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PubMed2005

Does gender impact upon application rejection rate among Canadian radiology residency applicants?

PURPOSE: To determine if and how gender ratios have changed within Canadian radiology, and to determine if gender discrimination occurs at the level of the radiology resident selection committee. METHODS: The Canadian Medical Association, Canadian Association of Radiologists, Canadian Institute for Health Information, Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada, and Canadian Residency Matching Service provided gender-specific data. We compared the proportion of female applicants who ranked a radiology program as their top choice and were rejected from any radiology program with the corresponding proportion for male applicants. RESULTS: The numbers of women and men being awarded an MD from a Canadian university equalized nearly a decade ago. Women continue to be numerically underrepresented among practicing radiologists; however, the proportion of women continues to increase so that there is 1 female radiologist in practice to every 3 male radiologists in practice in 2005. More male medical students ranked a radiology residency training program as their top choice in the residency match; however, of those who did, they were as likely as women to be rejected from a radiology residency training program. Grouping all female and male graduating medical students participating in the residency match and ranking a radiology residency as their top choice between 1993 and 2004, the odds of men being rejected were 1.4 times (95% CI 0.99-1.9, p = 0.07) greater than for women. CONCLUSIONS: There continues to be more men than women radiologists in practice; however, the female-to-male ratio continues to increase. Our data suggest that discrimination against female applicants at the level of radiology residency selection does not occur.

Canada↗

PubMed1991

Burnished versus nonburnished application of citric acid to human diseased root surfaces: the effect of time and method of application.

Citric acid (pH = 1) was applied passively or by vigorous burnishing for 3 or 5 minutes to diseased human root surfaces following root planning in vitro. Control surfaces were similarly treated with saline only. Teeth were fixed in glutaraldehyde, dehydrated, freeze-dried, and sputter coated with gold for scanning electron microscopic viewing. Results suggested that optimal exposure of collagen and demineralization occurred with the burnishing application of citric acid for 3 minutes. Although somewhat similar results were found with passive application for 5 minutes, the result of the burnishing application for 5 minutes was that the root was overdemineralized or that the exposed collagen was completely obscured by an amorphous layer that was suggestive of protein denaturization.

Citrates↗

PubMed1990

[Increasing the thermal enhancement ratio by simultaneous application of radiation and hyperthermia--technical possibilities in interstitial application].

Whereas the cytotoxic effect of hyperthermia is independent and without any time relationship with the radiation treatment, the heat induced radiosensitization only appears with simultaneous application of radiation and heat. Although the highest thermal enhancement ratio (TER) can be achieved with simultaneous application this protocol is not used in clinical practise because of technical problems. From a practical point of view the major effect of a non simultaneous application will have to rely on hyperthermic cytotoxicity. A two-zone needle which offers the possibility to conduct radiation and heat simultaneously in order to confine this to a three-dimensional radiation and heat is described.

Brachytherapy↗

PubMed1989

Studies on the techniques of topical application with fluoride gel. III: Oral fluoride retention following three different topical application techniques in young adults.

Eighteen young adults volunteered to be subjects for topical fluoride gel application using the paint-on technique with cotton pellets and two tray techniques with improved sponge tray and a custom-fitted tray. The subjects' teeth were dried with compressed air, and the fluoride gel was applied topically for four minutes. The amounts of fluoride applied and/or recovered from the mouth were measured, and those retained in the mouth were also estimated for each technique. Furthermore, the amounts of excessive gel that were wiped off with a gauze and expectorated one minute after application were also evaluated, and these efforts were effective in reducing the amounts of oral fluoride retention. The net amounts of fluoride that were orally retained in each technique were very small (1.6 to 3.0 mg). It was found that the application techniques in the present study had no risks of causing some deleterious effects by applying excessively large amounts of fluoride.

Adult↗

PubMed1989

[Application of the finite element method to craniofacial growth analysis. 4. Three-dimensional application of tensor analysis].

The purpose of this study is the 3-dimensional application of finite element method to analyze the craniofacial growth. In our previous studies, 2-dimensional finite element method was applied to analyze and to predict the craniofacial growth. In case of 2-dimensional application, the normal and shear strains were given by the displacements u, v that were linear functions of coordinates x, y. In the 3-dimensional case, six strain components are required to obtain the extension ratio and the directions of three-principal axes. In this study, for the 3-dimensional application, four-noded, pyramidal elements were used and twelve 3-dimensional elements were constructed. Materials were longitudinal frontal and lateral cephalometric X-rays of 4 males and 4 females from 7 to 10 years with normal occlusions. 3-dimensional coordinates of each nodal points were calculated by transforming 2-dimensional coordinates on the frontal and lateral cephalometric X-ray films. Coordinates of the nodal points at 7 years were standards against that results of the finite element method from 8 to 10 years were obtained. They were subjects of the analysis that elements equivalent to the cranial base, the maxillary portion, the maxillary alveolar portion and the posterior pharyngeal portion. Summarized results were as follows. 1. It was observed that the similar figured extension of the anterior cranial base element. 2. The posterior cranial base element extended to right, anterior and upwards direction. 3. On the maxillaly elements, especially, lateral extensions appeared. 4. The element of the posterior pharyngeal portion extended to left and downwards direction. 5. The elements of the maxillary alveolar portion extended to downwards directions. From the above, the directions of transformation of the elements that are selected with voluntary nodal points can be observed. Therefore, 3-dimensional tensor analysis is a method of great significance for obtaining new findings of the craniofacial growth.

Cephalometry↗

PubMed1995

[Routines for infection testing and vaccination against hepatitis B among applicants for asylum. A questionnaire study among health personnel responsible for reception of asylum applicants].

The authors performed a questionnaire survey to investigate the current routines for screening applicants for asylum for hepatitis B virus, HIV and intestinal parasites, and for vaccination against hepatitis B. The response rate was 82% (n = 80). Of the respondents, 58% were physicians, 23% public health nurses and 18% nurses. Without regard to country of origin of the applicant 71% of the health personnel usually offer an HIV-test and 77% an HBsAg-test. Few differentiated their testing routines according to country of origin. Many agreed that an HIV-test (49%) and an HBsAg-test (65%) ought to be made compulsory. 26% usually offer vaccination against hepatitis B, while 54% do so if the person concerned is an infant. Routine screening for intestinal parasites was reported by 27% of the health personnel, but more than half (54%) take only one sample from each patient. Health control of applicants for asylum provides a good opportunity to give information about the transmission of hepatitis B and HIV, preventive measures, and testing.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Investigational new drug applications and new drug applications--FDA. Final rule.

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is amending its regulations pertaining to new drug applications (NDA's) to clearly define in the NDA format and content regulations the requirement to present effectiveness and safety data for important demographic subgroups, specifically gender, age, and racial subgroups. FDA also is amending its regulations pertaining to investigational new drug applications (IND's) to require sponsors to tabulate in their annual reports the numbers of subjects enrolled to date in clinical studies for drug and biological products according to age group, gender, and race. This action is intended to alert sponsors as early as possible to potential demographic deficiencies in enrollment that could lead to avoidable deficiencies later in the NDA submission. This rule does not address the requirements for the conduct of clinical studies and does not require sponsors to conduct additional studies or collect additional data. It also does not require the inclusion of a particular number of individuals from specific subgroups in any study or overall. The rule refers only to the presentation of data already collected.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1997

Immortalized and tumorigenic adult human prostatic epithelial cell lines: characteristics and applications. Part 3. Oncogenes, suppressor genes, and applications.

This is Part 3 of a three-part review. It deals with the possible role of oncogenes and suppressor genes in human prostate carcinoma as well applications of nontumorigenic and tumorigenic human prostate cell lines described in Parts 1 and 2 [1,2]. Several immortalized and malignant adult human prostatic epithelial cell lines have recently been developed. The three most widely used carcinoma cell lines, DU-145, PC-3, and LNCaP, developed between 1977 and 1980, have greatly contributed to our present understanding of prostate cancer. Before a cell line can be accepted as having prostatic epithelial origin, some basic characteristics must be established. Expression of specific cytokeratins but absence of desmin and factor VIII should be first determined to establish epithelial origin. Responsiveness to androgens and expression of androgen receptor and prostate-specific antigen should be examined under stringent culture conditions to establish prostatic epithelial origin. Response to growth factors and expression of their receptors facilitates further characterization of cell behavior. Cell lines immortalized by human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are of special interest because HPVs are involved in a variety of anogenital cancers and may also play a role in prostate carcinogenesis. Malignant transformation of HPV-18 immortalized cells with the ras oncogene provides cell systems for investigating the multistep process of carcinogenesis. Each cell line has some unique characteristics, whether it arose directly from a carcinoma or resulted from immortalization with simian virus 40 (SV40) or HPV, or was transformed in vitro by oncogenes. Comparisons of these characteristics should facilitate elucidation of the mechanisms involved in initiation, promotion and progression of prostate cancer. These cell lines will further serve as useful models for investigating tumor progression, invasion, metastasis, new therapeutic strategies, drug resistance and its reversal and chemoprevention. This review summarizes some applications of the currently available immortalized, non-tumorigenic as well as the tumorigenic adult human prostatic epithelial cell lines.

Epithelial Cells↗

PubMed1977

Results of reflex photometric determinations of vasoconstriction after topical steroid application. Tachyphylaxis, relative and absolute refractory phase after single and multiple application of steroid.

After a repeated intensive topical application (4-h rhythm), there it is phase already after 28 h in which the cutaneous vessels are insensitive (refractory) to constrictor stimuli due to steroids. This refractory phase lasts for at least 68 h. A single local application of steroid likewise leads to a diminished vasoreactivity for a limited time. The relative refractory phase is limited to 96 h under the given experimental conditions.

Administration, Topical↗

PubMed2005

Effect of continuous application of shear stress on liver tissue: continuous application of appropriate shear stress has advantage in protection of liver tissue.

Rapid blood flow changes occur in the liver following a massive resection or in the grafted liver following transplantation, under which shear stress (SS) change induced by the flow change may determine the postoperative results. We observed changes in liver tissue structure and liver-specific function, and consequently assessed SS effect. The cultured liver tissue exposed to continuous application of moderate SS was shown to express and maintain a long-term liver-specific function. There was also evidence showing that destruction of the liver structure was inhibited. However, the cultured liver tissue not exposed to SS or exposed to high SS was shown to lose liver-specific function soon after expression. The liver structure was destroyed in the early stage of incubation. These results suggested that continuous application of appropriate SS has advantages over other types of stresses to protect liver tissue.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Using the biologic license application or new drug application as a basis for the common technical document.

With the introduction of the common technical document (CTD), many writers in the biotech and pharmaceutical industries are now required to submit dossiers in this format. The format of the CTD is not extremely difficult from the familiar documents of the Biologic License Application (BLA) or New Drug Application (NDA). The CTD can be mapped to existing areas of the BLA or NDA. The components of the CTD are discussed and references to the current guidance worldwide are provided to assist the writer.

Documentation↗

PubMed2001

Comparative degradation of [14C]-2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in wheat and potato after Foliar application and in wheat, radish, lettuce, and apple after soil application.

The fate of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) applied foliarly as the 2-ethylhexyl ester (EHE) to wheat and potatoes, to the soil as the dimethylamine (DMA) salt under apple tree canopies, and preplant as the free acid for wheat, lettuce, and radish was studied to evaluate metabolic pathways. Crop fractions analyzed for (14)C residues included wheat forage, straw, and grain; potato vine and tubers; and apple fruit. The primary metabolic pathway for foliar application in wheat is ester hydrolysis followed by the formation of base-labile 2,4-D conjugates. A less significant pathway for 2,4-D in wheat was ring hydroxylation to give NIH-shift products 2,5-dichloro-4-hydroxyphenoxyacetic acid (4-OH-2,5-D), 4-OH-2,3-D, and 5-OH-2,4-D both free and as acid-labile conjugates. The primary metabolic pathway in potato was again ester hydrolysis. 2,4-D acid was further transformed to 4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid and 4-OH-2,5-D. For the soil applications, (14)C residues in the crops were low, and characterization of the (14)C residues indicated association with or incorporation into the biochemical matrix of the tissue. The degradative pathways observed in wheat are similar to those characterized in other intact plant studies but differ from those in studies in wheat cell suspension culture in that no amino acid conjugates were observed.

2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid↗

PubMed2006

Mechanistic applicability domains for non-animal based prediction of toxicological endpoints. QSAR analysis of the schiff base applicability domain for skin sensitization.

Several recent (1999 onward) publications on skin sensitization to aldehydes and ketones, which can sensitize by covalent binding to skin protein via Schiff base formation, present QSARs based on the Taft sigma parameter to model reactivity and log P to model hydrophobicity. Here, all of the data are reanalyzed together in a stepwise self-consistent way using the parameters log P (octanol/water) and Sigmasigma, the latter being the sum of Taft sigma values for the two groups R and R' in RCOR'. A QSAR is derived: pEC3 = 1.12(+/-0.07) Sigmasigma + 0.42(+/-0.04) log P - 0.62(+/-0.13); n = 16 R(2) = 0.952 R(2)(adj) = 0.945 s = 0.12 F = 129.6, based on mouse local lymph node assay (LLNA) data for 11 aliphatic aldehydes, 1 alpha-ketoester and 4 alpha,beta-diketones. In developing this QSAR, an initial regression equation for a training set of 10 aldehydes was found to predict a test set consisting of the other 6 compounds. The QSAR is found to be well predictive for LLNA data on a series of alpha,gamma-diketones and also correctly predicts the nonsensitizing properties of simple dialkylketones. It is shown to meet all of the criteria of the OECD principles for applicability within regulatory practice. In view of the structural diversity within the sets of compounds considered here, the present findings confirm the view that within the mechanistic applicability domain the differences in sensitization potential are dependent solely on differences in chemical reactivity and partitioning.

Benzaldehydes↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Theoretical comparison of the SAR distributions from arrays of modified current sheet applicators with that of lucite cone applicators using Gaussian beam modelling.

The technical comparison of Current Sheet Applicator (CSA) and Lucite Cone Applicator (LCA) arrays covering an area of approximately 20 x 20 cm2 is investigated based on Gaussian beam (GB) predicted SAR distributions. The comparison is made in muscle equivalent tissue at 1 cm depth (maximum SAR normalized to 100%) and over a volume of 3 cm depth under the aperture of the antennae. The planar SAR distribution is tested on field sizes (FSx: area covering x% SAR), penetration depth (PD) and homogeneity coefficient (HC = FS75/FS25). From the SAR volume, a SAR-Volume histogram (volume enclosing y% SAR/total volume) is calculated as well as the volumetric HC. First, the prototype CSA (aperture 58 x 67 mm2, FS50 = 21 cm2) is technically modified to assure clinical safety and load independence. The modified CSA, the D-CSA, has an aperture of 66 x 75 mm2 with an FS50 = 28 cm2 and a PD of 10 mm, the LCA (aperture 105 x 105 mm2) has an FS50 = 76 cm2 and PD = 12 mm. The HC equals 0.21 (D-CSA), respectively 0.22 (LCA). Secondly, a 3 x 3 D-CSA array is compared with a 2 x 2 LCA array. The FS50s equals 72% (D-CSA), respectively 75% (LCA). The SAR-volume histograms, planar and volumetric HC show no significant difference; however, the planar HCs for D-CSA and LCA increase from 0.2-0.3, indicating that incoherently powered arrays from these antennae build SAR distributions constructively.

Algorithms↗

PubMed1999

Application of near-infrared time-resolved spectroscopy to rat liver--a preliminary report for surgical application.

The applicability of near-infrared time-resolved spectroscopy to rat liver surgery was investigated. First, the technical reliability in determining the absorption coefficient (mu(a)) and reduced scattering coefficient (mu'(s)) of the liver was checked. Next, boundary effects in determining mu(a) and mu'(s) of the rat liver were examined. Finally, changes in mu(a) and mu'(s) of rat liver with ischaemia were directly measured by TRS. Our TRS system showed that the mu(a) value held a linear correlation with the ink concentration in a lipid emulsion until mu(a) reached 1.2 cm(-1), while the mu'(s) was fairly independent. The mu(a) values of blood-free rat liver and blood-containing rat liver at 780 nm were observed to be 0.43 cm(-1) and 0.67 cm(-1) by using the matching method, indicating that TRS is reliable in determining mu(a) and mu'(s) of the liver. Possible errors in mu(a) and mu'(s) determination due to the boundary effects of the rat liver were as small as 7%, when the mu(a) value was as high as observed for the liver. The oxygen saturation of haemoglobin (SO2) was changed from 64.9% to 8.0%, and the haemoglobin content (THB) from 189.1 microM to 131.6 microM by ischaemia. Mu'(s) dynamically changed in the range 7.06 cm(-1) to 11.36 cm(-1). We conclude that time-resolved measurement is applicable in the high-mu(a) region observed in the liver, and can give quantitative estimations of SO2 and THB in the liver.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Rural medical school applicants: do their academic credentials and admission decisions differ from those of nonrural applicants?

CONTEXT AND PURPOSE: Medical schools located in states with sizable rural areas are concerned about preparing physicians for practice in these areas; this is of particular concern for medical schools that are part of a state-owned university with a responsibility to educate physicians for rural areas. Because individuals from rural areas are most likely to return to practice medicine in rural areas at the conclusion of their training, it is important to recruit these individuals to medical schools to educate them for rural practice. METHODS: This study examines 7 years of admission data for students who applied and were accepted to the University of Missouri-Columbia School of Medicine, which has as a specific mandate to prepare physicians for rural practice. FINDINGS: The study indicates that rural applicants are more likely to be admitted to the medical school, and based on admissions criteria they are at least as academically qualified as nonrural applicants. CONCLUSIONS: The study demonstrates that a medical school can maintain competitive admission criteria while at the same time accepting those students more likely to enter rural practice. This is valuable information that medical schools with a similar mission to prepare physicians for rural practice might consider in their admissions decision-making process.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Advanced computer applications in radiology: clinical applications.

Computers play a major role in bridging the gap between image generation and patient care by providing enhanced images that better meet the needs of referring physicians. Spiral computed tomography allows generation of three-dimensional images that are not affected by motion artifact. Volume rendering, a three-dimensional reconstruction algorithm, yields images free of computer-generated artifacts and superior in quality. Currently, technologic computer advances play an important role in three clinical areas: orthopedic applications, oncologic applications, and prosthetic design. Three-dimensional imaging is especially valuable in fracture assessment because it allows exploration of image data to define the location of fracture fragments, the integrity of the joint space, and any possible displacement. With three-dimensional imaging, the extent of tumor spread into adjacent soft tissue or involvement of blood vessels can be determined, even in difficult anatomic areas. Volume rendering and increased computer speed allow greatly improved treatment planning for radiation therapy and custom design of orthopedic prostheses. Through the mutual understanding of goals between physicians and computer scientists, the computer can reach its full potential in medicine, resulting in improved patient care.

Diagnostic Imaging↗

PubMed1999

A widely applicable strategy for single cell genotyping of beta-thalassaemia mutations using DGGE analysis: application to preimplantation genetic diagnosis.

Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) allows the selection of unaffected IVF embryos for transfer in couples that are at risk for transmitting genetic diseases. For monogenic diseases, polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based diagnosis is usually performed on single blastomeres. In Greece, up to 10 per cent of the population are carriers for beta-thalassaemia and related haemoglobinopathies, and more than 20 pathological mutations in the beta-globin gene have been described. In this study we report a strategy which includes a first round of PCR, allowing subsequent nested PCR and DGGE analysis for at least 95 per cent of beta-thalassaemia major genotypes in the Greek population. The use of DGGE for beta-globin genotype analysis is advantageous: it facilitates simultaneous analysis of more than one mutation in a single PCR fragment, it detects the presence of normal alleles and monitors the occurrence of allelic drop-out (ADO) through the expectation that heterozygous samples have more than one electrophoretic band on DGGE analysis. The optimization, accuracy and reliability of the method was evaluated by genotyping 325 single blastomeres, 110 amniocytes and 55 lymphocytes. Results confirmed that PCR efficiency and occurrence of ADO are improved by higher denaturation temperatures in the first cycles of first-round PCR, influenced by the size of the fragment amplified in the first round of PCR and additionally by the quality and type of cells being genotyped. The proposed strategy was accurate and reliable, and thus for application to PGD should ensure the transfer of unaffected embryos. Furthermore it is widely applicable in most of the populations worldwide where beta-thalassaemia is common.

Blastomeres↗