention of dental caries because food functions as substratum for fermentation and, consequently, for the formation of the organic acids that demineralize the tooth surface. This study aims to descriptively assess school diet and the associated caries-preventive methods applied to children in all municipal nursery schools of a Brazilian city (Aragatuba/SP). For this, a questionnaire with open and closed questions was used. The results showed that all schools serve school meal, which is composed mainly of sugar, carbohydrates, and proteins. The students enjoy the meal very much because for most of them, the meal served at school is the only source of food. It was observed that 90% of the schools offer other kinds of food besides the main school meal. The snacks served such as cakes, white hominy, and milk fudge are composed of sweet and highly cariogenic foods. It was also verified that in 13.30% of the schools, the daily supervised dental hygiene, an important procedure that should not be neglected, is not carried out. This procedure introduces the children to healthy habits that are added to those acquired in the family environment. It was concluded that the school diet is potentially cariogenic and, in association with the lack of daily dental hygiene, this potential may become even higher.
Animals↗
Photographic appraisal of crystal lattice growth technique.
Concept of creating mechanical retention for bonding through crystal growth has been successfully achieved in the present study. By using polyacrylic acid, sulphated with sulphuric acid as etchant, abundant crystal growth was demonstrated. Keeping in view the obvious benefits of crystal growth technique, the present SEM study was aimed to observe and compare the changes brought about by different etching agents (phosphoric acid, polyacrylic acid and polyacrylic acid sulphated) and to evaluate their advantages and disadvantages in an attempt to reduce iatrogenic trauma caused due to surface enamel alteration. Control and experimental groups were made of 24 and 30 premolars, respectively, for scanning electron microscopic appraisal of normal unetched and etched enamel surface and fracture site and finished surface evaluation. When compared with conventional phosphoric acid and weaker polyacrylic acid, investigations indicated that crystal growth treatment on enamel surface caused minimal iatrogenic trauma and surface alteration were restored to the original untreated condition to a large extent.
Acid Etching, Dental↗
Prevention of white spot enamel formation during orthodontic treatment.
Orthodontic therapy is a much needed and desired treatment of dental service. However, when patient oral hygiene performance is inadequate, undesirable white spot enamel lesions can appear. If unchecked, they may progress to frank caries. The various etiological factors are discussed and preventive strategies are proposed to combat such lesions. This information will help specialists and general dentists alike to better predict, diagnose, and prevent these lesions while providing active orthodontic treatment.
Dental Caries↗
Computerized tomosynthetic radiography in operative dentistry.
A study of 15 extracted teeth with carious lesions and artificially prepared defects adjacent to restorations compared the macroscopic morphology of the lesions and the extent of the defects with their appearance on conventional and computerized tomosynthetic radiography. Tuned Aperture Computerized Tomography offers advantages for the diagnosis of the extent of carious lesions and of defective restorations. The display of computer sections through teeth (slice images) allows a three-dimensional view to permit an assessment of the extent of carious lesions, restorations, and defects often masked in conventional radiography.
Dental Restoration, Permanent↗