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PubMed1985

Measurement of fibrinogen concentrations in suspensions of washed rabbit and human platelets by radioimmunoassays.

Although fibrinogen is a cofactor in platelet aggregation, washed rabbit platelets aggregate when stimulated with ADP even when no fibrinogen is added to the platelet suspension. Washed human platelets usually do not aggregate to a significant extent when stimulated with ADP unless fibrinogen is added. To study this phenomenon, radioimmunoassays for rabbit and human fibrinogens have been developed and used to measure fibrinogen concentrations in suspensions of washed platelets. The fibrinogen concentration in the suspending medium of rabbit platelets was 2.5 +/- 0.9 micrograms/10(9) platelets, and upon stimulation with 9 microM ADP it increased to 10.7 +/- 2.9 micrograms/10(9) platelets. The loss of fibrinogen from the platelets was significantly greater than the loss of 14C-serotonin (11% vs 2%). The presence of prostaglandin E1 reduced the fibrinogen concentration to approximately 1 micrograms/10(9) platelets and prevented aggregation and loss of fibrinogen when the platelets were stimulated with ADP. With human platelets, the extracellular concentrations of fibrinogen and beta-thromboglobulin, expressed as percentages of the amount in the platelets, were similar, and the increase in fibrinogen concentration upon ADP stimulation (approximately 2%) was much lower than with rabbit platelets. We conclude that rabbit platelets may release fibrinogen from their alpha-granules when stimulated with ADP, and that a portion of the released fibrinogen becomes available to support aggregation. Smaller amounts of fibrinogen would become available in the case of human platelets.

Adenosine Diphosphate↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Proteins and enzymes in normal human bronchial washing fluids (author's transl)].

Six normal subjects, two of whom were heavy smokers, underwent broncho-alveolar and bronchial washings. The aim of our work was to compare the biochemical composition of these fluids. Quantitative measurements of total protein, IgG AND IgA were made, the percentage of IgA 7S among the IgA population was established, an immunoelectrophoretic study was carried out, and glycosidase and protease activities were determined. In a given subject, the bronchial washing always showed more IgA, 11S and more concentrated glycosidase activities than the broncho-alveolar washing; the latter had higher values for IgG and protease activities, the most important being chymotrypsin-like activity. In both fluids, IgA 11S represented the main part of IgA population.

Adult↗

PubMed1978

[The diagnostic reliability of the jet-wash technique with regard to the diagnostic of endometrium carcinoma (author's transl)].

The jet-wash technique is an efficient method for diagnosing the endometrium carcinoma. Among 750 women we detected 50 endometrium carcinomata all of which were diagnosed by the jet-wash method. Wrongly positive findings do not exist in our series of examinations. Of the pre-stages of the endometrium carcinoma, such as adenomatous hyperplasia and adenocarcinoma in situ, however, only scarcely 50 per cent of all cases were diagnosed. The jet-wash method is also suited for outpatient clinics. Thus, patients with risk-factors for the endometrium carcinoma might be controlled annually once in outpatient clinics in addition to the usual cancer prophylactic examinations. Above all, we consider 1. patients suffering from bleeding anomalies as from the 40th year of age, 2. patients free from any symptoms, but suffering from obesity, hypertension and diabetes mellitus, 3. patients with an increased narcosis risk, 4. patients of the perimeno-pause prior to an estrogen treatment and 5. cancer post-care patients suffering from a primarily radiated endometrium carcinoma. The direct smears and the cytocentrifuge preparations can be diagnosed right on the day of examination. The thrombin cell block technique requires more work for a cytological laboratory. For a histological laboratory it might not mean any additional essential burden.

Biopsy↗

PubMed1983

Change in Bmax and Kd for [3H]flunitrazepam observed in the course washing rat brain tissue with distilled water.

A method for the removal of an endogenous inhibitor(s) of benzodiazepine receptor binding (extraction in distilled water at 20 degrees) was used to evaluate the possible influence of this inhibitor(s) on the affinity of the benzodiazepine receptor in vivo. The results indicate that the presence of an inhibitor(s) in the concentration which exists in the rat brain leads to a 30-fold increase in the Kd value as compared with the results obtained in vitro. The endogenous inhibitor(s) appeared to be a thermostable, proteinase K-resistant substance(s) with Mr between 500 and 10,000 daltons. Repeated washings of the brain tissue with distilled water were accompanied by a decrease in the Bmax for [3H]flunitrazepam. The [3H]flunitrazepam binding sites with Kd = 1.7 nM and Bmax = 61 fmoles/mg of protein were found in the supernatant collected after the second and third washings in distilled water. The presence of diazepam and the benzodiazepine antagonist Ro 15-1788 prevented in a dose-dependent manner the decrease in the Bmax value for [3H]flunitrazepam during the tissue washing with distilled water.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Detection of influenza virus A antigens by radioimmunological methods in patients' nasopharyngeal washings].

9olid-phase radioimmunoassay (SPRIA) was used for the detection of influenza A (H3N2,H1N1) and B viruses in nasopharyngeal washings of patients admitted in January-March, 1983, to the 1st Clinical Hospital of Moscow City with acute respiratory diseases. The solid phase consisted of nitrocellulose filters and plastic plates which were coated with nasopharyngeal washings of the patients. Rabbit or horse antiviral immunoglobulins were used as antibodies. 125I-labeled protein A was the indicator system. In 61 out of 211 patients examined influenza A (H3N2) virus was detected; from 20 of the influenza A (H3N2), from 7 influenza A (H1N1) virus was isolated, but no influenza B virus was ever found. Comparisons of the results of SPRIA and IF techniques yielded similar but not identical data. Diagnostic rises of antibodies were demonstrated in 48 out of 61 patients. The lack of complete correlation between antibody rises and detection of influenza A virus antigen appears to be due to early discharge of the patients when humoral immunity had not reached its peak. The SPRIA is a highly sensitive and specific technique for influenza A virus detection in nasopharyngeal washings of the patients and may be recommended for use in properly equipped laboratories where highly specific hyperimmune sera are available. It gives an objective information on the proportion of influenza in the period of epidemic rise of ARD incidence.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1980

Normal profile of immunoglobulins in sera and tracheal washings of chickens.

Concentration and distribution of the three immunoglobulins in the sera and tracheal washings of a chicken population was studied. The mean IgM, IgG and IgA concentrations in serum were 1.35, 5.09 and 0.31 mg/ml, respectively. The distribution of IgM and IgG in birds irrespective of age was almost normal whereas that of IgA was skewed. All the three immunoglobulins were present in tracheal washings but the level of IgM was barely detectable. The IgG was predominant in the tracheal washings but higher IgA : IgG ratio compared to that of serum indicated local IgA production in the chicken respiratory tract.

Animals↗

PubMed1982

Effects of washing on the bacterial flora of the stallion's penis.

Six stallions were subjected to extensive cleansing of the penis and prepuce with water, Ivory Soap and water, or Betadine surgical scrub and water. The stallions were all washed for 14 days, and then allowed 14 days respite. This pattern of washing and resting was repeated consecutively. Swabs were taken from all 7 stallions twice weekly and semen was collected once a week for bacteriological examination. All forms of cleansing altered the bacterial flora of the stallion's penis; the Ivory Soap tended to encourage the replacement of the normal flora with coliform organisms, while Betadine favoured the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella spp. This experiment showed that the systematic washing of a stallion's penis will cause the normal flora to be replaced with pathogens and potential pathogens.

Animals↗

PubMed1983

Fibreoptic bronchoscopy in the diagnosis of bronchial cancer: comparison of washings, brushings and biopsies in central and peripheral tumours.

Fibreoptic bronchoscopic cytodiagnosis by washings and brushings and histodiagnosis by forceps biopsy were studied in 484 Chinese patients with bronchial carcinoma. When the tumour was bronchoscopically visible, the yields of the three procedures were: washings 76%, brushings 74% and biopsy 82%, giving a total yield of 94%. For peripheral bronchoscopically non-visible tumour, the yields were 52%, 52% and 61% respectively, making a total yield of 86%. Bronchial washings and brushings were important complementary procedures to biopsy and provided the exclusive diagnosis in 12% of the central and 25% of the peripheral tumours. The cytologic cell typing accuracy is 92% for epidermoid carcinoma, 87% for small cell carcinoma, 83% for adenocarcinoma and only 38% for large cell carcinoma. The accuracy of cell-typing of the two bronchial cytodiagnostic methods was comparable in central tumours, but higher with brushings in peripheral tumours.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Improved blood utilization with leukocyte-poor cell masses (LPCM) prepared by cell washing.

The preparation of leukocyte-poor cell masses (LPCM) by saline washing with the IBM 2291 Blood Cell Processor was investigated. Units to be washed were preferentially selected from short-dated units to reduce outdating. LPCM had a mean of 0.34 X 10(9) WBC (90% WBC removal) with 87.8 per cent RBC recovery. At least 50 per cent of the LPCM prepared used blood that was salvaged from typically discarded units. Febrile transfusion reactions were prevented in alloimmunized patients with this product. Cell washing with the IBM Blood Cell Processor can prepare LPCM from blood of any storage date to meet American Association of Blood Banks (AABB) standards.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Detection of inhibitors in chicken tracheal washings against Mycoplasma gallisepticum.

A chicken tracheal ring tissue-culture system was used to demonstrate that specific and nonspecific substances in chicken tracheal secretions inhibit the cilia-stopping effect (CSE) of Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG). In chickens less than six weeks old, specific inhibitory substances were found in tracheal washings from chickens inoculated with MG. Nonspecific inhibitory substances were found in tracheal washes from untreated chickens seven weeks or older. Complement may play a role in the inhibition of CSE. Secretory immunoglobulin A was not detected in the tracheal washes.

Animals↗

PubMed1981

[Studies of fertilizing capacity of spermatozoa from infertile men with oligozoospermia. AIH by washed and concentrated spermatozoa and in vitro fertilizing capacity to zona free hamster eggs (author's transl)].

The fertilizing abilities of spermatozoa from infertile men with oligozoospermia were evaluated by examining pregnancy rates after AIH using washed and concentrated spermatozoa, and also by in vitro fertilizing rates to zona free hamster eggs. The spermatozoa from ten oligozoospermic men with less than 20 x 10(6)/ml of sperm counts were used in the experiments. After the procedures of washing and concentrating spermatozoa from oligozoospermic men, the sperm concentration was increased from two to six times and the sperm motility was also increased up to two times. However none of the patients' wives conceived after several AIHs with washed and concentrated spermatozoa. When the in vitro fertilization of zona free hamster eggs by the spermatozoa was used, the fertilization rates were null in case of 7 oligozoospermic patients, and 5, 10 and 33.3% in case of another 3 oligozoospermic patients respectively in contrast with 73.3% in use of spermatozoa from control fertile men. The fertilizing abilities of spermatozoa from husbands of 4 sterile couples with an unknown cause were examined by in vitro fertilization test and 7.1, 37.5, 50.0 and 55.6% fertilization rates were obtained. Among these men, the spermatozoa from one man indicated a very low fertilization rate without any other pathological findings. This suggests that the impairment of fertilizing ability of spermatozoa might be present in the case of sterile men with an unknown cause.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

[Post-operative peritoneal washing cytology in cases of stage IIIa endometrial carcinoma with positive peritoneal cytology].

According to the new FIGO staging of corpus cancer, the cases with positive peritoneal cytology alone belong in stage IIIa. The authors previously reported, however, good prognosis of IIIa cases with only positive peritoneal cytology. In order to assess the potential of malignant cells in the peritoneal cavity to metastasize, post-operative peritoneal washing cytology was undertaken. This study was conducted on a total of 115 consecutive patients with endometrial carcinoma who underwent primary surgical therapy at the Cancer Institute Hospital during the 25-month period from December, 1991 to December, 1993. Fifteen cases were included in stage IIIa with positive intraoperative peritoneal cytology alone. In 12 cases with endometrioid adenocarcinoma, a Silascon tube was indwelt in the abdominal cavity before closure of the abdomen. The peritoneal cavity was washed with 500 ml of physiological saline through the indwelt tube 14 days after the operation. The cytology of recovered washings was negative in all cases. Only two cases received postoperative chemotherapy owing to other prognostic factors. These 12 cases are alive with no evidence of disease after 12 to 36 months. The present study demonstrated that malignant cells in the peritoneal cavity appear to have a very low potential for implantation into the peritoneum.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

[Washing and filtration of blood components: which indications are established?].

The washing of cells in blood components for transfusion is necessary (1) in cases of severe incompatibility to constituents of plasma in these components and (2) in cases of maternal antibodies to blood cells of the child when the child needs maternal blood components, e.g. in many cases of neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia. A single washing step is recommended in certain cases: paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria and T activation of red blood cells. There is no indication that components should be washed in cases of autoimmune hemolytic anemia. There are well-documented data which propound the necessity of filtering blood components in order to reduce the leukocyte content aiming at the prevention of a primary immune response to HLA antigens, of repeated febrile transfusion reactions caused by leukocyte antibodies and of the transmission of cytomegalovirus via blood components. Some observations suggest that the same type of filtration also should be carried out on blood components given to patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria.

Blood Component Transfusion↗

PubMedDate not supplied

CA 125 in ovarian cysts, serous effusions and peritoneal washings: immunocytochemical expression.

The immunocytochemical expression of CA 125 in ovarian cysts, serous effusions and peritoneal washings was examined in patients with primary ovarian malignancies (22) and benign gynecologic conditions (96). The immunostaining of CA 125 was assessed in serous ovarian cysts (CA 125 was detected in 3 out of 14 serous ovarian cysts), follicular ovarian cysts (0/5), luteinized cysts (3/3), endometriotic cysts (6/11), serous cystoadenomas (4/4) and mucinous cystoadenomas (0/2). Reactive mesothelial cells (6/6) showed a low but homogeneous staining which was never found in negative peritoneal washings (0/47). Neoplastic cells in positive peritoneal washings were highly positive (20/22), except for 2 mucinous cystoadenocarcinomas. The reactivity of OC 125 with endometrial and reactive mesothelial cells shows the importance of employing a combination of MoAbs to improve conventional morphologic diagnosis.

Antigens, Neoplasm↗

PubMed1994

Automated blot hybridization and washing apparatus.

An apparatus that automates the hybridization and washing of blots is described. With this apparatus, blots are hybridized and washed inside of open-ended tubes that rotate within stationary bottles. The blots are washed in the bottles by the automatic addition and removal of solutions eliminating contact between researchers and contaminated solutions. The apparatus has been routinely used for blot hybridizations of soybean genomic DNA using single-copy DNA clones as probes. The quality of the autoradiograms from these hybridizations was similar to that obtained with a rotisserie-style hybridization system currently used in many labs.

Nucleic Acid Hybridization↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Diagnostic value of bladder wash cytology, with special reference to low grade urothelial neoplasms.

The diagnostic yield of bladder wash cytology was compared with concurrent bladder biopsy results in 253 consecutive cytology specimens obtained from 208 patients. There was high diagnostic concordance of washes and biopsies for both high grade urothelial neoplasms (26 of 29 cases [90.0%]) and negative specimens (152 of 168 cases [90.5%]). In contrast, bladder wash cytology was interpreted as malignant or suspicious for malignancy in 11 of 33 (33%) patients with low-intermediate grade papillary urothelial tumors on biopsy. Additionally, the cytology was considered positive or suspicious for transitional cell carcinoma in 11 cases in which only reactive changes were seen in the concurrent biopsy and follow-up studies (minimum 12-month follow-up), for a false-positive rate of 6.5%. The slides from all discrepant cases were reviewed, with particular attention to background features that may improve the diagnostic sensitivity of cytology in low grade neoplasms.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

Interphase cytogenetics as an adjunct in the cytodiagnosis of urinary bladder carcinoma. A comparative study of cytology, flow cytometry and interphase cytogenetics in bladder washes.

To determine the role of interphase cytogenetics as an adjunct in the cytodiagnosis of transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) in bladder washes, 40 separate samples were prospectively evaluated by conventional cytology, flow cytometry (FCM) and interphase cytogenetics using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) to detect numerical chromosomal abnormalities involving chromosomes 8 and 12. The cases, all of which had subsequent histologic confirmation, were composed of 26 transitional cell carcinomas and 14 benign lesions. Cytology, FCM and FISH were concordant in 19 of 31 (61%) instances. The false-negative rates of the three parameters were as follows: cytology, 38.5%; FCM, 28.5%; FISH, 27%. The false-positive rates were 0%, 20% and 0%, respectively. The relatively lower sensitivity of cytology is attributed to sampling problems since 7 of the 10 false-negative cases were histologically high grade (grades 2 and 3) and should have been detected easily by conventional cytology if tumor cells were present. Thus, the sensitivity and specificity of FISH in detecting malignant cells of TCC in bladder washes is comparable to that of conventional cytology and FCM. When, as in the present study, there are insufficient numbers of cells for FCM analysis, the detection of numerical chromosomal abnormalities by FISH studies may serve as an adjunct in the diagnosis of TCC in bladder washes.

Carcinoma, Transitional Cell↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Detection of pulmonary neoplasms by bronchial washings. Are cell blocks a diagnostic aid?

While cell blocks of bronchial washings are often routinely prepared, their usefulness as adjuncts to the diagnosis of pulmonary neoplasms has not been evaluated. Bronchial washings obtained from 111 patients in whom clinical or radiographic evidence raised the suspicion of a pulmonary neoplasm were reviewed. The smears and cell block preparations were studied independently of each other without knowledge of the original diagnoses. Discrepancies between the smear and cell block diagnoses were noted in 17 cases. Smears detected more neoplasms (52) than cell blocks (43). However, four cell blocks were positive, while the corresponding smears were negative. According to these results, the use of cell blocks increased the diagnostic yield from 52 to 56 cases, for an increase of 9%. Cell blocks will increase the diagnostic yield of bronchial washings, albeit for a small number of patients. However, a positive result will have an obvious influence on patient management and will obviate incremental costs and risks attendant to more invasive diagnostic procedures.

Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid↗