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PubMed1995

Mitotic delay dependent survival identifies components of cell cycle control in the Drosophila blastoderm.

The Drosophila body pattern is laid down by maternal and zygotic factors which act during the early phase of embryonic development. During this period, nascent zygotic transcripts longer than about 6 kilobases are aborted between the rapid mitotic cycles. Resurrector1 (Res1) and Godzilla1 (God1), two newly identified dominant zygotic suppressor mutations, and a heterozygous maternal deficiency of the cyclin B locus, complement the partial loss of function of the segmentation gene knirps (kni) by extending the length of mitotic cycles at blastoderm. The mitotic delay caused by Res1 and God1 zygotically and by the deficiency of the cyclin B locus maternally allows the expression of a much longer transcript of a kni cognate gene normally aborted between the short mitotic cycles and consequently allows survival of kni mutant progeny. In addition to the practical benefits of identifying mutations in Drosophila cell cycle regulatory genes as suppressors of kni, our results have evolutionary implications regarding the flexibility of the genome to meet sudden selective pressures by recruiting cognate genes to function.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Blood groups and histocompatibility antigens in habitual abortion.

Forty-six couples with at least two consecutive abortions were examined. The morphological and the functional clinical check-ups were constantly negative. In all the couples a karyotype analysis was carried out including an investigation of C and/or G bands. The phenotypes of ABO, Rh, MNSs and HLA-systems were also determined. No significant difference was observed in the distribution of ABO phenotypes between males and females, or between subjects with abortions and controls. Regarding the Rh system, the most important findings are the absence of phenotypes with the E allele in double dose, the reduction of the frequency of the CCDee phenotype and the increase in the frequency of the ccDEe phenotype. Concerning MNSs system, an increase in the frequency of the phenotypes with the S allele in double dose is observed. Females with habitual abortions show a higher incidence of Bw35 as compared both to males and to the controls. No significant differences were observed for other antigens. The persistence of a genetic disequilibrium both in the Rh and the MNSs systems suggests that the selection might act against certain antigenic combinations, independently from the state of materno-foetal compatibility. Though preliminary, our data seem to give some support to this hypothesis. They also suggest that Bw35 antigen may be important in human reproduction.

Abortion, Habitual↗
PubMed1999

Polymorphism for mutation of cytosine to thymine at location 677 in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene is associated with recurrent early fetal loss.

OBJECTIVE: This study was undertaken to determine whether a cytosine to thymine mutation at nucleotide 677 in the gene encoding for methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase is associated with particular subtypes of recurrent unexplained spontaneous abortion. STUDY DESIGN: The prevalences of cytosine to thymine mutation at nucleotide 677 in the gene encoding for methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase among 41 patients with recurrent unexplained spontaneous abortions and among 18 healthy control subjects were determined with polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: Homozygosity and heterozygosity for the cytosine to thymine mutation at nucleotide 677 in the gene encoding for methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase were observed at nonsignificantly different rates among patients and control subjects (9% and 48% versus 22% and 38%, respectively, P <.95). Among patients with recurrent unexplained spontaneous abortions both homozygosity and heterozygosity were associated with significantly increased prevalence of recurrent early fetal loss rather than with repeated anembryonic gestations (P <.0001). CONCLUSION: The observation that polymorphism for the cytosine to thymine mutation at nucleotide 677 in the gene encoding for methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase is associated with repeated early fetal losses rather than with anembryonic gestations strengthens the argument for the role of hypercoagulability and abnormal uteroplacental vasculature in recurrent spontaneous abortion.

Abortion, Habitual↗
PubMed1984

Zbaraz v. Hartigan.

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Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1991

Zbaraz v. Hartigan.

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Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1980

Prostaglandin F2 alpha for oestrus synchronisation or abortion in Polwarth ewes.

Each of 411 Polwarth ewes was given prostaglandin (125 micrograms cloprostenol) by injection on 2 occasions 10 days apart. Ewes were not mated at either prostaglandin induced oestrus, but field mated at the first natural oestrus thereafter. As a result 97.1% mated in a 12 day period (82% in 4 days). From a selected group of 270 ewes, presumed to have been pregnant (by non-return to sevice), 90 were given prostaglandin (125 micrograms cloprostenol) as an abortifacient, at 22-23 days post service, the remaining 180 acting as lambing controls. Pregnancy was finally determined by ultrasonic fetometer at 106-107 days post mating. A 100% accuracy was achieved being confirmed by lambing observations. Most (98.9%) of the control, as expected, proved to be pregnant and subsequently lambed. By contrast only 33 (36.7%) of the prostaglandin treated ewes were pregnant. Thus, although prostaglandin aborted 63.3% of pregnant ewes, its efficacy was much less than might have been expected. The authors then discuss the efficacy of prostaglandin as an abortifacient at various stages of gestation.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed2000

Primary habitual abortions are associated with high frequency of factor V Leiden mutation.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the prevalence of the mutation G1691A in factor V gene (Leiden mutation), of mutation C677T in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene, and of polymorphism in G20210A in the prothrombin gene in women with recurrent abortions; further, to identify a subgroup at higher risk of being carriers of these mutations. DESIGN: Prospective case control evaluation. SETTING: University clinic. PATIENT(S): Eighty-four women with 3 or more consecutive miscarriages were compared with 69 controls. INTERVENTION(S): None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Polymerase chain reactions were performed to identify the mutations G1691A in factor V and C677T in MTHFR genes and the polymorphism G20210A in the prothrombin gene. RESULT(S): In women with primary habitual abortions, 27.8% carried the Leiden mutation. No difference was observed in the prevalence of mutation C677T in the MTHFR gene or in polymorphism G20210A in the prothrombin gene. CONCLUSION(S): The Leiden mutation may play a considerable role for women having primary recurrent abortions.

Abortion, Habitual↗
PubMed2000

Mutations in coagulation factors in women with unexplained late fetal loss.

BACKGROUND: Factor V and prothrombin-gene mutations are independent risk factors for venous thrombosis; it is debated whether a mutation in the gene encoding methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase, an enzyme involved in homocysteine metabolism, also increases the risk of venous thrombosis. Whether any of these mutations is associated with an increased risk of late fetal death is not known. METHODS: We studied 67 women with a first episode of unexplained late fetal loss (fetal death after 20 weeks or more of gestation) and 232 women who had had one or more normal pregnancies and no late fetal losses. All the women were tested for the presence of three gene mutations. Women with other thrombophilic conditions were excluded from the study. RESULTS: Eleven of the 67 women with late fetal loss (16 percent) and 13 of the 232 control women (6 percent) had either the factor V or the prothrombin mutation. The relative risks of late fetal loss in carriers of the factor V and prothrombin mutations were 3.2 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.0 to 10.9) and 3.3 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.1 to 10.3), respectively. Thirteen percent of the women whose fetuses died and 20 percent of the control women were homozygous for the mutation in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene (relative risk, 0.8; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.5 to 1.2). CONCLUSIONS: Both the factor V and the prothrombin mutations are associated with an approximate tripling of the risk of late fetal loss.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗
PubMed1988

Legal aspects involved in the development of anti-progesterones for fertility control.

The development of medical means of inducing abortion requires a detailed knowledge of the abortion legislation. It is vital that these compounds are developed and used within the legal constraints of the country involved. In the United Kingdom, despite the Act of Union (1707), England and Scotland have not united under one legal system. In England the common law on abortion was superseded by the Offences Against the Persons Act (1861) which declared abortion illegal. This Act does not apply to Scotland where, up until 1967, common law applied. The Abortion Act of 1967 is an exemption act allowing abortion, under certain restrictions, to be legally performed. Whilst post-coital contraception is not covered by any of the abortion legislation, it is clear that contragestion and medical abortion is restricted by the current abortion legislation, hence medication will need to be taken in hospital.

Abortion, Legal↗
PubMed1999

Exposure to violence and posttraumatic stress symptomatology among abortion clinic workers.

The intent of this study was to examine the relationship between exposure to abortion clinic violence, either as a victim or witness, and the reporting of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms among clinic employees. Semi-structured interviews with 71 clinic workers from eight abortion clinics in a Southeastern state were used for analyses. Findings showed that as victims, clinic workers experienced moderate forms of violence and witnessed greater variety and numbers of violent acts. Twenty-one percent of the sampled workers reported symptoms similar to the syndrome described in the DSM-IIIR/DSM-IV classification for PTSD. A multivariate analysis showed that even when controlling for significant life circumstances and stressors outside the clinic setting, witnessing violence was a significant predictor of PTSD symptomatology.

Abortion, Induced↗