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PubMed1985

Body composition in elderly people. II. Comparison of measured and predicted body composition in healthy elderly subjects.

The predictive values of the equations of Moore et al. and Hume and Weyers and the measured values of body composition were compared in healthy, carefully selected aged and young subjects of both sexes. In the case of young subjects, these prediction equations seem to be adequate, even if this could not be affirmed with certainty by our results. The equations of Moore et al. were found not to be adequate for elderly males, while they were only suitable for the determination of intracellular components in elderly females.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Diabetes is associated independently of body composition with BMD and bone volume in older white and black men and women: The Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study.

UNLABELLED: The association between type 2 diabetes, BMD, and bone volume was examined to determine the effect of lean and fat mass and fasting insulin in the Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study, which included white and black well-functioning men and women 70-79 years of age (N = 2979). Diabetes predicted higher hip, whole body, and volumetric spine BMD, and lower spine bone volume, independent of body composition and fasting insulin. INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study was to determine if the association between type 2 diabetes and higher BMD observed in older white women is seen in elderly white men and blacks and to evaluate if higher BMD in diabetic individuals is accounted for by lean mass, fat mass, or fasting insulin differences. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In the Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study, which included white and black well-functioning men and women 70-79 years of age (N = 2979), 19% of participants had diabetes at baseline. Of those with diabetes, 57% were men, and 62% were black. Multivariate linear regression models examined independent effects of diabetes, lean mass, fat mass, visceral fat, and fasting insulin on BMD and bone volume while adjusting for relevant covariates. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Fasting insulin, visceral fat, and volumetric spine BMD, assessed by CT, and lean mass, fat mass, and total hip and whole body BMD, assessed by DXA, were higher (p < or = 0.05 for all) for those with diabetes. Hip BMD was higher in white men (0.99 +/- 0.14 versus 0.93 +/- 0.14 g/cm2, p < 0.001), black men (1.06 +/- 0.17 versus 1.00 +/- 0.15 g/cm2, p < 0.001), white women (0.83 +/- 0.13 versus 0.76 +/- 0.13 g/cm2, p < 0.001), and black women (0.90 +/- 0.15 versus 0.85 +/- 0.15 g/cm2, p < 0.001) with diabetes compared with those without diabetes, although the relationship was attenuated by body composition. In multiple regression models, diabetes was an independent predictor of higher hip, whole body, and volumetric spine BMD in all participants (p < or = 0.001), but lower spine volume (p = 0.01) and higher hip BMD for each race-gender group (p < or = 0.01). Type 2 diabetes was associated with a 4-5% higher total hip BMD in all race-gender groups of elderly adults, independent of body composition and fasting insulin levels.

Aged↗
PubMed1997

[Estimation of body composition based on total body water determination using phenazone for assessment of body fat gain in cattle. 1. Relationship between body fat content and live weight].

Body composition based on total body water analysis using phenazone were estimated in 251 beef heifers, aged 3 to 17 months, 27 beef bulls aged 15 months and 200 Holstein dairy cows of different age and stage of lactation. Correlation coefficients between body fat content and live weight were estimated to be between 0.59 and 0.97 for groups of animals. In beef heifers there was a fat gain of 294 g per live weight gain of 1 kg, in beef bulls 247g, in cows until third lactation 418 g and 731 g respectively 791 g in entirely full-grown cows. Cows of first lactation showed loss in body fat content with simultaneous gain in live weight. Hence, using body weight for assessment of change in body fat content is dependent on special prerequisites, which will be discussed.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1993

The piglet can be used to study the effects of parenteral and enteral nutrition on body composition.

Measurement of body composition provides insight into the regulation of normal development as well as the interactions among nutritional, physiological, and biochemical functions. Studies of body composition require an animal model in which body composition at birth and postnatal changes are comparable to those in human infants. Essential to studies of body composition is an animal model that can be fed under various conditions (parenteral and enteral) and can undergo various measurements (whole body and cellular level). The piglet meets these requirements. The postnatal changes in the body composition of infants and piglets are reviewed, and various studies are discussed to show the effect of parenteral and enteral nutrition on piglet body composition. Confirmation of physiological and biochemical similarities in the regulation of body composition in human infants and piglets awaits further study.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Body composition in normal weight, overweight and obese children: matched case-control analyses of total and regional tissue masses, and body composition trends in relation to relative weight.

BACKGROUND: Childhood obesity is defined on the basis of weight and height, using body mass index (BMI). There is little detailed information on the body composition characteristic of overweight and obesity. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate total and regional body composition in overweight, obese and control children aged 7-14 years. DESIGN: Body composition was measured by the four-component model and dual X-ray absorptiometry in 38 age- and sex-matched pairs of obese and control children. Body composition trends were also evaluated by quintile of BMI standard deviation score (SDS) in these and 31 other children (n=107; BMI SDS range -1.0 to 4.3). RESULTS: Obese children were taller than controls (Delta=0.6 SDS; P=0.01) and had greater hydration of fat-free mass (FFM) (Delta=1.8 %, P<0.0001). After adjusting for these variables, obese children had greater FFM, fat mass (FM) and mineral (P<0.0001). Regional analyses showed that these differences were apparent in the arm, leg and trunk, but the three tissues had different proportional distributions of the excess. Fat was primarily in the trunk, but mineral in the leg. FM, FFM, hydration and mineral mass all increased across BMI SDS quintiles (P<0.0001), but the trend for FM was much the steepest. DISCUSSION: The greater weight of obese children is due to excess FFM including mineral as well as excess fatness. Increasing weight has a strong continuous relationship with increasing FM across the whole spectrum of weight.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed1992

The five-level model: a new approach to organizing body-composition research.

Body-composition research is a branch of human biology that has three interconnecting areas: body-composition levels and their organizational rules, measurement techniques, and biological factors that influence body composition. In the first area, which is inadequately formulated at present, five levels of increasing complexity are proposed: I, atomic; II, molecular; III, cellular; IV, tissue-system; and V, whole body. Although each level and its multiple compartments are distinct, biochemical and physiological connections exist such that the model is consistent and functions as a whole. The model also provides the opportunity to clearly define the concept of a body composition steady state in which quantitative associations exist over a specified time interval between compartments at the same or different levels. Finally, the five-level model provides a matrix for creating explicit body-composition equations, reveals gaps in the study of human body composition, and suggests important new research areas.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1999

Validity of fan-beam dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry for measuring fat-free mass and leg muscle mass. Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study--Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry and Body Composition Working Group.

The aim of the study was to examine the accuracy of fan-beam dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) for measuring total body fat-free mass (FFM) and leg muscle mass (MM) in elderly persons. Participants were 60 men and women aged 70-79 yr and with a body mass index of 17.5-39.8 kg/m(2). FFM and MM at four leg regions were measured by using DEXA (Hologic 4500A, v8.21). A four-compartment body composition model (4C) and multislice computed tomography (CT) of the legs were used as the criterion methods for FFM and MM, respectively. FFM by DEXA was positively associated with FFM by 4C (R(2) = 0.98, SE of estimate = 1.6 kg). FFM by DEXA was higher [53.5 +/- 12.0 (SD) kg] than FFM by 4C (51.6 +/- 11.9 kg; P < 0.001). No association was observed between the difference and the mean of the two methods. MM by DEXA was positively associated with CT at all four leg regions (R(2) = 0.86-0.96). MM by DEXA was higher than by CT in three regions. The results of this study suggest that fan-beam DEXA offers considerable promise for the measurement of total body FFM and leg MM in elderly persons.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗