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PubMed1995

Isolation of Arcobacter butzleri from a neonate with bacteraemia.

We describe the case of a neonate with bacteraemia from whom the recently described organism Arcobacter butzleri was isolated. This appears to be the first report of the organism causing neonatal infection. Clinical details suggest that the infection was contracted in utero, although the mother showed no evidence of disease before delivery. Treatment of the preterm infant was ultimately successful in resolving the infection but the organism proved resistant to a wide range of antibiotics. Similar patterns of antibiotic resistance were also observed in 39 reference and field strains of the genus Arcobacter. These findings, combined with available data on the distribution of Arcobacter species, suggest that these organisms may be important human pathogens. Optimized methods for their isolation and identification are therefore required so as to ascertain their role in human disease.

Bacteremia↗

PubMed1997

The prevalence of campylobacters and arcobacters in broiler chickens.

Chicken carcasses from a supermarket and from a poultry abattoir were examined using methods designed to isolate as many strains of campylobacters and related organisms as possible. Strains of arcobacter, but no campylobacters, were isolated from every carcass after enrichment. Campylobacter jejuni subsp. jejuni was isolated from all carcasses examined by direct plating and other Campylobacter-like strains were isolated from nine out of 15 abattoir carcasses by direct plating but not after enrichment. Only the Camp. jejuni subsp. jejuni strains could be identified to species level using a readily available identification scheme and/or a commercial identification kit. Examination of caecal contents from the 15 abattoir poultry yielded Camp. jejuni subsp. jejuni and Campylobacter-like strains from 15 and eight by direct plating, and from six and nine after enrichment, respectively. Four sites in the intestine of the abattoir birds (60 samples) were examined for arcobacters and only one strain was isolated. This indicates that arcobacters are probably not normal inhabitants of the poultry intestine. Poultry is a rich source of other campylobacteria besides the thermophilic Campylobacter spp.

Abattoirs↗

PubMed1991

Revision of Campylobacter, Helicobacter, and Wolinella taxonomy: emendation of generic descriptions and proposal of Arcobacter gen. nov.

Hybridization experiments were carried out between DNAs from more than 70 strains of Campylobacter spp. and related taxa and either 3H-labeled 23S rRNAs from reference strains belonging to Campylobacter fetus, Campylobacter concisus, Campylobacter sputorum, Campylobacter coli, and Campylobacter nitrofigilis, an unnamed Campylobacter sp. strain, and a Wolinella succinogenes strain or 3H- or 14C-labeled 23S rRNAs from 13 gram-negative reference strains. An immunotyping analysis of 130 antigens versus 34 antisera of campylobacters and related taxa was also performed. We found that all of the named campylobacters and related taxa belong to the same phylogenetic group, which we name rRNA superfamily VI and which is far removed from the gram-negative bacteria allocated to the five rRNA superfamilies sensu De Ley. There is a high degree of heterogeneity within this rRNA superfamily. Organisms belonging to rRNA superfamily VI should be reclassified in several genera. We propose that the emended genus Campylobacter should be limited to Campylobacter fetus, Campylobacter hyointestinalis, Campylobacter concisus, Campylobacter mucosalis, Campylobacter sputorum, Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli, Campylobacter lari, and "Campylobacter upsaliensis." Wolinella curva and Wolinella recta are transferred to the genus Campylobacter as Campylobacter curvus comb. nov. and Campylobacter rectus comb. nov., respectively. Bacteroides gracilis and Bacteroides ureolyticus are generically misnamed and are closely related to the genus Campylobacter. Campylobacter nitrofigilis, Campylobacter cryaerophila, and an unnamed Campylobacter sp. strain constitute a new genus, for which the name Arcobacter is proposed; this genus contains two species, Arcobacter nitrofigilis comb. nov. (type species) and Arcobacter cryaerophilus comb. nov. Wolinella succinogenes so far is the only species of the genus Wolinella. The genus Helicobacter is also emended; Campylobacter cinaedi and Campylobacter fennelliae are included in this genus as Helicobacter cinaedi comb. nov. and Helicobacter fennelliae comb. nov., respectively. The genus "Flexispira," with "Flexispira rappini" as the only species, is closely related to the genus Helicobacter. The free-living, sulfur-reducing campylobacters do not belong to any of these genera; they probably constitute a distinct genus within rRNA superfamily VI.

Bacterial Typing Techniques↗

PubMed1996

Biphasic culture of Arcobacter spp.

Arcobacter spp. have recently been genetically differentiated as a genus distinct from Campylobacter. Physiologically, Arcobacter spp. are aerotolerant bacteria, while Campylobacter spp. are microaerophilic. However, since Arcobacter spp. have been difficult to grow to high population densities in broth media, alternative culture techniques were investigated. A biphasic culture system was developed in 25 cm2 tissue culture flasks. Biphasic culture, consisting of a solid phase of 10% bovine blood agar and a liquid phase of Brain Heart Infusion broth, was found to increase bacterial population densities by more than 2 log10 cycles for strains of A. butzleri and A. skirrowii. A strain of A. cryaerophilus, which was non-culturable in broth culture, attained population densities of 10(9) cells ml-1 in biphasic culture. Neither the addition of fetal bovine serum to the liquid nor an increase in the surface area from 25 to 75 cm2 resulted in increased cell densities.

Bacteriological Techniques↗

PubMed1993

Discrimination of epidemic and sporadic isolates of Arcobacter butzleri by polymerase chain reaction-mediated DNA fingerprinting.

DNA polymorphisms of Arcobacter butzleri outbreak-related strains and Arcobacter reference strains were determined by use of the polymerase chain reaction with primers aimed at repetitive sequences. The epidemiological relationship among 14 outbreak-related strains was substantiated, as they showed virtually no genomic variations. Their DNA amplification patterns were, however, clearly different from those of all Arcobacter reference strains studied; each reference strain was characterized by a unique DNA fingerprint.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Development of a new medium for the isolation of Arcobacter spp.

Arcobacter, the newly reclassified Campylobacter species, has been shown to cause diarrhea in both humans and animals. Few studies have been conducted regarding its occurrence in foods because of the lack of effective isolation and identification methods. The purpose of this study was to develop a plating medium that would be selective for the three most commonly found Arcobacter species. The effect of common components used in media intended for the isolation of Campylobacter, Helicobacter, and other gram-negative rods was examined. These components were divided into five distinct groups: (1) basic growth nutrients, (2) reducing and growth-promoting agents, (3) detoxifying agents, (4) antibiotics, and (5) color-enhancing compounds. Components from each of these groups were tested for their ability to recover Arcobacter on a solid medium when incubated aerobically at 30 degrees C for up to 72 h. Growth was evaluated by the ecometric technique, colony size, and differential colony morphology after incubation. After initial evaluations, five formulas showing the best results were selected and tested in detail and compared with brucella agar. A medium containing a basal nutrient mix along with 0.05% thioglycolic acid, 0.05% sodium pyruvate, and 5% sheep's blood (pH 6.9+/-0.2) was found to be the most effective for the growth of A. butzleri, A. cryaerophilus, and A. nitrofigilis. In addition to superior growth characteristics, a deep red color around the colonies also was observed with this formulation.

Aerobiosis↗

PubMed1999

Prevalence of Campylobacter, Salmonella, and Arcobacter species at slaughter in market age pigs.

A survey was conducted to determine the prevalence of Campylobacter, Salmonella, and Arcobacter species in market age pigs from an integrated swine operation in Texas. Our findings indicate that farms from this commercial operation were heavily contaminated with Campylobacter and Salmonella, that the isolation rates of C. jejuni were higher than predicted, and that there was a low prevalence of Arcobacter.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

The effect of acetic acid, citric acid, and trisodium citrate in combination with different levels of water activity on the growth of Arcobacter butzleri in culture.

The influence of weak organic acids and trisodium citrate in combination with a high or a reduced water activity (aw) was investigated when a population of Arcobacter butzleri was exposed to a low concentration of acetic or citric acid, and trisodium citrate combined with high (0.993) and reduced (0.977) aw in culture broth at 30 degrees C. Regardless of water activity, acetic and citric acid (> 0.2%) inhibited the growth of A. butzleri with no viable cells detected after 4-5 h of incubation. Enhanced survival was found at reduced aw with addition of acetic acid. In contrast, after exposure to citric acid in combination with reduced aw inactivation was more rapid than that after being exposed to high water activity. Incorporation of trisodium citrate in combination with reduced aw (0.977) would probably not confer any extra protection. Concentrations of organic acid widely used in meat decontamination processing represent feasible tools for reducing A. butzleri contamination and hence the risk of Arcobacter infection.

Acetic Acid↗

PubMed2006

Identification of Arcobacter species using phospholipid and total fatty acid profiles.

High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were used to analyze the phospholipids and fatty acids of four Arcobacter species (becoming routinely isolated from a wide variety of food sources, especially of animal origin) to provide information for the identification within these species. Phospholipid differences were observed in the HPLC profiles. GC-MS analysis provided a complete fatty acid composition for each arcobacter that after pattern recognition analysis allows taxonomic classification of each species.

Arcobacter↗

PubMed2006

Development of a simple and rapid method based on polymerase chain reaction-based restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis to differentiate Helicobacter, Campylobacter, and Arcobacter species.

Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis of amplified DNA fragment of the 16S and 23S rRNA genes was performed on 35 Helicobacter, 24 Campylobacter, and 15 Arcobacter strains. PCR amplification generated a 1004-bp fragment of 16S rDNA and a 2.6-Kbp fragment of 23S rDNA from each strain. The amplicons were digested with DdeI and HpaII, respectively. For both assays, distinctive profiles were obtained for each genus. 23S rDNA PCR-RFLP analysis with HpaII enzyme identified Campylobacter and Helicobacter strains at the species level. Analysis of 16S rRNA gene with DdeI enzyme was not useful for the specific identification of Campylobacter and Arcobacter, although it discriminated among Helicobacter species. The PCR-RFLP technique allowed for the discrimination among these three related genus with only one restriction enzyme; therefore it can be a simple, rapid, and useful method for routine identification.

Arcobacter↗

PubMed2004

Survival and injury of Arcobacter after artificial inoculation into drinking water.

The aim of this work was to assess the effect of chlorine water treatment on Arcobacter butzleri and to study the survival strategies of this organism in chlorinated and non-chlorinated drinking water. A. butzleri NCTC 12481 was inoculated into chlorinated and non-chlorinated water and samples were removed aseptically, immediately and periodically during the next 2 days (for chlorinated drinking water) or 35 days (for non-chlorinated drinking water). The membrane integrity (Live/Dead BacLight kit), 16S rRNA (FISH technique), DNA content (23S rRNA PCR-RFLPs) and culturability changes in A. butzleri cells were analyzed. Culturability of the cells was lost at 5 min in chlorinated drinking water. At that time the cells showed membrane damage, although fluorescent intensity of 16S rRNA hybridization was constant throughout the chlorine treatment. After 48 h the amplicon specific for the 23S rRNA gene was weakly detected. In non-chlorinated drinking water cells lost their culturability after 16 days but the other factors measured indicated that Arcobacter remained viable throughout the experiment.

Arcobacter↗

PubMed2000

Prevalence of Campylobacter, Arcobacter, Helicobacter, and Sutterella spp. in human fecal samples as estimated by a reevaluation of isolation methods for Campylobacters.

The aims of this study were to investigate the prevalence of campylobacteria including Campylobacter jejuni subsp. jejuni (C. jejuni) and Campylobacter coli in human clinical samples and in samples from healthy individuals and to reevaluate the efficacies of conventional selective methods for isolation of Campylobacter spp. Two charcoal-based selective media, modified charcoal cefoperazone deoxycholate agar (mCCDA) and cefoperazone-amphotericin-teicoplanin (CAT) agar, were compared with Skirrow's blood-based medium and with a filter method (filter) applied to a yeast-enriched blood agar. A total of 1,376 specimens were tested on all four media, and the percentages of thermophilic Campylobacter-positive specimens isolated on Skirrow's medium, filters, CAT agar, and mCCDA were 82, 83, 85, and 95%, respectively. When additional samples were processed with the three selective media, mCCDA recovered significantly more thermophilic Campylobacter spp. than Skirrow's medium (P = 0.0034). No significant difference between Skirrow's medium and CAT agar was observed in this study. Another six taxa were identified, namely, Campylobacter concisus, Campylobacter curvus-like bacteria, Arcobacter butzleri, Arcobacter cryaerophilus, Helicobacter cinaedi, and Sutterella wadsworthensis. Most of these strains were isolated after 5 to 6 days of incubation by use of the filter technique. This paper provides evidence for the existence of S. wadsworthensis in human feces from clinical cases of gastrointestinal disorders and in feces from a healthy individual. Furthermore, C. concisus was isolated from a large number of diarrheal cases, particularly those at the extremes of age, but was additionally isolated from the feces of healthy people. Further investigations to establish the role of C. concisus and S. wadsworthensis in enteric disease is needed. We conclude that a range of campylobacteria may cause infections in Denmark.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

Identification of Campylobacter jejuni, C. coli, C. lari, C. upsaliensis, arcobacter butzleri, and A. butzleri-like species based on the glyA gene.

Currently, the detection and identification of Campylobacter and Arcobacter species remains arduous, largely due to cross-species phenotypic similarities and a relatively narrow spectrum of biochemical reactivity. We have developed a PCR-hybridization strategy, wherein degenerate primers are used to amplify glyA fragments from samples, which are then subjected to species-specific oligodeoxyribonucleotide probe hybridizations, to identify and distinguish between Campylobacter jejuni, C. coli, C. lari, C. upsaliensis, Arcobacter butzleri, and an A. butzleri-like species. Evaluation of this strategy with genomic DNA from different type strains suggests that this approach is both specific and sensitive and thus may be applicable in a diagnostic assay to identify and differentiate these highly related species.

Arcobacter↗

PubMed2002

Attachment of Arcobacter butzleri, a new waterborne pathogen, to water distribution pipe surfaces.

The capability of Arcobacter butzleri to attach to various water distribution pipe surfaces, such as stainless steel, copper, and plastic, was evaluated using scanning electron microscopy. Our results indicated that Arcobacter cells could easily attach to all surface types and the number of attached cells depended on the length of exposure and temperatures (4 and 20 degrees C). Extracellular fibrils were also observed on the stainless steel surface, especially after 72 h of contact times at both refrigeration and ambient temperatures. In addition, the surface energy value of each material was estimated by contact angle measurements using water, alpha-bromonaphthalene, and dimethylsulfoxide. The surface energy of A. butzleri was 58.6 mJ x m(-2) and the surface energy values of the three surfaces studied showed that plastic had a low energy surface (26.1 mJ x m(-2)) as did copper (45.8 mJ x m(-2)) and stainless steel (65.7 mJ x m(-2)).

Arcobacter↗

PubMed1999

[Detection of pyrazinamidase activity for differentiation of Campylobacter, Arcobacter, and Helicobacter spp. by using a high-performance liquid chromatography method].

A high-performance liquid chromatography method was investigated for the detection pyrazinamidase activity by Campylobacter, Arcobacter, and Helicobacter spp. Pyrazine carboxilic acid, one of the end products of pyrazinamide hydrolysis by microorganisms, was detected by using a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). A loopful of organism colonies was emulsified in 0.5 ml of a 0.5% pyrazinamide solution. The suspens on was incubated in a 37 degrees C water bath for 18-20 hr. After centrifugation, the supernatant was analyzed by HPLC. This HPLC method does not require microaerobic incubation and was easy to interpret for strains with weak enzymatic activity. By this method, we tested 111 clinical isolates, type and reference strains of Campylobacter spp., Arcobacter spp., and Helicobacter spp. , C. jejuni, C. jejuni subsp. doylei, C. coli, C. upsaliensis, C. lari, C. lari (urease+), C. helveticus, C. hyolei, C. sputorum subsp. fecalis, C. gracilis, C. concisus, C. curvus were positive for pyrazinamidase. C. fetus subsp. fetus, C. hyointestinalis, C. sputorum subsp. sputorum, C. sputorum subsp. bubulus, C. mucosalis, A. butzleri, A. skirrowii, A. cryaerophilus, H. pylori, H. cinaedi, H. fennelliae, H. mustelae, H. felis, H. muridarum, H. canis, H. nemestrinae, H. pamentensis, H. pullourum were negative.

Amidohydrolases↗

PubMed2000

Arcobacter butzleri bacteremia in a patient with liver cirrhosis.

Invasive Arcobacter butzleri infection in humans has been rarely described. We report a 60-year-old man with liver cirrhosis who presented with high fever and esophageal variceal bleeding. Two aerobic blood cultures grew Campylobacter-like organisms. The biochemical reactions of the isolate were inconclusive, while sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA gene definitively identified the organism as A. butzleri. The patient's bleeding stopped after endoscopic sclerosing therapy. Although the organism appeared to be resistant to cephalosporins on the basis of the minimum inhibitory concentrations determined with the E test, the fever resolved with parenteral cefuroxime. Whether the clinical improvement was related to cephalosporin therapy or to the self-limited nature of Arcobacter bacteremia is not known.

Arcobacter↗

PubMed2003

Arcobacter butzleri strains from poultry abattoir effluent in Nigeria [corrected].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence, species distribution and genetic diversity of zoonotic Arcobacter species. DESIGN: Prospective study. SETTING: Drainage system of a cosmopolitan chicken abattoir in Lagos, Nigeria. METHODS: One hundred and fifty drainage water samples were enriched in a minimal antibiotics-containing medium at room temperature and bacteria then isolated by use of a membrane filtration method. RESULTS: Twenty six (14%) of samples were positive for Arcobacter spp. Of these, 20 were examined by a comprehensive probabilistic identification scheme for Epsilobacteria and all strains identified as A. butzleri. AFLP analysis of these strains revealed considerable genetic diversity among the strains, with 12 genotypes defined at the 90% similarity level. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of A. butzleri in Nigerian poultry abattoir effluent indicates this species may constitute a public health problem in this country. AFLP profiling could be a useful tool for molecular epidemiological and population genetic studies of this organism. This is the first known report of A. butzleri in Nigeria, and first application of AFLP analysis for genotyping the species.

Abattoirs↗

PubMed2005

Detection and enumeration of Arcobacter spp. in the coastal environment of the Straits of Messina (Italy).

Seawater and plankton samples from the Straits of Messina, Italy, were analysed to confirm the occurrence of potentially pathogenic Arcobacter butzleri, A. cryaerophilus and A. skirrowii. Both classical cultural methods and molecular techniques were used as confirmative steps of the growth in enrichment broth to enumerate and differentiate these bacteria. Only A. butzleri was isolated from seawater and plankton samples and was more abundant when associated with plankton than free-living. A. cryaerophilus was occasionally detected by PCR assay from environmental samples. The PCR procedure, used in a combined method, was useful in enumerating Arcobacter spp. in marine environment.

Animals↗