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PubMed1987

Comparative anatomy and significance of the sesamoid bone of the peroneus longus muscle (os peroneum).

The os peroneum is found in only a few primate families and seems to be completely absent in the non-primate pentadactyl mammals, in the Prosimii and in the Platyrrhinii (New World monkeys). In the Cercopithecidae (Catarrhinii, Old World monkeys) and the Hylobatidae, the os peroneum is a coffee bean-shaped constant, large and regular bone. The lateral surface of the bone is convex in all directions and non-articular. The medial surface is covered with hyaline cartilage and articulates by means of a synovial joint with the corresponding facet of the cuboid bone. The histological structure and the mode of ossification of the os peroneum are identical to that of other short bones of the skeleton. The os peroneum of the Cercopithecidae and Hylobatidae is an example of a new skeletal element that has appeared in a tendon subject to unusual mechanical stress. In the case of the peroneus longus tendon the stress is due to repetitive friction because of the functional importance of this muscle in the adduction and pseudo-opposability of the hallux. This osseous element is genetically fixed and hereditarily transmitted. Its mode of appearance is analogous to that accepted for the origin of the patella. In the Pongidae, the os peroneum is absent or rare. In man, this bone is relatively infrequent (approx 20% of mature individuals) and its shape is most irregular. In this case, the os peroneum appears as a regressive form of the typical bone observed in the above families, which is in the process of disappearing. Besides fundamental genetical factors, this regression is probably in relation to the disappearance of the functional importance of the peroneus longus muscle to the loss of the hallux opposability. Thus the mechanical factors cannot be dissociated from the genetic and phylogenetic factors in explaining the appearance and the regression of the os peroneum.

Aged↗

PubMed1993

Comparative anatomical studies of arteriographs of the hand and foot in primates including man.

In this study we have tried not only to report the variations in the arteries of the hand in Hominoidea (Pongidae and Hominidae) and the frequency with which these deviations occur, but also to deal with them phylogenetically and ontogenically. The arterial system of the human hand and foot are considered to have changed from the ground plan of Old World monkeys. In this paper, the entire arterial system of the primates including man (Cercopithecidae, Pongidae and Hominidae) is discussed in a stereoscopic analysis of angiographs. In the hand, a three-dimensional angiographic analysis of the deep palmar arterial arches and their correlating arteries revealed the following features. In Cercopithecidae, 3 deep palmar arches are formed by branches of the 2nd dorsal metacarpal artery: 2 proximal arches (the catella volaris proximalis and arcus volaris profundus) and 1 distal arch (the catella volaris distalis). The palmar intermetacarpal arteries arise from the catella volaris proximalis and the palmar metacarpal arteries arise from the arcus volaris profundus. In Pongidae, the arches are formed by the perforating branches of the 1st dorsal metacarpal artery, and the catella volaris proximalis is more developed than the arcus volaris profundus. In Hominidae, the arches are formed by the perforating branches of the 1st dorsal metacarpal artery, and they consist of the arcus volaris profundus and an incomplete catella volaris distalis. This change may have been caused by the development of the thumb and its effect on finger movements. In the foot of Macaques, the saphenous artery, instead of the anterior tibial artery, reaches the dorsum of the foot and its branches supply most of the foot. The dorsal arteries are dominant as far as the metatarsal spaces of the lateral four toes. The 2nd dorsal metatarsal artery shows a tendency to be the single dominant artery and to give rise to even 4th plantar common digital artery through the catella plantaris distalis. This tendency was observed more clearly in other macaque species than the Japanese monkey. The perforating branch at the second proximal metatarsal space forms the arcus plantaris profundus, which is accompanied by the deep branch of the lateral plantar nerve. Beneath the arch, the catella plantaris proximalis is formed on the metatarsal bones among the perforating branches of dorsal metatarsal arteries. The posterior tibial artery forms the arcus plantaris superficialis, whose thin branches commonly enter the plantar common digital arteries. As described above, some similar arterial patterns in the hand and foot are ones that are secondarily acquired in man.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Angiography↗

PubMed1980

Highly repetitive component alpha and related alphoid DNAs in man and monkeys.

The genomes of Old-World, New-World, and prosimian primates contain members of a large class of highly repetitive DNAs that are related to one another and to component alpha DNA of the African green monkey by their sequence homologies and restriction site periodicities. The members of this class of highly repetitive DNAs are termed the alphoid DNAs, after the prototypical member, component alpha of the African green monkey which was the first such DNA to be identified (Maio, 1971) and sequenced (Rosenberg et al., 1978). The alphoid DNAs appear to be uniquely primate sequences.--From the restriction enzyme cleavage patterns and Southern blot hybridizations under different stringency conditions, the alphoid DNAs comprise multiple sequence families exhibiting varying degrees of homology to component alpha DNA. They also share common elements in their restriction site periodicities (172 . n base-pairs), in the long-range organization of their repeating units, and in their banding behavior in CsCl and Cs2SO4 bouyant density gradients, in which they band within the bulk DNA as cryptic repetitive components.--In the three species from the Family Cercopithecidae examined, the alphoid DNAs represent the most abundant, tandemly repetitive sequence components, comprising about 24% of the African green monkey genome and 8 to 10% of the Rhesus monkey and baboon genomes. In restriction digests, the bulk of the alphoid DNAs among the Cercopithecidae appeared quantitatively reduced to a simple series of arithmetic segments based on a 172 base-pair (bp) repeat. In contrast with these simple restriction patterns, complex patterns were observed when human alphoid DNAs were cleaved with restriction enzymes. Detailed analysis revealed that the human genome contains multiple alphoid sequence families which differ from one another both in their repeat sequence organization and in their degree of homology to the African green monkey component alpha DNA.--The finding of alphoid sequences in other Old-World primate families, in a New-World monkey, and in a prosimian primate attests to the antiquity of these sequences in primate evolution and to the sequence conservatism of a large class of mammalian highly repetitive DNA. In addition, the relative conservatism exhibited by these sequences may distinguish the alphoid DNAs from more recently evolved highly repetitive components and satellite DNAs which have a more restricted taxonomical distribution.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Geographic and species association of hepatitis B virus genotypes in non-human primates.

Infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) has been detected in human populations throughout the world, as well as in a number of ape species (Pan troglodytes, Gorilla gorilla, gibbons [Nomascus and Hylobates species] and Pongo pygmaeus). To investigate the distribution of naturally occurring HBV infection in these species and other African Old World monkey species (Cercopithecidae), we screened 137 plasma samples from mainly wild caught animals by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using several of highly conserved primers from the HB surface (HBs) gene, and for HBs antigen (HBsAg) by ELISA. None of the 93 Cercopithecidae screened (6 species) showed PCR or serology evidence for HBV infection; in contrast 2 from 8 chimpanzees and 5 from 22 gibbons were PCR-positive with each set of primers. Complete genome sequences from each of the positive apes were obtained and compared with all previously published complete and surface gene sequences. This extended phylogenetic analysis indicated that HBV variants from orangutans were interspersed by with HBV variants from southerly distributed gibbon species (H. agilis and H. moloch) occupying overlapping or adjacent habitat ranges with orangutans; in contrast, HBV variants from gibbon species in mainland Asia were phylogenetically distinct. A geographical rather than (sub)species association of HBV would account for the distribution of HBV variants in different subspecies of chimpanzees in Africa, and explain the inlier position of the previously described lowland gorilla sequence in the chimpanzee clade. These new findings have a number of implication for understanding the origins and epidemiology of HBV infection in non-human primates.

Africa↗

PubMed2001

Characterization of a novel simian immunodeficiency virus from guereza colobus monkeys (Colobus guereza) in Cameroon: a new lineage in the nonhuman primate lentivirus family.

Exploration of the diversity among primate lentiviruses is necessary to elucidate the origins and evolution of immunodeficiency viruses. During a serological survey in Cameroon, we screened 25 wild-born guereza colobus monkeys (Colobus guereza) and identified 7 with HIV/SIV cross-reactive antibodies. In this study, we describe a novel lentivirus, named SIVcol, prevalent in guereza colobus monkeys. Genetic analysis revealed that SIVcol was very distinct from all other known SIV/HIV isolates, with average amino acid identities of 40% for Gag, 50% for Pol, 28% for Env, and around 25% for proteins encoded by five other genes. Phylogenetic analyses confirmed that SIVcol is genetically distinct from other previously characterized primate lentiviruses and clusters independently, forming a novel lineage, the sixth in the current classification. Cercopithecidae monkeys (Old World monkeys) are subdivided into two subfamilies, the Colobinae and the Cercopithecinae, and, so far, all Cercopithecidae monkeys from which lentiviruses have been isolated belong to the Cercopithecinae subfamily. Therefore, SIVcol from guereza colobus monkeys (C. guereza) is the first primate lentivirus identified in the Colobinae subfamily and the divergence of SIVcol may reflect divergence of the host lineage.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1992

Brief communication: the popliteal sesamoid bone (cyamella) in primates.

A study of 246 adult nonhuman primates belonging to 34 genera indicates that a popliteal sesamoid bone is always present in the tendon of the popliteus muscle in Prosimii and Callitrichidae. The bone occurs only variably in Atelidae and Pongo, and is usually absent in Gorilla. The bone is absent, or very rare, in Cebus, Cercopithecidae, Hylobatidae, Pan, and humans. When the bone is present, it articulates with the posterior part of the articular surface of the lateral condyle of the tibia, and lies very close to the head of the fibula, at the angulated part of the popliteal tendon, near the tendomuscular junction. The presence of the popliteal sesamoid bone in primates is a primitive character.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Study of the mitochondrial transcription factor A (Tfam) gene in the primate Presbytis cristata.

The mitochondrial transcription factor A (Tfam) is a member of the HMG-box protein family, necessary for both transcription and maintenance of mitochondrial DNA. The gene is structured in seven exons and six introns and it is estimated to span about 10 kb in mouse, human and rat. In addition to the full length mRNA of Tfam, a shorter mRNA isoform lacking exon 5 has been found to be widely distributed in human and rat tissues. Here we present the isolation and characterization of Tfam gene in the primate Presbytis cristata which belongs to the Cercopithecidae family. We have determined the complete CDS sequence, the size of all the six introns, the complete sequences of the three shorter ones (I, III, VI) and the partial sequences of the long introns (II, IV, V). The comparison with other available Tfam sequences from mammals has revealed a high degree of conservation (above 90%) both in CDS and introns. By in situ hybridization (FISH) experiments we have mapped Tfam gene on chromosome 12 which, according to other cytogenetics studies, is the homologous region of chromosome 10, where human Tfam has been mapped. Moreover we have searched for the presence of alternatively spliced isoforms through several approaches, such as RT-PCR and differential hybridization. In Presbytis cristata we have not detected the presence of any spliced isoforms lacking exons; however we have identified one isoform in which part of the intron I is retained in the mRNA. The inclusion of this portion of intron I would originate an early stop codon if translated.

Alternative Splicing↗

PubMed2002

Transmission dynamics of Cryptosporidium in primates and herbivores at the Barcelona zoo: a long-term study.

Factors influencing the transmission of Cryptosporidium in primates and herbivores housed at the Barcelona zoo have been analyzed. The relationship between continuous and discontinuous oocyst shedding, both animal housing conditions and abiotic factors (seasonality, humidity, temperature) was examined to explain the epizootiology of the protozoan. Thirty six fecal samples from each of 11 primates (Pongidae, Cebidae, Cercopithecidae and Lemuridae) and 22 herbivores (Elephantidae, Camelidae, Cervidae, Giraffidae and Bovidae) were examined over the period of 1 year. The parasite transmission was based on the chronic infection status of some animals serving as a source of successive reinfection for other animals. The environmental temperature and humidity (seasonality), the physical features of the facilities, the vicinity of the animals and the physiological status induced by captivity contributed to transmission. The long-term character of this study was essential for obtaining these results and interpreting the complex relationships.

Animal Husbandry↗

PubMed2003

Evolution of the beta defensin 2 gene in primates.

With the aim of further investigating the molecular evolution of beta defensin genes, after having analysed beta defensin 1 (DEFB1) in humans and several nonhuman primate species, we have studied the evolution of the beta defensin 2 gene (DEFB2), which codifies for a peptide with antimicrobial and chemoattractant activity, in humans and 16 primate species. We have found evidence of positive selection during the evolution of orthologous DEFB2 genes at two points on a phylogenetic tree relating these primates: during the divergence of the platyrrhines from the catarrhines and during the divergence of the Cercopithecidae from the Hylobatidae, Great Apes and humans. Furthermore, amino acid variations in Old World Monkeys seem to centre either on residues that are involved in oligomerisation in the human molecule, or that are conserved (40-80%) in beta-defensins in general. It is thus likely that these variations affect the biological function of the molecules and suggest that their synthesis and functional analysis might reveal interesting new information as to their role in innate immunity.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1996

Evolution of the sweetness receptor in primates. II. Gustatory responses of non-human primates to nine compounds known to be sweet in man.

The gustatory responses of nine compounds, namely glycine, D-phenylalanine, D-tryptophan, cyanosuosan, magapame, sucrononate, campame, cyclamate and superaspartame, all known as sweet in man, were studied in 41 species or subspecies of non-human primates, selected among Prosimii (Lemuridae and Lorisidae), Platyrrhini (Callitrichidae and Cebidae) and Catarrhini (Cercopithecidae, Hylobatidae and Pongidae). The first six compounds are generally sweet to all primates, which implies that they interact with the primate sweetness receptors essentially through constant recognition sites. Campame is sweet only to Cebidae and Catarrhini, cyclamate only to Catarrhini, superaspartame principally to Callitrichidae and Catarrhini, which implies that all these compounds interact with the receptors partly through variable recognition sites. From the present work, from other previous results (where notably it was observed that alitame is sweet to all primates, ampame only to Prosimii and Catarrhini, and aspartame only to Catarrhini), and from the multipoint attachment (MPA) theory of sweetness reception (as elaborated by Nofre and Tinti from a detailed study of structure-activity relationships of various sweeteners in man), it is inferred that the primate sweetness receptors are very likely made up of eight recognition sites, of which the first, second, third, fourth, seventh and eighth are constant, and the fifth and sixth variable. From these results and from the MPA theory, it is also inferred that the recognition sites of the primate sweetness receptors could be: Asp-1 or Glu-1, Lys-2, Asp-3 or Glu-3, Thr-4, X-5, X-6, Thr-7, Ser-8, where the variable recognition sites X-5 and X-6 would be: Ala-5 and Ala-6 for Callitrichidae, Ser-5 and Ala-6 for Cebidae, Ala-5 and Thr-6 for Prosimii, and Thr-5 and Thr-6 for Catarrhini. By using Tupaiidae (tree shrews) as a reference outgroup and by means of other structural and functional molecular considerations, it appears that Callitrichidae have retained the most primitive receptor among the four types of primate receptors. The possible taxonomic and phylogenetic implications of these findings are discussed.

Animals↗

PubMed1980

Intergroup infant kidnapping in Hanuman langur.

The Hanuman langur, Presbytis entellus (Primates, Cercopithecidae, Colobinae), is under investigation in its wild state around Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India, since 1967. Jodhpur constitutes its extreme western range of distribution beyond which lies the Great Indian Desert. Infant transfer, infant killing [see Mohnot, 1971a, b], and intergroup infant kidnapping were frequently observed in this habitat. Details pertaining to intergroup infant kidnapping by allomothers of neighboring groups are presented here.

Agonistic Behavior↗

PubMed2005

Natural history of the ERVWE1 endogenous retroviral locus.

BACKGROUND: The human HERV-W multicopy family includes a unique proviral locus, termed ERVWE1, whose full-length envelope ORF was preserved through evolution by the action of a selective pressure. The encoded Env protein (Syncytin) is involved in hominoid placental physiology. RESULTS: In order to infer the natural history of this domestication process, a comparative genomic analysis of the human 7q21.2 syntenic regions in eutherians was performed. In primates, this region was progressively colonized by LTR-elements, leading to two different evolutionary pathways in Cercopithecidae and Hominidae, a genetic drift versus a domestication, respectively. CONCLUSION: The preservation in Hominoids of a genomic structure consisting in the juxtaposition of a retrotransposon-derived MaLR LTR and the ERVWE1 provirus suggests a functional link between both elements.

Animals↗

PubMed1988

The primary structure of the mandrill (Mandrillus sphinx, Primates) hemoglobin.

The complete primary structure of the hemoglobin from the Mandrill (Mandrillus sphinx, Primates) is presented. This hemoglobin comprises two components in approximately equal amounts (HB I and Hb II). The alpha-chains differ in positions 5 (A3) and 9 (A7) having Ala and Asn in the alpha I-chains and Asp and His in the alpha II-chains. The beta-chains are identical. The components could be separated by DEAE-Sephacel chromatography. The globin chains were obtained by carboxymethylcellulose chromatography or high-performance liquid chromatography. The sequences were established by automatic liquid or gas phase Edman degradation of the chains and their tryptic peptides. The alpha-chains show 9 and 11 and the beta-chains 8 exchanges compared with the corresponding human chains, respectively. In the beta-chains one alpha 1/beta 1- and one alpha 1/beta 2-contact is substituted. A comparison of the primary structures of the Mandrill hemoglobin chains with those of other species of the Cercopithecidae family shows that Mandrillus sphinx should be placed between Cercopithecus and Macaca on one side and Papio, Theropithecus and Cercocebus on the other.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2002

Does the milk of Callitrichid monkeys differ from that of larger anthropoids?

The generalization that anthropoid primates produce dilute milks that are low in protein and energy is based primarily on data from large monkeys of the families Cebidae and Cercopithecidae, as well as humans. The marmosets and tamarins (Callitrichidae) are not only much smaller in body size, but also typically raise multiple offspring during a relatively brief lactation. We hypothesized that selection for small body size and high reproductive rate might favor secretion of milk of higher energy and protein concentrations. To test this hypothesis, 46 milk samples collected from 10 common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus, ca. 350 g) were assayed for dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), fat, and sugar; and gross energy (GE) was calculated from these constituents. We also assayed five samples collected from three golden lion tamarins (Leontopithecus rosalia, ca. 700 g) and six samples collected from a single pygmy marmoset (Cebuella pygmaea, ca. 150 g) over two lactation periods. All samples were collected between days 10 and 57 post partum, representing mid lactation for these species. The milks of these three species were similar, containing 14.0%, 16.1%, and 13.7% DM; 2.7%, 2.6%, and 2.9% CP; 3.6%, 5.2%, and 3.7% fat; 7.4%, 7.2%, and 7.8% sugar; and 0.76, 0.90, and 0.82 kcal/g for common marmosets, golden lion tamarins, and the pygmy marmoset, respectively. These species produced milks with energy values that were within the range reported for large anthropoids, albeit with slightly higher protein concentration. However, milk composition did vary substantially among individual common marmoset females, especially in the proportion of milk energy derived from fat. In contrast, CP as expressed as a percent of GE was remarkably constant among common marmoset females. Callitrichid milk appeared to be similar to that of larger anthropoid primates in GE, but was higher in CP and in the proportion of GE from CP. However, the small sample sizes for the golden lion tamarin and the pygmy marmoset, and the wide variation in milk composition found among common marmoset females cautions against definitively characterizing the milks of callitrichids from these data.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Morphological variation within a macaque hybrid zone.

A hybrid zone exists between Macaca tonkeana and Macaca hecki (Primates: Cercopithecidae), centered along the Tawaeli-Toboli road in the narrow isthmus that connects North and Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. The current study demonstrates morphological substructure from north to south across the hybrid zone. Macaques to the northwest of the Tawaeli-Toboli road more closely resemble M. hecki, and macaques to the southeast of the road resemble M. tonkeana. While morphology shifted for both males and females over a distance of 1,500-2,000 m, adult males were significantly more M. tonkeana-like across the morphological gradient. This suggests that in the study area, males of M. tonkeana-like morphology are dispersing into hybrid groups at the expense of M. hecki-like males. A permutation analysis of diagnostic character states indicated that associations existed among several morphological traits. This could be due to the operation of one or several nonexclusive evolutionary processes, including recent secondary contact, pleiotropic effects, physical linkage of loci, natural selection against hybrids, the influx of parental types, or assortative mating. Continued environmental perturbation associated with the Tawaeli-Toboli road is likely to be a significant factor in the future of the M. tonkeana/M. hecki hybrid interaction.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

Evolution of protamine P1 genes in primates.

Protamine P1 genes have been sequenced by PCR amplification and direct DNA sequencing from 9 primates representing 5 major families, Cebidae (new world monkeys), Cercopithecidae (old world monkeys), Hylobatidae (gibbons), Pongidae (gorilla, orangutan, and chimpanzee), and Hominidae (human). In this recently diverged group of primates these genes are clearly orthologous but very variable, both at the DNA level and in their expressed amino acid sequences. The rate of variation amongst the protamine P1s indicates that they are amongst the most rapidly diverging polypeptides studied. However, some regions are conserved both in primates and generally in other placental mammals. These are the 13 N-terminal residues (including a region of alternating serine and arginine residues (the motif SRSR, res. 10-13) susceptible to Ser phosphorylation), a tract of six Arg residues (res. 24-29) in the center of the molecule, and a six-residue region (RCCRRR, res. 39-44), consisting of a pair of cysteines flanked by arginines. Detailed consideration of nearest-neighbor matrices and trees based on maximum parsimony indicates that P1 genes from humans, gorillas, and chimpanzees are very similar. The amino acid and nucleotide differences between humans and gorillas are fewer than those between humans and chimpanzees. This finding is at variance with data from DNA-DNA hybridization and extensive globin and mitochondrial DNA sequences which place human and chimpanzee as closest relatives in the super family, Hominoidea. This may be related to the fact that protamine P1s are expressed in germ line rather than somatic cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1979

Chromosomal evolution in primates: tentative phylogeny from Microcebus murinus (Prosimian) to man.

The karyotypes of more than 60 species of Primates are studied and compared, with the use of almost all existing banding techniques. There is a very close analogy of chromosome banding between the Simians studied and man. The quantitative or qualitative variations detected all involve the heterochromatin. It is very likely that all the euchromatin (nonvariable R and Q bands) is identical in all the species. Approximately 70% of the bands are common to the Simians and to the Lemurs (Prosimians). In the remaining 30%, technical difficulties prevented a valuable comparison, but this does not exclude the possibility that a complete analogy may exist. Thus, it is very likely that chromosomal evolutions of the Simians, and probably of all the Primates, has occurred without duplication or deficiency of the euchromatin. Approximately 150 rearrangements could be identified and related to the human chromosomes. The types of rearrangement vary from one group (suborder, family, genus) to another. For instance, Robertsonian translocations are preponderant among the Lemuridae (44/57), but are nonexistent among the Pongidae. Chromosome fissions are very frequent amng the Cercopithecidae (10/23), but were not found elsewhere, and pericentric inversions are preponderant in the evolution of Pongidae and man (17/28). This suggest that the chromosomal evolution may be directed by the genic constitution (favouring the occurrence of a particular type of rearrangement, by enzymatic reaction), by the chromosomal morphology (the probability that Robertsonian translocation will be formed depends at least partially on the number of acrocentrics), and by the reproductive behaviour of the animals. Reconstitution of the sequence of the chromosomal rearrangements allowed us to propose a fairly precise genealogy of many Primates, giving the positions of the Catarrhines, the Platyrrhines, and the Prosimians. It was also possible to reconstruct the karyotypes of ancestors that died out several dozen million years ago. The possible role of chromosomal rearrangements in evolution is discussed. It appears necessary to consider different categories of rearrangements separately, depending on their behaviour. The 'nonfavoured' rearrangements, such as pericentric inversions, need to occur in an isolated small population for implanting, by an equivalent of genic derivation. The 'favoured' rearrangements, e.g., Robertsonian translocations, may occur and diffuse in panmictic populations, and accumulate. Their role of gametic barrier could be much more progressive. For discrimination between these two categories, it was necessary to differentiate the selective advantage or disadvantage of the rearrangement itself. It was not possible to show that chromosomal rearrangements play a direct role in modification of the phenotype by position effect. Comparison of the rearrangement that have occurred during evolution and those detected in the human population shows a strong correlation for some of them...

Animals↗

PubMed1990

DNA hybridization evidence of hominoid phylogeny: a reanalysis of the data.

Sibley and Ahlquist (1984, 1987) presented the results of a study of 514 DNA-DNA hybrids among the hominoids and Old World monkeys (Cercopithecidae). They concluded that the branching order of the living hominoid lineages, from oldest to most recent, was gibbons, orangutan, gorilla, chimpanzees, and human. Thus, a chimpanzee-human clade was indicated, rather than the chimpanzee-gorilla clade usually suggested from morphological evidence. The positions of the gibbon and orangutan branches in the phylogeny are supported by substantial evidence, but whether the chimpanzee lineage branched most recently from the human lineage or from the gorilla lineage remains controversial. The conclusions of Sibley and Ahlquist (1984, 1987) have been supported by several independent studies cited by Sibley and Ahlquist (1987), plus the DNA sequence data of Hayasaka et al. (1988), Miyamoto et al. (1988), Goodman et al. (1989, 1990), and the DNA-DNA hybridization data of Caccone and Powell (1989). The laboratory and data analysis methods have been criticized by Marks et al. (1988) and Sarich et al. (1989). In response to these critics, and for our own interests, we present a reanalysis of the Sibley and Ahlquist data, including a description of the corrections applied to the "raw counts." The validity of the laboratory methods is supported by the congruence of tree topology and delta values with those of Caccone and Powell (1989), although their tetraethylammonium chloride technique differs from the hydroxyapatite method in several respects. The utility of the T50H distance measure is indicated by its congruence with percent sequence divergence at least to delta T50H 30, as noted by Goodman et al. (1990). The Sibley and Ahlquist uncorrected data indicate that Pan is genetically closer to Homo than to Gorilla, but that Gorilla may be genetically closer to Pan than to Homo. Melting curves are presented for the pertinent experiments, plus one that includes representatives of most of the groups of living primates.

Animals↗