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At least 883 records · Page 49Linked to original sources

PubMed1988

Measuring general practitioner referrals: patient, workload and list size effects.

Individual general practitioners are known to vary widely in the number of patients they refer to hospital outpatient departments; indeed there is increasing concern that the 'high' referrers use a disproportionate quantity of National Health Service resources. Data from a one-week survey of referrals by 122 general practitioners in one health district showed that a different age-sex mix of patients consulting individual general practitioners might account for about one quarter of his or her referrals. The results also showed that different referral rates, calculated by using either workload or list size denominators, identified markedly different groups of high referrers. These different methods of measurement are discussed, and on practical grounds a referral rate based on actual referrals divided by mean practice list size is suggested for future comparisons.

Data Collection↗

PubMed1987

The workload of a purpose built day surgical unit.

The workload and utilisation of a purpose built day surgical unit at Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge has been reviewed. Senior medical personnel are involved in the unit and 5071 operations were performed in the first two years. Despite a reduction of inpatient beds the surgical waiting lists have also decreased, we believe as a direct result of the day surgery programme. The results presented support the recommendations made in the recent report on day surgery by the Royal College of Surgeons of England.

Ambulatory Surgical Procedures↗

PubMed1986

General practitioner workload with 2,000 patients.

This study was designed to investigate the relationship between general practice workload, the number of partners in the practice, and the use of health centre premises. Thirty general practitioners in twelve randomly selected practices (each with a list size of 2,000 patients per doctor) agreed to record a week's work on pre-printed forms. Information was gathered on content of care in the surgery, number of non-surgery and indirect contacts and time spent on work activities. Content of care was influenced by whether or not the doctors were based in a health centre, rather on how many partners they had. Conversely the numbers of non-surgery and indirect contacts and the time spent on all work activities were more affected by the number of partners. Two factors - consultation rate and the rate at which doctors initiate consultations - were found to be independent of either of the two variables considered.

Community Health Centers↗

PubMed1986

Workload in a general practice 1950-85.

Annual patient consultation rates have been recorded continuously for 36 years in a stable National Health Service practice in a south-east London suburb. Four phases in consultation rates were noted: rising rates from 1950 to 1956; peak rates from 1957 to 1963; falling rates from 1964 to 1970 and low stable rates from 1971 to 1985. Thus workload fell by almost 50%, from a peak of 3.81 to a low of 1.93 consultations per patient per year. The reduction of 91% in home visits was much greater than the 43% reduction in surgery (office) consultations.CERTAIN QUESTIONS ARE RAISED BY THE STUDY: why are the consultation rates of this practice so low (one half the national rates); why have consultation rates in the practice fallen; and how many general practitioners are needed by the NHS? More studies are needed which compare practices, their processes and outcomes, and which analyse cost benefits in the health service.

Family Practice↗

PubMed1985

Physiological reflections of mental workload.

Studies reporting physiological responses as reflections of mental workload are reviewed briefly. The differing measures are located in a two-dimensional space whose axes represent first, practical application and second, relevance to actual central nervous system activity as viewed from spatial and systemic congruence. Traditional methods such as those using heart rate are identified as the most practical current measures, while evoked cortical potentials emerge as superior upon the latter axis. The potential of auditory canal temperature as an optimal composite measure is explored.

Aerospace Medicine↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Workload of an imaging department in 1978 vs. 1982: changes, reasons, and resolutions.

The diagnostic radiology workload in a university-affiliated general hospital (primarily for inpatients) was recorded and analyzed as to number of examinations and room occupancy time of three different representative months in both 1978 and 1982. Examinations of conventional radiology decreased in number in all fields, markedly in the biliary system and GU tract and minimally in the chest and skeletal system, whereas ultrasound as well as CT rapidly increased in number and/or time. Special procedures (invasive/interventional) also increased in number and time with the exception of lymphography. Future planning of imaging rooms as well as training programs should be instituted based on these data.

Bed Occupancy↗

PubMed1979

Evaluation of procedures suggested for reducing the pathology workload in a carcinogenesis testing program.

A sampling procedure for reducing the pathology workload in evaluating a carcinogenicity bioassay was utilized for a rodent bioassay. The use of the procedure resulted in 50 percent fewer tissues being examined histologically, in the control groups and 12 percent fewer tissues in the treatment groups. The obvious saving in pathologist's time was negated by an increase in technician time, interference with quality control procedures and loss of nontumor pathology information.

Animals↗

PubMed1977

Contraceptive workload in general practice in the Trent Region.

A prospective study was made of the contraceptive workload of general practitioners in the Trent Region between November 1973 and January 1976. This was carried out in three stages allowing comparison between a period of time when patients paid for all contraception, when only contraceptive advice from the general practitioner was paid for, and when contraceptive services and supplied were free from all sources in the NHS. The study shows that the introduction of free contraception services under the NHS Reorganization Act 1973 led to little change for many general practitioners. The number of patients seen each week for contraception did rise slightly, but the characteristics of these patients did not change over the two years.

Contraceptives, Oral↗

PubMed1982

[The relation between workload and strain in the presence of severe physical disability-findings of a case study].

The workload on a physically disabled subject is compared to the load on a non-disabled subjects at identical tasks over a period of 5 shifts each. Various indicators for assessment of the physical working capacity as well as recordings of heart rates during activity are compared. The findings indicate that, in spite of comparable load, the strain may be greater for the disabled person than for the non-disabled, which does however not necessarily entail a difference in output.

Body Height↗

PubMed1978

Workload in rural practice: implications for education and health service structure.

In view of the reported maldistribution of medical manpower in Queensland, this study was undertaken to establish the effects of such a maldistribution on the workload and range of work performed by rural practioners. Rural practitioners were found to have a higher patient contact rate per week, and to perform more surgery and obstetrics than do their city counterparts.

Australia↗

PubMed1983

[Evaluation of the workload of weavers based on the analysis of cardiac function and changes in heart rate].

The paper is aimed at an analysis of the dependences between occupational work performance and heart rate. The examinations covered weavers working on two different types of looms, using a telemetric measurement of pulse rate with a simultaneous precise analysis of the structure activities performed. The results indicated statistically significant differences in pulse rate mean values and in the duration of activities performance. It was also demonstrated that the structure of activities significantly affects the workload, as evidenced by the heart rate.

Adult↗

PubMed1980

[Changes in urine vitamin C, creatinine and uropepsin levels as a result of workload at standard work stations in the shipyard].

In 30 randomly selected workers at standard shipyard work-stations, energetic expenditure was estimated by comparing the results with those of biochemical tests used for evaluating the workload degree, such as: creatinine and vitamin C content in urine, uropepsin activity, degree of saturating the organism with vitamin C. The same examinations were carried out in 20 auxiliary and administrative employees composing a control group. The results demonstrate decreased vitamin C level in urine and saliva towards the end of the working day in the productive" group (the one under examination) as compared to the control one." The total creatinine level and uropepsin activity were also enhanced in the urine of the productive workmen. The differences between the mean values between the examined and control groups were statistically significantly different. A correlation was found between the energetic expenditure and changes in the mentioned biochemical parameters in urine.

Ascorbic Acid↗

PubMed1982

Radionuclide exercise ventriculography and levels of workload.

The wealth of useful information made available from the utilization of radionuclide cardiological investigations by non-invasive means is outlined and reasons for investigating results obtained under conditions of increased heart workload are explained. The lack of an accepted protocol for the determination of exercise levels is noted. A format for obtaining increasing heart loads dependent on increasing pulse rate is offered, with justification. Exercise radionuclide ventriculography examinations can be conducted which are simple, reproducible and allow appropriate levels of stress in patients who can benefit from such investigations.

Adult↗

PubMed1982

Visual scanning behavior and mental workload in aircraft pilots.

This paper describes an experimental paradigm and a set of preliminary results which demonstrate a relationship between the level of performance on a skilled man-machine control task, the skill of the operator, the level of mental difficulty induced by an additional task imposed on the basic control task, and visual scanning performance. During a constant, simulated piloting task, visual scanning of instruments was found to vary as a function of the level of difficulty of a verbal loading task. The average dwell time of each fixation on the pilot's primary instrument increased as a function of the loading. The scanning behavior was also a function of the estimated skill level of the pilots, with novices being affected by the loading task much more than experts. The results suggest that visual scanning of instruments in a controlled task may be an indicator of both workload and skill.

Aerospace Medicine↗

PubMed1982

Visual scanning behavior and pilot workload.

This paper describes an experimental paradigm and a set of results which demonstrate a relationship between the level of performance on a skilled man-machine control task, the skill of the operator, the level of mental difficulty induced by an additional task imposed on the basic control task, and visual scanning performance. During a constant, simulated piloting task, visual scanning of instruments was found to vary with the difficulty of a verbal mental loading task. The average dwell time of each fixation on the pilot's primary instrument increased with the estimated skill level of the pilot, with novices being affected by the loading task much more than experts. The results suggest that visual scanning of instruments in a controlled task may be an indicator of both workload and skill.

Aerospace Medicine↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Suggested procedures for reducing the pathology workload in a carcinogen bioassay program, Part I.

Large test programs have been set up to help assess the carcinogenic potential of chemicals introduced into the environment. Most test protocols used in these programs require large numbers of animals and extensive pathologic evaluation of all test and control animals. In this paper we describe modifications to the present pathology protocol which will reduce the pathology workload of the program and make only small changes in the operational character of the screen. The first modification derives from the fact that a tumorigenic effect may be ruled out by looking at the treated animals only. The second procedure suggested uses simple random samples to provide information about the treated groups with still less pathology work. It is emphasized that these proposed modifications should be regarded as a starting point for further discussion and that we encourage comments from all interested scientists.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Suggested procedures for reducing the pathology workload in a carcinogen bioassay program, Part II: Incorporating blind pathology techniques and analysis for animals with tumors.

Large testing programs have been set up to help assess the carcinogenic potential of chemicals introduced into the environment. Most test protocols used in these programs require extensive pathologic evaluations of all test and control animals. In Part I we proposed modifications to such complete pathology protocols which would allow substantial reduction in pathology workload while making only small changes in the operational character of the screen. The modifications suggested did require that slides from controls and treatment animals be handled differently and they did not call for a total tumor analysis (i.e. they do not allow blind pathology). In this paper we discuss how blind pathology can be incorporated and suggest a procedure to recover the "total tumor" aspect. It is emphasized that these modifications should be regarded as a starting point for further discussion and that we encourage comments from all interested scientists.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of moderate hyperglycaemia on left-ventricular systolic time intervals during submaximal exercise of steady workload in healthy subjects.

The effect of submaximal exercise at steady workload on left-ventricular systolic time intervals (STI) was studied in healthy subjects. In group I (22 subjects) 20% glucose solution was injected intravenously in a dose of 2.5 ml/kg of body weight before the exercise. In group II (20 subjects) the same exercise was preceded by intravenous injection of normal saline 2.5 ml/kg of body weight. The left ventricular systolic time intervals were determined by the polycardiographic metod of Blumberger modified by Holldack and Weissler. It was found that glucose administration before the exercise improved myocardial contractility during the exercise. During hyperglycaemia the secondary impairment of myocardial contractility was less pronounced than in the control group. Postexercise changes in left ventricular systolic function regressed more rapidly in the group receiving glucose than in controls.

Adult↗