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PubMed1989

Bizarre imagery in paired-associate learning: an effective mnemonic aid with mixed context, delayed testing, and self-paced conditions.

Recent findings have indicated that bizarre imagery can be an effective mnemonic aid with delayed testing, a context of mixed materials, and an adequate stimulus presentation pace, so we hypothesized an interaction among these variables. Using a variation of the McDaniel and Einstein 1986 methodology, 40 undergraduates were each randomly presented three paired-associate lists (i.e., normal, bizarre, and mixed). The sentences within each list consisted of stimulus-response pairs of high-imagery nouns. 20 of these subjects participated in an immediate cued-recall condition for each list while the remaining ones were tested after a 1-wk. retention interval. Subjects were further subdivided depending on whether the presentation pace was forced or not. As predicted, a three-way interaction was found, with bizarre imagery benefiting immediate recall under a combined mixed context, self-paced condition; with delayed recall, however, context was the determining factor in performance (and not presentation pace).

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Group cognitive-behavioral treatment for excessive parental self-blame and guilt.

The effect of a short-term group intervention to reduce self-blame and guilt in parents of children with severe disabilities was examined. Thirty-four mothers were randomly assigned to treatment and waiting list control groups. They participated in classes led by a counselor on topics relating to cognitive processes associated with guilt and self-blame. Results showed significant reductions in measures of guilt, negative automatic thoughts, internal negative attributions, and depression. Theoretical and treatment literature concerning self-blame and guilt was briefly reviewed and the derivative treatment was described.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Analysis of pulse oximetry data in normal sleeping children.

This study was designed to determine the range of oxygen saturation levels encountered in normal sleeping children up to 10 years of age in their own home environment. Subjects were chosen by stratified random sampling from the general practice list of the town of Frome, Somerset, UK. Analysis of overnight pulse oximetry recordings allowed a normal range for the following parameters of oxygen saturation level to be reported: mean, median, mode, maximum, fifth centile, upper and lower quartiles and the number of greater than 4% dips in oxygen saturation per hour. As a consequence of this study the values given can now be used to identify those children with abnormal sleep patterns.

Child↗

PubMed2001

Control of semantic interference in episodic memory retrieval is associated with an anterior cingulate-prefrontal activation pattern.

Prefrontal activation is a consistent finding in functional neuroimaging studies of episodic memory retrieval. In the present study we aimed at a further analysis of prefrontal neural systems involved in the executive control of context-specific properties in episodic memory retrieval using an event-related fMRI design. Nine subjects were asked to learn two 20-item word lists that consisted of concrete nouns assigned to four semantic categories. Ten items of both word lists referred to the same semantic category. Subjects were instructed to determine whether nouns displayed in random order corresponded to the first 20-item target list. The interference evoked by the retrieval of semantically related items of the second list resulted in significantly longer reaction times compared to the noninterference condition. Contrasting the interference against the noninterference retrieval condition demonstrated an activation pattern that comprised a right anterior cingulate and frontal opercular area and a left-lateralized dorsolateral prefrontal region. Trial averaged time series revealed that the PFC areas were selectively activated at the interference condition and did not respond to the familiarity of learned words. These findings suggest a functionally separable role of prefrontal cortical areas mediating processes associated with the executive control of interfering context information in episodic memory retrieval.

Adult↗

PubMed1986

The effect of stress on the linguistic generalization of bilingual individuals.

Spanish-English coordinate bilinguals were subjects in a GSR linguistic conditioning experiment using strong and mild buzzer conditions and spoken stimuli. Each subject was randomly assigned to one of two lists of words and one of two levels of buzzer sounds. A Spanish word from the Spanish list and an English word from the English list functioned as a conditioned word (CS). The lists were Spanish and English words related semantically and phonemically and unrelated to the CS. Generalization was studied under conscious and unconscious conditions. We found that both buzzer conditions resulted in significantly greater GSR responses to semantic and phonemic words than to words unrelated to the CS. Generalization to semantic words was not significantly greater than to phonemic words. There was a tendency toward greater phonemic than semantic generalization in the strong buzzer condition. The opposite was observed regarding the mild buzzer. The results were the same in both lists and languages. Under a conscious and unstressful condition, generalization to semantic words was found to be more prominent than to phonemic words. This suggests that under normal condition semantic generalization is mediated by conscious cognition. We concluded that strong emotion produces an increase in phonemic, as compared to semantic, generalization in both languages. Hence, primitivization of the subjects' cognitive and linguistic functioning is assumed to have occurred. These results are important in understanding the deleterious effect that stressful situations may have on linguistic functioning and cognition in bilinguals.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Oral contraceptives for functional ovarian cysts.

BACKGROUND: Functional ovarian cysts are a common gynecological problem among women of reproductive age worldwide. When large, persistent, or painful, these cysts may require operations, sometimes resulting in removal of the ovary. Since early oral contraceptives were associated with a reduced incidence of functional ovarian cysts, many clinicians inferred that birth control pills could be used to treat cysts as well. This became a common clinical practice in the early 1970s. OBJECTIVES: This review examined all randomized controlled trials that studied oral contraceptives as therapy for functional ovarian cysts. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the computer databases of CENTRAL, PubMed, POPLINE, and EMBASE for randomized controlled trials. We also examined the reference lists of articles and wrote to authors of all studies identified to seek articles we had missed. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included randomized controlled trials in any language that included oral contraceptives used for treatment and not prevention of functional ovarian cysts. Criteria for diagnosis of cysts were those used by authors of studies. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two authors independently abstracted data from the articles and entered them into RevMan 4.2. We used Peto odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals for dichotomous outcomes. MAIN RESULTS: We identified four randomized controlled trials from three countries; the studies included a total of 227 women. Treatment with combined oral contraceptives did not hasten resolution of functional ovarian cysts in any trial. This held true for cysts that occurred spontaneously as well as those that developed after ovulation induction. Most cysts resolved without treatment within a few cycles; persistent cysts tended to be pathological (e.g., endometrioma or para-ovarian cyst) and not physiological. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Although widely used for treating functional ovarian cysts, combined oral contraceptives appear to be of no benefit. Watchful waiting over several cycles is appropriate. Should cysts persist, surgical management is often indicated.

Contraceptives, Oral, Combined↗

PubMed1995

Blood glucose levels selectively influence memory for word lists dichotically presented to the right ear.

The relationship between performance on a dichotic listening task and blood glucose levels was examined. It was predicted that, if the ability of blood glucose to supply the brain with its basic fuel limits performance under conditions of cognitive demand, in a dichotic listening task information directed to the left hemisphere would be particularly susceptible to the level of blood glucose. Via headphones subjects heard lists of words directed to both ears, although randomly they were asked to attend to those directed to one ear. Those receiving a glucose drink recalled more of a list of words directed to the right ear and hence the left hemisphere. Subjects with low baseline blood glucose levels recalled more from the attended ear, and those with high baseline blood glucose more from the unattended ear. In those who received a glucose drink, a fail in blood glucose during the dichotic task was associated with a right ear superiority. The pattern of findings can be explained by the assumptions that under conditions of cognitive demand the supply of glucose to the brain limits performance and that there are individual differences in the ability to efficiently take glucose from the blood stream into the brain.

Adult↗

PubMed1980

Patient registration in a cooperative oncology group.

Patient registration in a cooperative oncology group refers to the process by which a patient diagnosed at a member institution of the group is entered into the groups records for a selected clinical trial and, where applicable, is issued a random treatment assignment. Patient registration in a cooperative oncology group should not be limited to the routine clerical activities of compiling lists of patients entered on studies and supplying random numbers for treatment assignments. After background material on cooperative oncology groups and statistical issues are presented, the objectives of patient registration are defined to include initiation of data collection, randomization of patients, quality control (enforcing protocol adherence, reduction of bias, suggestion of needed protocol amendments, and evaluation of institutional performance), and planning future clinical trials (providing estimates of patient accrual and providing advice on registration matters). Various administrative procedures found useful in fulfilling these objectives for both randomized and nonrandomized clinical trials that are neither single nor double blind are presented . Foremost among these are the creation of a centralized patient registration staff employing extended telephone registration and a monitoring of patient registration activities through a monthly report system.

Cancer Care Facilities↗

PubMed2003

Effectiveness of autogenic relaxation training on children and adolescents with behavioral and emotional problems.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effectiveness of autogenic relaxation training in a mildly disturbed outpatient population of children and adolescents with mostly internalizing symptoms, and/or some aggressive, impulsive, or attention deficit symptoms. METHOD: Fifty children and adolescents from southern Germany (mean age 10.2 years; range 6-15 years; mostly intact middle class family background) participated in a group intervention program. Fifteen patients were randomly assigned to a waiting-list control group. Behavior symptoms (Child Behavior Checklist), psychosomatic complaints (Giessen Complaint List), and level of stress were assessed before and after the intervention or after the waiting phase. Individual goal attainment was evaluated at the end of the intervention and in a 3-month follow-up. RESULTS: The parent report on CBCL reflected reduced symptoms compared with control. The child report indicated reduced stress and psychosomatic complaints both in the intervention and control group, and no significant group x time interaction effects occurred on these scales. Effect sizes of 0.49 in the CBCL and 0.36 in the complaint list indicated clinically relevant effects of the intervention compared with the control group. At the end of the intervention, 56% of the children and 55% of the parents reported partial goal attainment, 38% of the children and 30% of the parents reported complete goal attainment; 71% of the parents confirmed partial goal attainment 3 months postintervention. CONCLUSIONS: Autogenic relaxation training is an effective broadband method for children and adolescents.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

Fund-raising on the web: the effect of an electronic door-in-the-face technique on compliance to a request.

In an attempt to test the door-in-the-face (DITF) technique in a computer-mediated context, 1,607 men and women taken at random in various e-mail lists were solicited to visit a web site for the profit of a humanitarian organization. In DITF condition, subjects were first solicited by an exaggerated request and, after refusing, were solicited for a small donation. In control condition the donation solicitation was formulated directly. In all the cases, the request was manipulated by the order of the successive HTML pages of the site. Results show that the DITF procedure increase compliance to the last request. The theoretical implication of the effect of this technique in a computer-communication context is discussed.

Attitude↗

PubMed2005

A brief motivational intervention for treatment-refusing OCD patients.

Cognitive behavioral therapy involving exposure and response prevention (ERP) is the psychosocial treatment of choice for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Despite this, ERP is not widely used by mental health practitioners, and so dissemination of ERP and other empirically supported treatment (ESTs) has become a priority. Even so, utilization of ESTs such as ERP remains below 50% even among therapists who self-identify as having a cognitive behavioral orientation. Barriers to the acceptance of ERP include practical obstacles such as lack of training and the cost of treatment, but also patient variables such as treatment refusal. It has been estimated that approximately 25% of OCD patients refuse ERP. This paper describes a brief, 4-session readiness intervention (RI) designed to decrease ERP refusal among patients with OCD. In this study, 12 patients with OCD who had refused ERP were randomized to RI or wait-list (WL). 86% of participants in the RI condition and 20% of participants in WL condition agreed to begin ERP following the 4-week period. ERP following RI, but not WL, was associated with a decrease in OCD symptoms comparable to that observed in OCD patients who did not refuse ERP. However, ERP following RI was associated with a high drop-out rate (50%), a figure that exceeds that typically seen in OCD treatment studies. Techniques to reduce drop-out as well as directions for future research are discussed.

Adult↗

PubMed1990

Enhancing the effectiveness of self-administered videotape parent training for families with conduct-problem children.

Parents of 43 conduct-problem children, aged 3-8 years, were randomly assigned to one of two treatments: an individually self-administered video-tape modeling treatment (IVM) and IVM treatment plus therapist consultation (IVMC). Randomization also included a waiting-list control group (CON). Compared with the control group, both treatment groups of mothers reported significantly fewer child behavior problems, reduced stress levels, and less use of spanking. Home visit data indicated that both treatment groups exhibited significant behavioral changes. There were relatively few differences between the two treatment conditions. However, the IVMC children were significantly less deviant than the IVM children, suggesting that the IVMC (with therapist consultation) treatment was superior to self-administered treatment with no therapist involvement. The added benefits of therapist involvement are discussed.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

Dose-response effects of boiled carrots and effects of carrots in lactic acid in mixed meals on glycaemic response and satiety.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of dosage on the metabolic response to vegetables added to a mixed lunch meal, and to relate the amounts to the tripartite plate model. Carrots were chosen as an example, and the carrots were blanched, frozen and boiled to include possible effects of processing and cooking. The effects of carrots steeped in lactic acid, as produced at fermentation, were also studied. DESIGN: The test meals with carrots, and the control meal without vegetables, were balanced regarding energy (2000 kJ) and digestible carbohydrates (60 g) and similar in fat (17 g) and protein (16-19 g) content. The carrot portions of 100, 200 and 300 g contained 2.9, 5.8 and 8.7 g dietary fibre respectively. The meals were served in the morning after an overnight fast and in random order. Blood samples for the analysis of blood glucose, plasma insulin and C-peptide were collected and satiety was graded until 210 min postprandially. SETTING: The study was performed at the research laboratory, Dalby Health Sciences Centre (primary care). SUBJECTS: The 10 healthy, male volunteers, around 40 years of age, were recruited at random from the district's population list. None dropped out. RESULTS: The larger the carrot portion the lower were the glucose and insulin/C-peptide responses and the higher the satiety scores. The minimum amount causing significant effects was 200 g. According to the plate model, 200 g of boiled carrots was the most that could be included on half the plate. Addition of lactic acid to 200 g carrots augmented the effects on satiety scores and hormonal response. CONCLUSIONS: The addition of generous amounts of vegetables to a mixed meal improves the metabolic response.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

[Comparison of a calorie-defined diet with the conventional exchange diet in Type 2 diabetes mellitus].

Meal planning using food exchange lists is problematic for many elderly type 2 diabetic subjects because the system is too complicated and too rigid regarding the daily meals. In addition, exchange lists are calorically imprecise. 12 non-insulin-dependent diabetic subjects agreed to participate in the present study (6 male, 6 female; age 40-82 years, weight 80 +/- 6 kg; HbA1c 7.3 +/- 0.3%); they received sequentially in randomized order either a diet using exchange lists, or a diet defined by total amount of allowed daily calories ("calorie diet"), both containing approx. 25 calories/kg ideal body weight/day, each for 8 weeks. The "exchange lists" mainly contained foods which were defined according to their content in carbohydrates (including bread exchanges, fruit exchanges, milk exchanges, vegetable exchanges). With the "calorie diet" the patients were relatively free during the day, the only rule being that they were allowed to consume a certain amount of calories per day, using a "calorie ruler". The results demonstrated that body weight decreased similarly during both diet periods (2.0 +/- 0.8 kg during the exchange list diet; 2.5 +/- 0.9 kg during the "calorie diet"). Fasting blood glucose concentration decreased during the "calorie diet" by 7% (p less than 0.05; fasting blood glucose at the end of the "calorie diet" was lower than after the exchange list diet (p less than 0.016). Serum lipoproteins were similar after both diet periods. 10/12 patients preferred the "calorie diet" because of its simplicity and flexibility. It allowed consumption of instant food which was calorically defined but difficult to convert into the exchange system.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Aged↗

PubMed2005

Outcome results of the 1996-1999 patterns of care survey of the national practice for patients receiving radiation therapy for carcinoma of the esophagus.

PURPOSE: A Patterns of Care Study of patients treated from 1996 to 1999 evaluated the national practice for patients receiving radiation therapy for carcinoma of the esophagus in the United States. METHODS: A national survey was conducted at 59 institutions in a stratified random sample selected from a master list of radiation therapy facilities throughout the United States. Patient, tumor, and treatment characteristics were evaluated. Multivariate comparisons of survival times were made using the Cox proportional hazards model. RESULTS: Adenocarcinoma was diagnosed in 51% of patients and squamous cell carcinoma in 49% of patients. Sixteen percent of patients were clinical stage (CS) I (using the 1983 American Joint Committee on Cancer system), 39% were CS II, and 33% were CS III. Significant variables in the multivariate analysis of survival times included clinical stage, treatment approach, and facility size. Patients with CS III disease had a higher hazard risk of death as compared with CS I patients (hazard ratio [HR], 2.01; P = .001), whereas those treated with chemoradiotherapy followed by surgery (HR, 0.32; P < .0001) had a decreased risk of death compared with chemoradiotherapy-only patients. Patients at small centers had a higher risk of death (HR, 1.32; P = .03) compared with patients treated at larger facilities. CONCLUSION: Concurrent chemoradiotherapy continued to be the most commonly utilized treatment approach during the time period studied. The observation that patients undergoing surgical resection following chemoradiation have a decreased HR or chance of death compared with other treatment schemes supports the need for a randomized trial comparing these strategies.

Adenocarcinoma↗

PubMed2004

Prevalence of snoring in Taichung area: an epidemiological study.

BACKGROUND: Snoring is the cardinal symptom of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). To our knowledge, no epidemiological data of sleep-disordered breathing in Taiwan is reported in the literature. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of snoring in the area of Taichuing, Taiwan. METHODS: Data were collected from a random sample of Taichung area residents listed in the Taichung Resident Telephone Directory. Questions were asked by telephone and the answers were recorded and analyzed. RESULTS: Among the 1,252 people who were successfully interviewed, 606 were males and 646 were females. The overall prevalence of snoring was 46.8%, while habitual snorers accounted for 13.8%. The prevalence of snoring among males was higher than females (57% vs. 37%, p < 0.001). In addition, adults aged 40-59 years were more likely to snore (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Snoring in the area of Taichung, Taiwan is more prevalent in middle-aged adults, especially men. How to ascertain those who have OSAS economically and efficiently requires further investigation.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1998

Interaction of a subanaesthetic concentration of isoflurane with midazolam: effects on responsiveness, learning and memory.

There are situations in which "light" anaesthesia combined with neuromuscular block is the only anaesthetic regimen that can be tolerated safely by the patient. Benzodiazepines have hypnotic and specific amnesic effects. Therefore, we have examined the interaction of midazolam with a subanaesthetic dose of isoflurane (0.2% end-expired concentration) in 28 healthy volunteers. Thereafter, 15 subjects received midazolam 0.03 mg kg-1 i.v. and 13 subjects received midazolam 0.06 mg kg-1 in a random, double-blind manner. Word lists were administered and response to commands was tested before and after administration of midazolam. After 1 h of recovery, memory for word lists was tested by word completion, free recall and forced choice recognition tasks. After administration of midazolam, recall and, to a lesser degree, implicit memory were absent. Recognition was also absent after administration of midazolam 0.06 mg kg-1 and at the 3-min and 15-min assessments after administration of midazolam 0.03 mg kg-1. Responsiveness was more frequent with midazolam 0.03 mg kg-1 than with 0.06 mg kg-1 and increased over time. We conclude that a larger dose of midazolam or isoflurane, or both, may be necessary to abolish responsiveness.

Adult↗

PubMed1977

Symptom change and prognosis in clinic psychotherapy.

Applicants for outpatient psychotherapy completed a symptom checklist that permitted evaluation of the duration, intensity, and patterning of presenting symptoms. Random assignment of patients acceptable for psychotherapy to immediate treatment or to the waiting list resulted in two comparable groups who repeated the symptom checklist after an average interval nine months. Patients in psychotherapy showed a greater reduction in average intensity of all symptoms than was observable in the waiting list group. In the waiting list group, improvements tended to be limited to those patients whose conditions were of comparatively brief duration. In the psychotherapy group, improvements of chronic patients were frequent; however, improvements tended to occur among those patients reporting some new symptoms rather than those giving no evidence of exacerbation. A predmoninance of "neurotic" over "behavioral" complaints also appeared to be predictive of a positive response to psychotherapy.

Acute Disease↗