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PubMed1997

[The role of 3-dimensional reconstructions in the angiographic evaluation of cerebral vascular malformations: 3D morphometry].

The need for medical images which can directly contribute to therapeutic decision making has led to the development of 3D visualization techniques. With this objective, a procedure capable of producing 3D volume reconstructions using isotropic voxels from digitalized 2D films obtained by rotation around the object has been developed: 3D morphometry. The technique has been assessed from 1993 through 1996 for vascular malformations in the brain, particularly aneurysms. Recognition of collateral vessels originating at the malformation was helpful in better identifying the lesions and evaluating possible therapeutic difficulties. The morphometric sequence thus is a possibility for the future assessment of neurovascular arches.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

A difference in nuclear morphometry when frozen rather than fresh tissue is studied.

OBJECTIVE: Since the value of nuclear morphometry as a prognostic indicator in gynecologic malignancies is beginning to be explored, the authors attempted to see whether there was a difference in the nuclear morphometric features of size, shape and summed optical density in endometrial cancer when touch preparations were made from fresh versus frozen tissue. METHODS: Fifty specimens were obtained from twenty-five consecutive patients with endometrial cancer. Each patient had an air dried touch preparation made from fresh and frozen tissue. Values were compared using paired samples T-test. Logistic regression was used as a type of multivariate analysis. Nuclear size (NUSZ), shape (NUSH), and summed optical density (NUSD) were calculated by image analysis. RESULTS: Mean NUSZ was shown to be significantly larger in fresh specimens (117.3 microns2) when compared to the frozen specimens (89.3 microns2) p < 0.001. Mean NUSH was significantly closed to round in frozen specimens (15.21) when compared to the fresh specimens (15.55) p = 0.038. Mean NSUD was shown to be significantly larger in frozen specimens (128.6) as compared to fresh specimens (120.2) p = 0.045. Stage, NUSZ was NUSD from fresh tissue were shown to be independent predictors of recurrent disease. CONCLUSION: The type of tissue (fresh versus frozen) from which touch preparations are made is important. Significant differences in NUSZ, NUSH, and NUSD were seen between fresh and frozen specimens. While NUSZ and NUSD from fresh specimens were predictive of recurrence, the same parameters from frozen specimens were not. A larger prospective trial is underway to determine the validity of these preliminary conclusions.

Cell Nucleus↗
PubMed1996

Three-dimensional facial morphometry and conventional cephalometrics: a correlation study.

The purpose of this study was to compare the correlation between three-dimensional soft tissue measurements obtained with three-dimensional digital infrared photogrammetry and two-dimensional data obtained with conventional cephalometry. Facial morphometry was investigated in a group of 20 healthy young men using both systems on each subject. From the lateral radiographs, conventional two-dimensional cephalometric hard and soft tissue data were calculated, while three-dimensional linear and angular soft tissue measurements were computed from the infrared photogrammetry. The correlations between the two sets of measurements were calculated. Three-dimensional soft tissue measurements correlated to cephalometric data primarily contained information useful for esthetic analysis. The soft tissue infrared measurements also allowed evaluation of the general hard tissue situation. Since the soft tissue measurements are calculated with a noninvasive system, they could be computed more frequently during treatment and be used to supplement pretreatment and posttreatment radiographs.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

The relationship between facial 3-D morphometry and the perception of attractiveness in children.

The aim of this investigation was to determine whether attractive children differ in their three-dimensional facial characteristics from nonattractive children of the same age, race, and sex. The facial characteristics of 36 boys and 44 girls aged 8 to 9 years were investigated. Frontal and profile photographs were analyzed independently by 21 judges, and, for each view, four groups were obtained: attractive boys, nonattractive boys, attractive girls, and nonattractive girls. For each child, the three-dimensional coordinates of 16 standardized soft tissue facial landmarks were automatically collected using an infrared system and used to calculate several three-dimensional angles, linear distances, and linear distance ratios. Mean values were computed in the eight groups, and attractive and nonattractive children were compared within sex and view. Most children received a different esthetic evaluation in the separate frontal and profile assessments; concordance in both attractive and nonattractive groups was only 50%. Moreover, three-dimensional facial morphometry was not able to separate attractive and nonattractive children.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Cellular morphometry in nongynecologic thin-layer and filter cytologic specimens.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the feasibility and utility of thin-layer cytology preparations for morphometric analysis of nuclear and cytoplasmic area in cells from nongynecologic cytology specimens. STUDY DESIGN: Identical paired samples from nongynecologic specimens (bronchial aspirate, urine, pleural and peritoneal fluid) were used to prepare thin-layer preparations and corresponding traditional membrane filter preparations. The paired preparations were analyzed by static image morphometry measuring eight nuclear and cytoplasmic parameters that allowed calculation of nuclear area, cytoplasmic area and total cell size. Hepatocytes and bronchial columnar, mesothelial, squamous and transitional cells were studied, as was a single case of high grade transitional cell carcinoma. Sufficient numbers of each cell type were measured to allow statistical analysis. RESULTS: Both thin-layer and membrane filter preparation techniques yielded individual cells suitable for morphometric analysis, and there were no consistent morphologic measurement differences between the two methods. The thin-layer preparation had the following significant technical advantages: more numerous easily measured single cells, lack of interfering background and superior specimen stability. Benign oval to round nuclei from a variety of cell types have a mean nuclear area in a narrow range from 29 to 55 microns 2. The mean nuclear area of malignant cells studied was significantly larger (78 microns 2), and there was a significant decrease in absolute cytoplasmic profile area in the malignant population studied. CONCLUSION: Thin-layer cytology preparations have significant advantages for morphometric studies over traditional membrane filter cytologic preparations. The morphometric measurement of nuclear area in benign and malignant cell populations has great potential as a generic screening tool for malignancy in cytologic specimens. Simultaneous measurement of cytoplasmic area adds a powerful dimension. The subsequent calculation of a true nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio may yield a sensitive and specific discriminator for detecting malignant cell populations in human nongynecologic cytology specimens.

Ascitic Fluid↗
PubMed1998

The role of biopsy pathology, quantitative nuclear morphometry, and biomarkers in the preoperative prediction of prostate cancer staging and prognosis.

The focus of this review is to survey pretreatment biopsy and patient-derived information applicable to predicting pathological stage and prognosis of men with a diagnosis of prostate cancer. Various sources of clinical and pathological information that may contribute to building decision support tools (DSTs) for application by the urologist to manage prostate cancer patients are presented. These DSTs use serum biomarkers and objective, well-established, pathology information extracted by experienced pathologists from needle-core tissue samples that describe tumor size, grade, and location. Other valuable data can be derived from the biopsy tissue, such as computer-assisted image cytometry-derived DNA ploidy and nuclear morphometry informatics, as well as select tissue biomarker results that may provide supplemental prognostic information. Also discussed are the technical and clinical limitations of these DSTs with respect to the prediction accuracy. A commercially available pretreatment prediction algorithm (UroScore, Oklahoma City, OK) was applied to predict the disease organ confinement status of the prostate cancer test case. Finally, the authors present existing and future applications of computer-derived computational solutions for incorporating all patient history, clinical laboratory, and pathology information into algorithms that can generate patient-specific predictive probability estimates of stage, recurrence, and progression.

Biomarkers, Tumor↗
PubMed1998

Identifying global anatomical differences: deformation-based morphometry.

The aim of this paper is to illustrate a method for identifying macroscopic anatomical differences among the brains of different populations of subjects. The method involves spatially normalizing the structural MR images of a number of subjects so that they all conform to the same stereotactic space. Multivariate statistics are then applied to the parameters describing the estimated nonlinear deformations that ensue. To illustrate the method, we compared the gross morphometry of male and female subjects. We also assessed brain asymmetry, the effect of handedness, and interactions among these effects.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

[Studies on the changes of morphometry and neuropeptide of spinal neurons after peripheral nerve injury].

To observe the change of morphology and neuropeptide in the spinal neurons in order to clarify the functional state after injury of peripheral nerves is especially in the late stage. Sciatic nerves were cut with their proximal segments in the preparation of a model of peripheral nerve injury. Combination of horseradish peroxidase retrograde tracing immunohistochemistry and computer image analysis the changes in the morphometry of the perikarya of ventral horn neurons of the spinal cord, the quantitative changes of substance P (SP). Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in dorsal horn and CGRP and choline acetyransferase (CHAT) in ventral horn of the spinal cord were examed. The results showd: (1) At the 3rd week after injury, swollen perikarya of the ventral horn neurons were observed, subseauently the swelling of perikarya was decreased tile the 6th week the neurons recovered to their normal size. At the 12th week the neurons were generally stable in their size, shortening of the dendrites was seen in 27% of the neurons. (2) The dendrites of the neurons progressively contracted till at the 12th week 53% of them were degenerated. The results of the 24th week were similar to the that at the 12th week. (3) CGRP in the ventral horn of the spinal cord was elevated to the highest point after 1 week of injury, that lasting for 4 weeks and 8 weeks later, the lever of CGRP returned to normal. From 20th to 24th week, there was no obvious changes of CHAT in the ventral horn of the spinal cord during observation. (4) SP went to the lowest point in the dorsal horn during 2-6 weeks, then recovered slowly, and beiny normal again after 16 weeks, however, CGRP was changed slightly. The results indicated that although a series of degenerating changes occurred in the neurons of the spinal cord during the late peripheral nerve injury, but the functional activity of the central meurons still was maintained at a certain level.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Peripheral nerve morphometry in myotonic dystrophy.

Biopsy specimens of muscle and cutaneous branches of the common peroneal nerve from four patients with myotonic dystrophy (MD) were evaluated by morphometric techniques and compared to age-matched control nerves. Myelinated fiber densities were normal in the superficial and deep peroneal nerves of patients with MD. Internode length and frequency of abnormal fibers was not significantly different in MD and control nerves, nor were the number of myelin lamellae, number of neurofilaments per unit area, or number of microtubules per unit area to axis cylinder area. There was no evidence of morphologic abnormality of peripheral nerve in MD.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Brain morphometry in autistic men as measured by volumetric computed tomography.

Brains of 12 physically healthy men, aged 18 to 39 years, with clear childhood diagnoses of infantile autism, and those of 16 healthy age- and sex-matched normal controls, were examined with computed transverse axial tomography. No significant group differences were seen in volumes of cerebrospinal fluid, white matter, gray matter, the third ventricle, the lateral ventricles, the caudate nuclei, lenticular nuclei, or the thalami, or in the relative symmetry of these structures. These results suggest that the cerebral defect in autism is functional or microscopic, without major gross anatomic correlate.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Voxel-based morphometry reveals gray matter network atrophy in refractory medial temporal lobe epilepsy.

BACKGROUND: Conventional volumetric studies have shown that brain structures functionally and anatomically related to the hippocampus are smaller in patients with drug-refractory medial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE). OBJECTIVES: To determine the extent of gray matter atrophy in the brains of patients with MTLE and to examine the pattern of atrophy. DESIGN: We performed a voxel-based morphometric study of 43 consecutive patients with unilateral drug-refractory MTLE (21 patients with right-sided MTLE and 22 patients with left-sided MTLE) whose magnetic resonance images showed signs of unilateral hippocampal atrophy. The data from the patients with MTLE were compared with the data from 49 healthy control subjects to identify differences between groups in gray matter concentration (GMC). SETTING: Academic hospital's epilepsy clinic. RESULTS: We observed that patients with left- and right-sided MTLE exhibited GMC reduction in the hippocampus ipsilateral to the seizure origin. In addition, we found GMC reduction in the ipsilateral parahippocampal and isocortical temporal regions. Patients with MTLE also showed GMC reduction in subcortical nuclei such as the thalamus and caudate, in the cerebellum, in the midbrain, and in parieto-occipital regions. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with MTLE exhibit a reduction in GMC in regions outside the temporal lobe, specifically in areas that are connected to the hippocampus and parahippocampal region, suggesting an anatomical route for atrophy.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Brain morphometry, T2-weighted hyperintensities, and IQ in children with neurofibromatosis type 1.

BACKGROUND: Larger gray matter (GM) volume in healthy children is correlated with higher IQ. Children with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) have larger brains, their magnetic resonance images frequently show T2-weighted hyperintensities, and their IQs are lower. OBJECTIVES: To confirm the hypotheses that (1) children with NF1 have larger GM and white matter volumes, (2) the greatest volume differences are in the frontal and parietal regions and in children with NF1 with hyperintensities, and (3) GM volume is inversely related to IQ in children with NF1. DESIGN: Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Third Edition IQ testing and measurement of cerebral volumes and hyperintensities in brain magnetic resonance images were performed on 36 children with NF1 and on 36 matched relatives who served as control subjects. RESULTS: Gray matter and white matter volumes were significantly larger in children with NF1. The greatest difference was observed in cerebral white matter volume, predominantly in the frontal lobes, whereas the greatest difference in GM volume was in the temporal, parietal, and occipital regions. In controls, IQ was significantly related to GM volume, but in children with NF1, IQ was not inversely associated with GM volume, although IQs of children with NF1 were significantly lower. CONCLUSIONS: Children with NF1 do not have the normal relationship between GM volume and IQ. Larger GM volume in the posterior brain regions and larger white matter volumes in the frontal brain regions contribute to the larger brain volume in children with NF1.

Brain↗
PubMed2005

Structural brain changes in Parkinson disease with dementia: a voxel-based morphometry study.

BACKGROUND: Parkinson disease with dementia (PDD) results from neuropathological changes in cortical and subcortical brain regions. Voxel-based morphometric analysis of magnetic resonance images can contribute to in vivo identification of the cerebral regions predominantly involved in PDD. OBJECTIVE: To identify structural cerebral regions most closely related to the presence of PDD. DESIGN: Magnetic resonance images were obtained from 16 patients who had PDD, 13 patients with PD without dementia, and 13 age-matched healthy control subjects. Gray matter volumes were compared using optimized voxel-based morphometric analyses. RESULTS: Compared with healthy controls, patients with PDD showed gray matter volume decreases in several of the following regions: bilateral putamen, accumbens nuclei, left side of the thalamus, bilateral hippocampus, parahippocampal region, and anterior cingulate gyrus. Patients with PD also showed gray matter reductions compared with healthy controls in the right side of the hippocampus, left anterior cingulate gyrus, and left superior temporal gyrus. CONCLUSIONS: The hippocampus, thalamus, and anterior cingulate are the regions most affected in PDD. Our results agree with recent neuropathological findings suggesting the involvement of the limbic and cortical areas in PD.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Regional gray matter atrophy in early primary progressive multiple sclerosis: a voxel-based morphometry study.

BACKGROUND: Gray matter (GM) atrophy has been reported in multiple sclerosis (MS). However, little is known about its regional distribution. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the regional distribution of GM atrophy in clinically early primary progressive MS (PPMS). DESIGN AND PATIENTS: Thirty-one patients with PPMS within 5 years of symptom onset (mean age, 43.2 years; median Expanded Disability Status Scale score, 4.5) and 15 healthy control subjects (mean age, 43.7 years) were studied. All subjects underwent a 3-dimensional inversion-recovery fast spoiled gradient-recalled echo sequence that was repeated after 1 year in patients only. Magnetic resonance images underwent an optimized voxel-based morphometric analysis that segments magnetic resonance data volumes in a normalized space and quantifies tissue atrophy on a voxel-by-voxel basis. A lesion mask was created for each patient and used in normalization and segmentation steps to minimize bias from lesions. A multisubject design was used in the cross-sectional study to compare patients with PPMS and controls. A 1-way analysis of variance (within-subjects) design was used in the longitudinal study. RESULTS: At baseline, patients with PPMS displayed bilateral thalamic atrophy compared with controls. In addition, a significant association between lesion load and decreased GM volume was found for the thalami. Loss of GM in the putamen, caudate, thalami, and cortical and infratentorial areas was observed in patients after 1 year of follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Atrophy is most obvious in deep GM in clinically early PPMS. This may reflect increased sensitivity of these regions to neurodegeneration. Cortical and infratentorial atrophy developed as the disease evolved.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Morphometry of paranasal sinus anatomy in chronic rhinosinusitis: a pilot study.

OBJECTIVES: To test the null hypothesis that there is no relationship between anatomical variations around the ostiomeatal complex and a predisposition to chronic rhinosinusitis and to define such variations with increased precision. DESIGN: Case-control study of anatomical variations in diseased and normal sinuses. Eight homologous landmarks defining the ostiomeatal complex were located on coronal computed tomographic scans, and their x and y coordinates were digitized using image analysis. SUBJECTS: Ten patients with unilateral sinus disease and 10 subjects without sinus disease (scanned for facial pain) who were selected retrospectively by case-note analysis. RESULTS: Logistic regression showed that the only significant spatial change predictive of a person with rhinosinusitis was the vertical position of the middle turbinate (P=.04), although this was not confirmed by Wilcoxon testing (P>.10). When examined by sinus, however, the horizontal position of the uncinate process was more laterally placed in persons with rhinosinusitis (P=.01), confirmed on Wilcoxon testing (P=.04), but there was no significant difference when compared with sinuses in persons without rhinosinusitis. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that there are no anatomical differences within the ostiomeatal complex between patients with and without rhinosinusitis. Patients with rhinosinusitis, however, are more likely to develop it in the side with a more laterally positioned uncinate process. Further studies, with more patients and more advanced techniques, including thin-plate spline analysis, are indicated.

Case-Control Studies↗
PubMed1992

Nuclear morphometry for prediction of metastatic potential in early squamous cell carcinoma of the floor of the mouth.

Quantitative morphometric analyses of the nuclear shape have been successfully used with prostatic carcinoma to predict tumor metastatic potential and provide the most sensitive indicator of tumor aggressiveness in the individual case. We have studied the nuclear morphometric characteristics of 22 patients with T1 and T2 squamous cell carcinoma of the floor of the mouth to see if a correlation existed between lack of nuclear roundness and presence of cervical metastatic disease. A significant difference was identified between the morphology of cancer cell nuclei and normal squamous epithelium. Nuclear morphology could not be used to distinguish between patients with cervical node-negative and node-positive disease. Some patients both with and without cervical metastases who are long-term survivors had nuclear roundness scores in the highest range, reflecting greatest variation from normal.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Neonatal morphometry. Relation to obstetric, pediatric, and menstrual estimates of gestational age.

OBJECTIVE: To determine gestational age-dependent neonatal morphometrics based on last menstrual periods (LMPs), Ballard examinations, and obstetric estimates of gestational age. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Cross-sectional survey of 38,818 live-born neonates at a tertiary care center in Detroit, Mich. SELECTION PROCEDURES: Consecutive sample of all viable, structurally normal, singleton neonates delivered at Hutzel Hospital from 1984 through 1991. MEASUREMENTS/MAIN RESULTS: Neonatal weights, lengths, and head circumferences were recorded at birth. Gestational age-dependent morphometrics were based solely on LMPs and compared with those based on obstetric estimates (using LMPs corrected by fetal ultrasound). Ballard examination had an 85.4% concurrence (within 14 days) with obstetric estimates of gestational age, but only a 69.9% (P less than .0001) agreement with LMP. Dating only by LMP significantly overestimated the prevalence of prematurity (odds ratio [OR], 1.3; 99% confidence interval [CI], 1.3 to 1.4) and postmaturity (OR, 5.0; 99% CI, 4.6 to 5.4), distorting apparent growth patterns, especially for preterm neonates. In contrast to previous studies based solely on LMPs, morphometric measurements increased beyond 40 weeks when dated by obstetric estimates. CONCLUSIONS: Gestational age-dependent neonatal morphometrics should not be based solely on LMPs.

Anthropometry↗