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At least 91 records · Page 5Linked to original sources
PubMed1999

Hyperhydrating with glycerol: implications for athletic performance.

Small decreases in hydration status can result in a dramatic decrement in athletic performance and greatly increase the risk of thermal injury. Because of its osmotic properties, which enable greater fluid retention than the ingestion of water alone, glycerol has been proposed as a hyperhydrating agent. In fact, glycerol is now commercially available and marketed as a sport supplement to be ingested with water or sport drinks; thus, dietitians need to be cognizant of this new addition to the sports nutrition table. The results of glycerol-induced hyperhydration research have been equivocal, most likely because of methodologic differences between studies, such as variations in the intensity of exercise, environmental conditions, and concentration or dose of glycerol administered. Although the suggested dosage of glycerol depends on body size and varies between manufacturers, 1 g/kg body weight with an additional 1.5 L fluid taken 60 to 120 minutes before competition is standard. Some test subjects reported feeling bloated or nauseated after ingesting glycerol. This review examines glycerol-induced hyperhydration research and the safety of ingesting glycerol, discusses commercial availability of glycerol, and makes recommendations for glycerol-induced hyperhydration research.

Dehydration↗
PubMed2000

Position of Dietitians of Canada, the American Dietetic Association, and the American College of Sports Medicine: Nutrition and Athletic Performance.

It is the position of Dietitians of Canada, the American Dietetic Association, and the American College of Sports Medicine that physical activity, athletic performance, and recovery from exercise are enhanced by optimal nutrition. These organizations recommend appropriate selection of food and fluids, timing of intake, and supplement choices for optimal health and exercise performance. This position paper reviews the current scientific data related to athletes' energy needs, assessment of body composition, strategies for weight change, athletes' nutrient and fluid needs, special nutrient needs during training, the use of supplements and nutritional ergogenic aids, and nutrition recommendations for vegetarian athletes. During times of high physical activity, energy and macronutrient needs - especially carbohydrate and protein intake - must be met in order to maintain body weight, replenish glycogen stores, and provide adequate protein for building and repairing tissue. Fat intake should be adequate to provide essential fatty acids and fat-soluble vitamins, as well as to help provide adequate energy for weight maintenance. Overall, diets should provide moderate amounts of energy from fat (20-25% of energy); there appears to be no health or performance benefit to consuming a diet containing less than 15% of energy from fat. Body weight and composition can affect exercise performance, but should not be used as the sole criterion for sports performance; daily weigh-ins are discouraged. Consuming adequate food and fluid before, during, and after exercise can help maintain blood glucose levels during exercise, maximize exercise performance, and improve recovery time. Athletes should be well hydrated before beginning exercise; they should also drink enough fluid during and after exercise to balance fluid losses. Consumption of sport drinks containing carbohydrates and electrolytes during exercise will provide fuel for the muscles, help maintain blood glucose levels and the thirst mechanism, and decrease the risk of dehydration or hyponatremia. Athletes will not need vitamin-and-mineral supplements if adequate energy to maintain body weight is consumed from a variety of foods. However, supplements may be required by athletes who restrict energy intake, have severe weight-loss practices, eliminate one or more food groups from their diet, or consume high-carbohydrate diets with low micronutrient density. Nutritional ergogenic aids should be used with caution, and only after careful evaluation of the product for safety, for efficacy, for potency, and to determine whether or not it is a banned or illegal substance. Nutrition advice, by a qualified nutrition expert, should be provided only after the athlete's health, diet, supplement and drug use, and energy requirements have been carefully reviewed.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2000

Position of the American Dietetic Association, Dietitians of Canada, and the American College of Sports Medicine: Nutrition and athletic performance.

It is the position of the American Dietetic Association, Dietitians of Canada, and the American College of Sports Medicine that physical activity, athletic performance, and recovery from exercise are enhanced by optimal nutrition. These organizations recommend appropriate selection of food and fluids, timing of intake, and supplement choices for optimal health and exercise performance. This position paper reviews the current scientific data related to the energy needs of athletes, assessment of body composition, strategies for weight change, the nutrient and fluid needs of athletes, special nutrient needs during training, the use of supplements and nutritional ergogenic aids, and the nutrition recommendations for vegetarian athletes. During times of high physical activity, energy and macronutrient needs--especially carbohydrate and protein intake--must be met in order to maintain body weight, replenish glycogen stores, and provide adequate protein for building and repair of tissue. Fat intake should be adequate to provide the essential fatty acids and fat-soluble vitamins, as well as to help provide adequate energy for weight maintenance. Overall, diets should provide moderate amounts of energy from fat (20% to 25% of energy); however, there appears to be no health or performance benefit to consuming a diet containing less than 15% of energy from fat. Body weight and composition can affect exercise performance, but should not be used as the sole criterion for sports performance; daily weigh-ins are discouraged. Consuming adequate food and fluid before, during, and after exercise can help maintain blood glucose during exercise, maximize exercise performance, and improve recovery time. Athletes should be well-hydrated before beginning to exercise; athletes should also drink enough fluid during and after exercise to balance fluid losses. Consumption of sport drinks containing carbohydrates and electrolytes during exercise will provide fuel for the muscles, help maintain blood glucose and the thirst mechanism, and decrease the risk of dehydration or hyponatremia. Athletes will not need vitamin and mineral supplements if adequate energy to maintain body weight is consumed from a variety of foods. However, supplements may be required by athletes who restrict energy intake, use severe weight-loss practices, eliminate one or more food groups from their diet, or consume high-carbohydrate diets with low micronutrient density. Nutritional ergogenic aids should be used with caution, and only after careful evaluation of the product for safety, efficacy, potency, and whether or not it is a banned or illegal substance. Nutrition advice, by a qualified nutrition expert, should only be provided after carefully reviewing the athlete's health, diet, supplement and drug use, and energy requirements.

Altitude↗
PubMed2002

Does exogenous growth hormone improve athletic performance?

OBJECTIVE: To conduct a critical appraisal of the literature to address the question of whether human growth hormone (HGH) improves performance in trained athletes. DATA SOURCES: Used PubMed using the search terms of "growth hormone athletes" and the reference lists of previous reviews of the subject. STUDY SELECTION: Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study of exogenous HGH on muscle power in trained athletes. Only one study matched the search criteria. CONCLUSION: There is no evidence of increased muscle strength with HGH in trained athletes.

Doping in Sports↗
PubMed1991

Effects of mandibular appliances on athletic performance.

This chapter provides a review of the research findings on the role of oral appliances in performance augmentation among athletes. Supporting and non-supporting data are detailed. Evaluation of these data is complicated by the difficulty in establishing objective tests and ruling out subjective reports on strength augmentation among athletes.

Dental Occlusion↗
PubMed1995

Effects of menstrual cycle phase on athletic performance.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of menstrual cycle phase on four selected indices of athletic performance: aerobic capacity, anaerobic capacity, isokinetic strength, and high intensity endurance. Sixteen eumenorrheic women (VO2max > or = 50 ml.kg-1.min-1) were tested during the early follicular (F) and midluteal (L) phases of the menstrual cycle. Cycle phases were confirmed by serum estradiol and progesterone assays. No significant differences were observed between F and L tests in weight, percent body fat, sum of skinfolds, hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, maximum heart rate, maximum minute ventilation, maximum respiratory exchange ratio, anaerobic performance, endurance time to fatigue (at 90% of VO2max), or isokinetic strength of knee flexion and extension. Both absolute and relative VO2max, however, were slightly lower in L than in F (F = 3.19 +/- 0.09.min-1, L = 3.13 +/- 0.08.min-1, P = 0.04; and F = 53.7 +/- 0.9 ml.kg-1.min-1, L = 52.8 +/- 0.8 ml.kg-1.min-1, P = 0.06). These results suggest that the cyclic increases in endogenous female steroid hormones of an ovulatory menstrual cycle may have a slight, deleterious influence on aerobic capacity, with potential implications for individual athletes. Nevertheless, the cycle phase did not impact significantly on the majority of the other performance tests and cardiorespiratory variables measured in this study.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1993

Position of the American Dietetic Association and the Canadian Dietetic Association: nutrition for physical fitness and athletic performance for adults.

The importance of diet and healthful food choices in optimizing health status, fitness levels, and athletic performance has been recognized by both participants and professionals. There continues to be a need for the interpretation of new research findings in this fast-growing discipline and for the dissemination of nutrition information and training techniques for a broad spectrum of individuals involved in various forms of physical activity. The registered dietitian who has specialized in exercise physiology and sports nutrition has the knowledge and counseling skills to act as the provider of this nutrition information. Additional information may be obtained in the Sports Nutrition Manual, 2nd edition, published by The American Dietetic Association and the Sports and Cardiovascular Nutrition dietetic practice group as well as in Sport Nutrition for the Athletes of Canada, published by the Sport Nutrition Advisory Committee of the Sports Medicine and Science Council of Canada.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Joint Position Statement: nutrition and athletic performance. American College of Sports Medicine, American Dietetic Association, and Dietitians of Canada.

It is the position of the American Dietetic Association, Dietitians of Canada, and the American College of Sports Medicine that physical activity, athletic performance, and recovery from exercise are enhanced by optimal nutrition. These organizations recommend appropriate selection of food and fluids, timing of intake, and supplement choices for optimal health and exercise performance. This position paper reviews the current scientific data related to the energy needs of athletes, assessment of body composition, strategies for weight change, the nutrient and fluid needs of athletes, special nutrient needs during training, the use of supplements and nutritional ergogenic aids, and the nutrition recommendations for vegetarian athletes. During times of high physical activity, energy and macronutrient needs-especially carbohydrate and protein intake-must be met in order to maintain body weight, replenish glycogen stores, and provide adequate protein for building and repair of tissue. Fat intake should be adequate to provide the essential fatty acids and fat-soluble vitamins, as well as to help provide adequate energy for weight maintenance. Overall, diets should provide moderate amounts of energy from fat (20% to 25% of energy); however, there appears to be no health or performance benefit to consuming a diet containing less than 15% of energy from fat. Body weight and composition can affect exercise performance, but should not be used as the sole criterion for sports performance; daily weigh-ins are discouraged. Consuming adequate food and fluid before, during, and after exercise can help maintain blood glucose during exercise, maximize exercise performance, and improve recovery time. Athletes should be well-hydrated before beginning to exercise; athletes should also drink enough fluid during and after exercise to balance fluid losses. Consumption of sport drinks containing carbohydrates and electrolytes during exercise will provide fuel for the muscles, help maintain blood glucose and the thirst mechanism, and decrease the risk of dehydration or hyponatremia. Athletes will not need vitamin and mineral supplements if adequate energy to maintain body weight is consumed from a variety of foods. However, supplements may be required by athletes who restrict energy intake, use severe weight-loss practices, eliminate one or more food groups from their diet, or consume high-carbohydrate diets with low micronutrient density. Nutritional ergogenic aids should be used with caution, and only after careful evaluation of the product for safety, efficacy, potency, and whether or not it is a banned or illegal substance. Nutrition advice, by a qualified nutrition expert, should only be provided after carefully reviewing the athlete's health, diet, supplement and drug use, and energy requirements.

Altitude↗
PubMed2002

Surgical management of chronic lower abdominal and groin pain in high-performance athletes.

Formerly, most of the causes and treatments of chronic lower abdominal and groin pain in high-performance athletes eluded sports medicine specialists. Now we are much better at identifying and managing the different syndromes. Most of the advances are based on empiric evidence, although many pitfalls remain with respect to diagnosis and management of the various syndromes. This article reviews our current understanding of several of these clinical entities. We focus on lessons learned from a large 15-year experience.

Abdominal Pain↗
PubMed2004

Cognitive and somatic anxiety and self-confidence in athletic performance of beach volleyball.

This study considered the influence of competitive anxiety and self-confidence state responses upon athletic performance. 66 male beach volleyball players completed the translated and modified Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 which included the original intensity scale and a direction scale of Jones and Swain. Players' performance was scored from the video records using a standard rating scales. Correlations indicated scores on Direction subscale of modified Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 and Self-confidence were moderately positively (r=.27 to .51) correlated with different skill components and sum of skill components of beach volleyball. Stepwise multiple regressions indicated that, as anticipated, directional perceptions of cognitive and somatic anxiety and self-confidence were significant predictors of beach volleyball performance but accounted for only 42% of variance. Original Intensity subscales of somatic and cognitive anxiety did not predict performance. Findings support the notion that direction of anxiety responses must be taken into consideration when examining anxiety-performance association in sport.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Relationship between athletic performance and menstrual cycle.

The female sex steroid hormones have multiple actions on body systems other than the reproductive axis. Female athletes, coaches, medical professionals, and researchers have long been concerned about the potential impact of menstrual cycle fluctuations in these hormones on components of athletic performance. Estrogen is known to affect the cardiovascular system, bone, and the brain; progesterone primarily influences thermoregulation and ventilation. Substrate metabolism is likely altered by both hormones. Net physiological effects can be either opposing or synergistic and are determined by the relative proportions of each. Nevertheless, investigations to date have not consistently demonstrated significant differences in aerobic capacity, anaerobic capacity, aerobic endurance, or muscle strength in any specific menstrual cycle phase. The course of some chronic diseases may vary slightly during the menstrual cycle, but the mechanism is currently unknown. Recent research in underlying hormonal causes for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries also is not convincing.

Athletic Injuries↗
PubMed2006

Perceived effects of emotion intensity on athletic performance: a contingency-based individualized approach.

This study, based on the Individual Zones of Optimal Functioning model, examined the perceived effect of idiosyncratic emotions and bodily symptoms on athletic performance along the entire emotion-intensity range. The participants were 35 elite Italian athletes, 16 women and 19 men, competing in either figure skating or gymnastics. Idiosyncratic emotional descriptors were rated on Borg's CR-10 scale to estimate the perceived impact on performance and hedonic tone for each level of emotion-intensity range. The findings revealed a large interindividual variability in the content of emotions as well as in the shape of the curves representing the intensity-impact contingencies. At the group level, the emotion-performance link was positive linear for optimal-pleasant emotions, bell-shaped for optimal-unpleasant emotions, and negative linear for both dysfunctional-unpleasant and dysfunctional-pleasant emotions. The relationship between emotional and bodily symptom intensities was positive linear. Implications of the findings for estimating total functional effects and individualized interventions are suggested.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1994

The effect of the phase of the menstrual cycle and the birth control pill on athletic performance.

Investigators are not in agreement on the effects of either the phase of the menstrual cycle, or the administration of OCAs on athletic performance. It appears, however, that apart from subtle changes in some variables, for most women there is no significant effect. Medals have been won and world records set in any phase of the menstrual cycle, and also by women taking OCAs. In terms of documentation of cycle phase, newer hormonal measurement techniques such as the levels of urinary luteinizing hormone (LH) to detect ovulation or salivary progesterone, should make it easier in the future to obviate the methodologic difficulties encountered in earlier studies. Further studies should also focus on the midcycle estradiol surge as well, in order to determine the relative contributions of estrogen and progesterone to any observed performance changes. Given the possibility that some cardiovascular, respiratory, and metabolic variables may change slightly during the course of a regular ovulatory menstrual cycle, it behooves researchers who are using women as subjects in other types of studies to standardize the menstrual cycle phase in which they are tested, in order to eliminate any possible confounding effects due to hormonal variation. Regarding the effects of oral contraceptives on performance, any conclusions from the studies to date are complicated by the proliferation of preparations currently on the market. Further studies are needed on monophasic, biphasic and triphasic formulations, including OCAs with the newer progestins (desogestrel, gestodene and norgestimate), as well as the progesterone-only agents (both oral and injectable). Prospective double blind randomized studies must be done, using a proper control group. The difficulty with this technique, however, is that women in the control group will inevitably be in various phases of the cycle, so accurate hormonal documentation is also essential in order to correctly interpret the findings. Just as the past few decades have seen a significant advancement in the participation of women in sports, future years should bring an enhanced scientific knowledge base about the interactions of the special hormonal considerations of the exercising woman throughout her reproductive life cycle.

Adult↗