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At least 91 records · Page 5Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

[Comparison of pharmacokinetics of saquinavir soft-gel capsule (SQV-SGC) combined with ritonavir (RTV), SQV hard-gel capsule with RTV, and SQV-SGC alone].

Saquinavir (SQV) is a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) specific protease inhibitor. When combined with ritonavir (RTV), plasma concentration of SQV is increased. In this study, we examined pharmacokinetics of SQV soft-gel capsule (SQV-SGC) 400 mg twice daily (BID) combined with RTV in HIV-1-infected patients (n = 4) and compared with those of SQV hard-gel capsule (SQV-HGC) 400 mg BID combined with RTV (n = 12). Pharmacokinetics of SQV-SGC 1,200 mg single dose in healthy subjects (n = 10) were also studied. Peak SQV concentration in plasma (Cmax) and area under the plasma concentration-time curve from 0 to 8 hour (AUC0-8 h) of SQV-SGC 400 mg BID combined with RTV group were higher than those of SQV-HGC 400 mg BID combined with RTV group; increase of 14.7% and 25.5%, respectively. Cmax and AUC0-8 h of SQV-SGC were higher than SQV-SGC 1,200 mg single dose group; increase of 3.9 fold and 8.5 fold, respectively. These results indicated that SQV-SGC combined with RTV therapy is the most potent antiviral effect among SQV-SGC with RTV, SQV-HGC with RTV, and SQV-SGC alone.

Anti-HIV Agents↗
PubMed2000

Bioequivalence assessment of closerin capsule to dura seromycin capsule of cycloserine after a single oral dose administration to healthy male volunteers.

AIM: A bioequivalence study of the closerin capsules to the dura seromycin capsules was conducted. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Twenty-four healthy male Korean volunteers received each medicine at the cycloserine dose of 250 mg in a 2 x 2 crossover study. There was a one-week washout period between the doses. Plasma concentrations of cycloserine were monitored by a high-performance liquid chromatography for over a period of 72 hours after the administration. AUCinf (the area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero to time infinity) was calculated by the linear-log trapezoidal method. Cmax (maximum plasma drug concentration) and Tmax (time to reach Cmax) were compiled from the plasma concentration-time data. Analysis of variance was carried out using logarithmically transformed AUCinf and Cmax, and untransformed Tmax. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between the medications in AUCinf and Cmax. The point estimates and 90% confidence intervals for AUCinf (parametric) and Cmax (parametric) were, in point estimate (90% confidence interval), 0.992 (0.950 approximately 1.037) and 1.051 (0.965 approximatly 1.144), respectively, satisfying the bioequivalence criteria of the European Committee for Proprietary Medicinal Products and the US Food and Drug Administration Guidelines. The corresponding value of Tmax was 0.000 (-0.250 approximatly 0.125). Moreover, the modified Pitman-Morgan's adjusted F test and equal variance test (one-sided) indicated that the 2 medications were comparable in intra- and inter-individual variability in cycloserine bioavailability. CONCLUSION: Therefore, these results indicate that the 2 medications of cycloserine are bioequivalent and, thus, may be prescribed interchangeably.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2006

[Cohort study on fuzheng capsule and quxie capsule in reducing relapse and metastasis of cancer in patients with stage II and III colorectal carcinoma after operation].

OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of Fuzheng Capsule (FC) and Quxie Capsule (QC) in reducing relapse and metastasis of colorectal cancer in stage II and III after the cancer had been treated by radical operation and succedent routine radiotherapy and chemotherapy. METHODS: A prospective cohort controlled study was conducted in 101 patients with colorectal cancer in stage II and III after radical operation and routine radiotherapy and chemotherapy, among whom 53 patients were treated with FC and QC and 48 were given no treatment, they were followed up regularly. The rate and time of relapse and metastasis were observed after 1, 2 and 3 years. RESULTS: One-year, 2-year and 3-year relapse-metastasis rate was 0, 2.7% and 14.8% respectively in the treated group, and 6.2% , 24.2% and 30.8% in the control group. Significant difference was found only in the 2-year rate between the two groups (chi-squared = 5.428, P < 0.05). Average time of relapse and metastasis was 26.2 +/- 4.5 months in the treated group and 14.2 +/- 4.2 months in the control group, showing significant difference between the two groups (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: FC and QC applying in the succedent consolidating treatment for stage II and III colorectal cancer after radical operation might be favourable to reduce relapse and metastasis and improve quality of life, further clinical study with randomized and controlled method is worthwhile to be conducted.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1978

[Report on the capsule dosage and mixing system. 2. Development, design and mode of action of a mixing machine for dental materials measured out in capsules].

The author presents a mixing apparatus for dental materials predosed in capsules. It is characterized by a novel principle of motion and great efficiency, which permits to triturate, in a short time and the best possible manner, all luting and filling materials suited for mechanical mixing, including amalgam alloys. Redrawings of quick-motion pictures illustrate the mixing process in the capsule.

Capsules↗
PubMed1978

[Report on the capsule-dosage and mixing system. 4. Correctness and precision in the dosage of multi-component materials; pre-dosage in daily practice as a preliminary solution to the capsule-dosage and mixing system].

The significance of the factors "accuracy" and "precision" in the preparation of multicomponent materials is outlined with special regard to problems related to dosage. The present technological development permits to shift the responsibility for accuracy and precision to the manufacturers of dental materials. In view of the applicability of the capsule dosing and mixing system, the author presents an intermediate solution (based on the experimental verification of various dosing methods) that permits to benefit from the main advantages of the capsule system in everyday practice prior to the establishment of centralized dosing facilities.

Capsules↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Presence of a capsule in Neisseria lactamica, antigenically similar to the capsule of N. meningitidis.

Three of thirteen strains of Neisseria lactamica, a species closely related to N. meningitidis, were selected on the basis of their ability to be strongly agglutinated by serogroup B antimeningococcal serum. The presence of a capsule was demonstrated using Alcian blue as a stain for acidic polysaccharide. When reacted with serogroup B antimeningococcal sera, 2 out of 3 N. lactamica B-coagglutanating strains exhibited an extracellular material comparable in size, antigenicity and staining properties to the capsule of serogroup B N. meningitidis.

Agglutination↗
PubMed2002

Intra- and intermolecular second-sphere coordination chemistry: formation of capsules, half-capsules, and extended structures with hexaaquo- and hexaamminemetal ions.

In the design of novel extended solids, particularly those based on weaker interactions, reliable "synthons" are a valuable commodity. This work concerns the hydrogen-bonded assemblies which result from the second-sphere coordination interactions between a highly preorganized trisulfonate ligand and hexaaquo metal ions. Significantly, supramolecular structural variation, which may be rationalized on the basis of the features of the molecular building blocks, is observed. The results are formation of second-sphere capsules with trivalent ions (Fe(3+), Cr(3+), Al(3+)), and half-capsules with divalent ions (Mg(2+), Zn(2+)). The divalent systems further assemble into extensively hydrogen-bonded hexagonal nets. Effects of geometrical variation of the building blocks are also observed when a Jahn-Teller-distorted divalent ion (Cu(2+)) is substituted for the perfectly octahedral species. The second-sphere effects on the stabilization of the primary coordination sphere are illustrated by TGA experiments. In these assemblies, the potential of a new supramolecular synthon is illustrated, that being the complementary cis-aquo sulfonate interaction. These complexes illustrate the general utility of second-sphere effects, both as an assembly tool and to stabilize metal complexes in the solid state. Finally, as a comparison, a hydrogen-bonded assembly with a hexaammine complex of a trivalent metal (Co(3+)) is presented, which forms an extended network with a completely altered hydrogen bonding array.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

Discrimination of guests encapsulation in large hexameric molecular capsules in solution: pyrogallol[4]arene versus resorcin[4]arene capsules.

NMR experiments demonstrate that, although 2b and 3b form hexameric capsules in chloroform solutions and despite the very similar building units of these hexamers, 3b encapsulates only the noncharged trialkylamines while 2b can encapsulate both the noncharged trialkylamines and the respective ammonium salts obtained by the addition of DCl. In fact, it was found that protonation that forms in situ the ammonium salt ejects the guest from the hexameric capsule of 3b. This is a general observation as it was found for guests containing alkyl chains of four, five, six, and eight carbons.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1982

A double-blind trial comparing indomethacin sustained release capsules (Indocid-R) with indomethacin capsules in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

A double-blind, controlled and completely randomized trial was conducted in four European rheumatology clinics. Eighty-six patients with a diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis and prior treatment of at least six months' duration with indomethacin 150 mg/day were studied. Comparisons of the clinical efficacy, tolerability and safety of a new, oral sustained-release formulation of indomethacin were made with a conventional formulation of indomethacin. In all clinical indices of response, the indomethacin sustained-release 75 mg capsule b.i.d. was found to provide relief of symptoms similar to the conventional 50 mg capsule t.i.d. The incidence of overall adverse clinical and laboratory effects was comparable for the two treatments.

Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal↗
PubMed2005

Proven pulmonary cryptococcosis due to capsule-deficient Cryptococcus neoformans does not differ clinically from proven pulmonary cryptococcosis due to capsule-intact Cr. neoformans.

We compared the clinical manifestations, laboratory and radiologic findings, and outcomes of eight patients with proven pulmonary cryptococcosis (PC) caused by capsule-deficient Cryptococcus neoformans with those of six patients with PC caused by capsule-intact Cr. neoformans. The presentations and outcomes did not differ significantly between the groups.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Video capsule endoscopy: clinical relevance of capsule endoscopy findings.

Video capsule endoscopy (VCE) is a novel diagnostic tool for noninvasively visualizing the lumen of the entire small intestine. It is especially useful in identifying the source of obscure small intestinal bleeding. However, VCE is not always optimal for localizing small bowel lesions. Several studies show VCE to be markedly superior to standard diagnostic techniques although the true clinical relevance of many of the capsule endoscopic findings remain unknown. We present two case reports of VCE findings that resulted in surgical intervention but were found to be benign lesions on definitive pathological examination. The actual clinical relevance of many of the lesions found on VCE thus remains to be demonstrated.

Aged↗
PubMed1983

Comparative study of the properties of the shoulder joint capsule with those of other joint capsules.

To compare the collagen structure of the shoulder joint with that of other joints, the collagen of shoulder, elbow, and hip joints was examined electron microscopically, electrophoretically, and by its response to mechanical stress. Collagen Types I, III, and V were common to joint capsules. Electron microscopy of shoulder and elbow joint capsules did not identify any structural difference. When subjected to a mechanical force, the shoulder joint showed a greater capacity to stretch than the elbow joint, and greater force was required to break the shoulder joint than the elbow joint.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Haemophilus influenzae: capsule vaccine and capsulation genetics.

In 1931, Dr Margaret Pittman reported her discovery that Haemophilus influenzae strains responsible for meningitis had a polysaccharide capsule, and that one capsular type, serotype b, was responsible for nearly all cases. Diverse programmes of research aimed at understanding and exploiting this seminal observation culminated, in the 1980s, in the introduction of a purified type b polysaccharide vaccine to protect children against this terrible disease. Subsequent improvements in vaccine immunogenicity have translated into impressive efficacy and the suggestion that, were all children to be immunized, a major cause of life-threatening childhood infection might be vanquished.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Capsulated cells of Aeromonas salmonicida grown in vitro have different functional properties than capsulated cells grown in vivo.

When grown in vivo in the peritoneal cavity of rainbow trout, Aeromonas salmonicida produces a clearly defined capsule with virulence-related functions. Aeromonas salmonicida grown in vitro in a glucose-rich medium (GRM) has also been reported to reproduce capsular material. Because in vitro mimicry of in vivo induced traits is highly desirable in vaccine design, the extent to which growth in GRM mimicked in vivo growth was examined. Antibodies specific to in vivo grown cells partially labeled the surface of GRM-grown cells, as well as two distinct proteins (81,700 and 41,000 Mr) in immunoblots of mutants with S-layer or lipopolysaccharide defects. GRM-grown strains showed an increased sensitivity to trout serum in contradistinction to the complete serum resistance of in vivo grown cells; as well, GRM-grown cells were more adherent to trout macrophages. Thus in spite of possessing some surface antigens normally expressed in vivo, cells grown on solid GRM did not possess all functional properties of in vivo grown cells.

Aeromonas↗
PubMed1994

Studies on dissolution tests for soft gelatin capsules. IV. Dissolution test of nifedipine soft gelatin capsule containing water soluble vehicles by the rotating dialysis cell method.

The dissolution of oval soft gelatin capsules containing 5 mg of nifedipine dissolved in a water soluble vehicle was evaluated by the rotating dialysis cell (RDC) method and the paddle (PD) method as described in the Japanese Pharmacopoiea (JP) XI. The dissolution pattern of nifedipine obtained by the PD method was linear, and almost 100% of the content was dissolved within 7 to 10 min. The dissolution pattern obtained by the RDC method corresponded to the absorption pattern vs. time curve obtained by th oral administration test in humans. When the RDC method was performed with the cell containing a buffered solution coupled with n-octanol as the dissolution medium, the in vitro dissolution pattern best simulated the in vivo absorption pattern.

Biological Availability↗
PubMed1995

Studies on dissolution tests for soft gelatin capsules by the rotating dialysis cell (RDC) method. VI. Preparation and evaluation of ibuprofen soft gelatin capsule.

We prepared soft gelatin capsules (SC) containing ibuprofen (IB), a widely used phenylpropionic acid-derived antiphlogistic-analgesic drug. To evaluate the SC, in vitro dissolution tests were performed both by the paddle (PD) method described in the Japanese Pharmacopoeia (JPXII) and by the rotating dialysis cell (RDC) method which we previously developed and evaluated for application. In vivo, the blood IB concentration was determined after administration to beagles. Higher bioavailability was observed after administration of the SC containing IB than after administration of the bulk IB powder. A higher correlation was observed between the in vitro dissolution behavior and in vivo results by the RDC method than by the PD method, suggesting the usefulness of the RDC method in the dissolution test of SC.

Animals↗