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Ultrastructure and function were studied of the cells of zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex of male mice of strains CBA and C57B1. The results obtained point to potentially higher possibilities of the adrenal zona fasciculata in mice of strain C57B1. These data show the role of the genotype in determining the structure and functions of the cells of the adrenal cortex as well as an evident correspondence of the ultrastructural features to the specificity of functions and the level of activity of cells.
In the course of investigations of gamma-oryzanol in rats, circadian rhythms in antiulcerogenic action on gamma-oryzanol were observed. Circadian rhythms in several other parameters were investigated and correlated with the antiulcerogenic action. Pretreatment of rats with gamma-oryzanol 100 mg/kg, s.c., for 5 days tended to decrease serum gastrin levels and gastric secretion, and to increase serum 11-OHCS. Suppresive patterns of serum gastrin and gastric secretion following the pretreatment with gamma-oryzanol corresponded to the circadian rhythms in antiulcerogenic action of gamma-oryzanol. A complication of our results suggests that increment of catecholamines in rat brain after gamma-oryzanol plays a role in the above mentioned actions.
In adult male mice CBA and C57BL there were revealed differences in the morphometric characteristics of the subcellular organization of hepatocytes, as well as in the indices of functional capacity of the adrenal cortex and the rate of metabolism of steroid hormones in the liver. In animals of the strains under study the levels of steroid hormones production by the adrenal cortex and the rate of gross metabolism of steroid hormones in the liver were characterized by inverse relationship. Structural-functional indices of the adrenal cortex and the liver are supposed to cause different liver responses in these strains of mice to the influence of the alterating factors.
Experiments were conducted on male rats; a study was made of the activity of pituitary-adrenal cortex system under conditions of electrolyte destruction of various hypothalamic areas. Pharmacological analysis pointed to the irregular distribution in the hypothalamus of the cholinergic and adrenergic systems controlling the secretion of ACTH-glucocorticoids. As suggested, the cholinergic systems are situated in the mammillary region, alpha-adrenergic ones--in the anterior or the posterior regions of the hypothalamus, and beta-adrenergic receptors--in the ventromedial nuclei of the hypothalamus. The latter possibly play an inhibitory role.
A surgical intervention is dangerous for the old patient awing to the reduced reactiveness and polymorbity. The knowledge of the function of the suprarenal glands in stress (operation) is important. The latent insufficiency of the suprarenal glands is determined with the ACTH-stimulations test. 136 patients from 60 to 100 years were proved. In the case of a latent insufficiency of the suprarenal glands the substitution of glucocorticoids and ACTH is necessary.
In the observations over the patients subjected to operations on the limbs under thiopental narcosis and in the experiments on white rats exposed to a shockogenic trauma (by Kennon's method) it has been found that the prophylactic injection of 1--2 mg/kg dose of dibazol rises the non-specific resistance of the body. The hormones of the pituitary-adrenal system have been found to hold an important place in the mechanism of the effect of dibazol.
In patients with severe contusion of the brain, the concentration of ACTH in blood increases from the 2nd and to the 10th day after the trauma whereas the level of 11-OCS remains on a significantly high level during the entire period of treatment. The potential reserves of the adrenal cortex are reduced on the 5th day. The ACTH level returns to normal by the end of the 3rd week. Neurohormonal shifts play an important role in the pathogenesis of the trauma and cause the development of its clinical manifestations.
The dynamics of the hypophyseal-suprarenal system reaction to catecholamines of different type of effect was studied in the Wistar rats during the first 16 days of life. The reaction to epinephrine was noted in 4 days old and to novodrin in 8 days old rats. Since the reaction to epinephrine acting on alpha- and beta-receptors appears ahead of that to novodrin acting selectively on beta-receptors, a suggestion was put forward to the effect that alpha-receptors matured more rapidly that beta-receptors. The increase of the system reaction to the stimulation of recepors sensitive to catecholamines was noted on the 12-14th days of life and appears to be related to the formation of central adrenergic mechanisms.
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In experiments on rats the effect of electric coagulation of the tonsil and hippocamp on the functional activity of the pituitary-adrenal axis was studied. The weight of the adenohypophysis after the coagulation of the medial or lateral tonsils proved to decrease; the ACTH content in the hypophysis and the cortocosteroid level in the peripheral blood plasma diminished, and the compensatory hypertrophy of the remaining adrenal gland was intensified in rats with destroyed medial tonsil. The dorsal hippocamp coagulation was accompanied by a decrease in the adenohypophysis ACTH content, and the ventral hippocamp destruction led to reduction of corticosteroid secretion into the adrenal vein; in both cases the reaction to the irritation was potentiated. It was concluded that different parts of the tonsil and hippocamp influenced the pituitary-adrenal function unequally.
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Seven urinary metabolites of tryptophan-kynurenine pathway were measured in riboflavin-deficient, pyridoxine-deficient, pair-fed and natural diet baboons. The most significant changes in the pyridoxine-deficient baboons was a mean sevenfold increase in the excretion of xanthurenic acid and a threefold decrease in 3-hydroxy anthranilic acid. The riboflavin-deficient baboons showed a twelvefold increase in the excretion of anthranilic acid, and a tenfold decrease in 3-hydroxy kynurenine. Red blood-cell pyridine nucleotides decreased only in the pyridoxine-deficient baboons, while plasma 11-hydroxy corticosteroids increased only in the riboflavin-deficient baboons. These results are discussed in relation to enzymatic changes that may be expected during these deficiencies.
Mechanisms of integration in the neuroendocrine system in the regimens of physiological rhythm (oestral cycle) and of isolated effect upon one link of the system (metapyrone administration) were studied with the aid of qualitative histoenzymological analysis of adenohypohysis and adrenal cortex, estimating the comoplex reorganization of various structural components of adenohypophysis and adrenal cortex in response to specific depression of glycocorticoid synthesis. The role of the so called unspecific reorganization in the maintenance of functional response to isolated effects upon certain endocrine functions is discussed along with the necessity of further studies on the principles of interaction in the endocrine system using morphofunctional analysis.
The effect of a changed atmosphere, hypoxia, hypercapnia, their combinations and different motor activities on the adrenocortical function was studied in 36 test subjects kept in an 8 m3 altitude chamber. Human adaptation to the environmental changes developed with an active involvement of the adrenal cortex. The level and direction of the changes depended on both the force of the influences and on the initial state of the test subjects.
The concentration of the fractions of corticosteroids, aldosterone, catecholamines, and cyclic nucleotides (cAMP and cGMP) in blood of the adrenal veins and the activity of renin in blood of the renal veins were studied in 22 patients with stages IIA and IIB hypertensive disease. At the same time the content of these substances in the peripheral blood was determined and compared with the level of steroid and catecholamine excretion in the daily urine. An increase in the content of free 11 OCS and F fractions in the peripheral blood and blood of the adrenal veins was revealed in all patients examined.