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Results for “Cognitive function”

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PubMed1987

Effects of anterior temporal lobectomy on cognitive function.

Sixty-three patients with intractable partial complex epilepsy were treated by anterior temporal lobectomy for seizure control. Psychometric studies before and after operation documented cognitive function and evaluated the effects of operation on cognition. The mean follow-up period was 7.7 months. Sixty-two of 63 patients had improved seizure control; 49 (78%) were seizure free. Operation had different effects on cognitive abilities in those with right vs. left temporal lobe excisions. Although both groups maintained summary IQ scores in the average range, after operation the left temporal group was less efficient on language-dependent cognitive tasks, particularly those that involved complex learning and memory. In contrast, persons who had right temporal ablations were either unchanged or slightly better cognitively after operation. Future research and clinical evaluations should focus on the components of the learning and memory processes when the ramifications of temporal lobe ablations on cognitive function are studied.

Adult↗

PubMed1987

Differential effect of desglycinamide9-(Arg8)-vasopressin on cognitive functions of diabetes insipidus and alcoholic patients.

Intranasal treatment with desglycinamide9-(Arg8)-vasopressin (DGAVP) improved certain aspects of cognitive functions of patients with acquired and congenital diabetes insipidus and of alcoholic patients with mild cognitive impairments. Patients with Korsakoff's syndrome, presenting with severe cognitive impairments, were resistent to DGVP treatment. DGAVP treatment did not affect blood pressure and water metabolism. The action of DGAVP on cognitive functions is probably mediated by centrally located target sites and may be expressed only in patients in whom these target sites are unimpaired.

Administration, Intranasal↗

PubMed1988

Somatostatin and SMS 201-995 reverse the impairment of cognitive functions induced by cysteamine depletion of brain somatostatin.

The involvement of somatostatin in the organization of cognitive functions was studied. We assessed changes in learning and memory processes by studying the effects of cysteamine, a compound that decreases somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in the brain, somatostatin and the potent somatostatin analogue, SMS 201-995, on active avoidance behaviour, assessed with a shuttle box apparatus, or on passive avoidance behaviour. Cysteamine induced a loss of the conditioned active avoidance response acquired after 3 weeks of daily trials. The effect was observed 2 h (-29%) and 4 h (-51%) after cysteamine treatment (300 mg/kg s.c.) and disappeared after 24 h. Intracerebroventricular administration of somatostatin or SMS 201-995 to cysteamine-treated rats significantly reversed the cysteamine effects on the conditioned avoidance responses. Similar results were obtained on passive avoidance behaviour. We also investigated the effect of cysteamine treatment on brain somatostatin-sensitive adenylate cyclase. We observed that adenylate cyclase activity in the frontal cortex of cysteamine-pretreated animals was more sensitive to inhibition by the SRIF analogue, SMS 201-995, than it was in control animals. This effect was observed at concentrations of SMS 201-995 that were ineffective in control tissue. These results show that disruption of somatostatinergic transmission affects cognitive functions of rats.

Adenylyl Cyclases↗

PubMed1991

Improvement in cognitive functioning of alcoholics following orthotopic liver transplantation.

Cognitive functioning in alcoholic cirrhotics before and 1 year following orthotopic liver transplantation was compared with age- and sex-matched normal subjects. The alcoholic group improved significantly following transplantation on tests measuring psychomotor, visuopractic and abstracting abilities whereas the performance of normal controls remained virtually unchanged. In contrast, memory capacity in alcoholics with cirrhosis did not statistically improve following successful transplantation. Further investigation, using more sophisticated measures of memory function, are required to determine whether memory deficits are either associated with alcohol neurotoxicity or an irreversible component of hepatic encephalopathy. These findings suggest that a reversible hepatic encephalopathy underlies many of the neuropsychologic deficits observed in cirrhotic alcoholics and can be ameliorated following successful liver transplantation.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

[A multi-stage cognitive training program for improving cognitive functions of chronic alcoholic patients].

In accordance with neuropsychological findings, that chronic alcohol abuse can lead to cognitive impairment, a multi-phased cognitive training program (MKT) developed by Sagstetter was conducted with a group of chronic alcoholic patients. In this article this program is introduced and evaluated with regard to chronic alcoholic patients and their improvement in certain cognitive functions. The study group consisted of 11 chronic alcoholics, who regularly took part in the program. The control group consisted of 11 patients who took part on a behavior therapy program offered by the clinic and had similar social and pathological histories to those of the study group. The two groups were compared with each other with the help of a follow-up study design after approximately seven weeks. The results reveal that this present cognitive training program promotes, above all, cognitive functions such as visual short-time memory, concentration, form perception as well as combination and organisation ability.

Adult↗

PubMed1989

Effects of missing breakfast on the cognitive functions of school children of differing nutritional status.

We examined the effects of omitting breakfast on the cognitive functions of three groups of children: stunted, nonstunted controls, and previously severely malnourished. They were admitted to a metabolic ward twice. After an overnight fast half the children received breakfast on their first visit and a cup of tea the second time. The treatment order was reversed for the other half. When breakfast was omitted, both the stunted and previously malnourished groups responded similarly. The malnourished groups had lower scores in fluency and coding whereas the control group had higher scores in arithmetic. The children were divided into wasted and nonwasted groups. Wasted children were adversely affected in the digit span backwards tests, and wasted members of the malnourished groups were adversely affected in efficiency of problem solving and those in the control group in digit span forwards. These results indicate that cognitive functions are more vulnerable to missing breakfast in poorly nourished children.

Child↗

PubMed1990

A comparison of the effect of fluoxetine and trazodone on the cognitive functioning of depressed outpatients.

Tricyclic antidepressants with clinically significant amounts of anticholinergic activity can adversely affect memory and cognitive functioning. The study evaluated the effect of two non-anticholinergic antidepressants, fluoxetine and trazodone, on immediate and short-term memory in clinically depressed outpatients. The results of this study demonstrated that neither drug affected the depressed patients' cognitive skills as measured by the Guild memory test (digit span and paired associations) during their treatment and recovery. The only factor that was useful in predicting an improvement in cognitive functioning was the change in the measures of depression (Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression and Clinical Global Impression) with time.

Depressive Disorder↗

PubMed1990

Acute alcohol intoxication and cognitive functioning.

Acute alcohol intoxication produces changes in the cognitive functioning of normal individuals. These changes appear similar prima facie to those exhibited by individuals who sustain prefrontal lobe damage during adulthood. In order to test the validity of this observation, and to control for the confounding effects of expectancy, 72 male subjects were administered a battery of neuropsychological tests, within the context of a balanced-placebo design. Each subject received one of three widely different doses of alcohol. Analysis of the results of the cognitive test battery demonstrated that a high dose of alcohol detrimentally affects a number of functions associated with the prefrontal and temporal lobes, including planning, verbal fluency, memory and complex motor control. Expectancy does not appear to play a significant role in determining this effect. The implications of this pattern of impairment are analyzed and discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1992

Atenolol compared with nifedipine: effect on cognitive function and mood in elderly hypertensive patients.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of atenolol and nifedipine on mood and cognitive function in elderly hypertensive patients. DESIGN: Randomized, double-blind, crossover trial. PATIENTS: Thirty-one elderly volunteers (7 women and 4 men) 60 to 81 years of age with mild to moderate hypertension were recruited from the general community and a Veterans Affairs hospital hypertension clinic. Six volunteers withdrew at early phases of the study for reasons unrelated to adverse drug effects. INTERVENTIONS: Participants had 2 weeks of placebo, to 6 weeks of titration with atenolol or nifedipine, and weeks of treatment followed by similar periods with the other drug. MEASUREMENTS: Psychometric tests designed to assess mood and cognitive function. RESULTS: In the group first treated with nifedipine, the summed recall score on the Buschke selective reminding test (a test of verbal learning and memory) decreased by 9.3 words (95% CI, 2.8 to 15.6 words), or 0%, during nifedipine treatment compared with placebo (P = 0.031). The group first treated with atenolol showed no improvement in summed recall scores when results seen during atenolol therapy and placebo administration were compared (P = 0.10); however, this group had an improvement of 16.1 words (CI, 5.6 to 26.5 words), or of 16%, when the atenolol score was compared with the nifedipine score (P = 0.026). In the group first treated with nifedipine, 6 of 11 patients 55%) showed a decrease of 5 words or more during nifedipine therapy compared with placebo, whereas only 1 of the 14 patients (7%) in the group first treated with atenolol showed a similar decrease (P less than 0.01). On the digit symbol test (a psychomotor test), patients treated first with atenolol tended to improve, whereas patients treated first with nifedipine tended to decline. The difference between nifedipine and atenolol, in terms of the change from the score seen during placebo, was 4.3 codings (CI, 0.7 to 7.9 codings) or 10% (P = 0.043). No statistically significant differences were seen between nifedipine and atenolol therapy regarding the other measures of psychomotor ability, sustained attention, motor performance, verbal fluency, or abstract reasoning, and no effects of either drug on mood or psychopathologic symptoms were noted. CONCLUSIONS: Although atenolol and nifedipine are generally free of gross effects on cognition or mood, nifedipine may subtly impair learning and memory in some elderly hypertensive patients.

Affect↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Cognitive function in hypertensives treated with atenolol or propranolol.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To test reports that beta blockers, particularly lipophilic forms, impair cognitive function and cause psychiatric disturbances. DESIGN: Randomized, double-blind, controlled crossover trial with eight-week treatment periods. PATIENTS: Sequential sample of 42 male veterans, with untreated diastolic blood pressures (DBP) between 90 and 110 mmHg, aged 35-64 years. INTERVENTIONS: Propranolol-LA, 80-mg tablets, or atenolol, 50-mg tablets, were given daily, incremented by one tablet at weekly intervals until DBP less than or equal to 90 mmHg. Hydrochlorothiazide was added, if necessary. MAIN RESULTS: Repeated-measures ANOVA was performed on all cognitive tests. Cognitive test performance was not affected by beta blocker therapy in seven of nine tests and was enhanced on Trail Making Test. Performance was impaired only on Digit Cancellation. Neither Speilberger's State Trait Anxiety Inventory nor the Beck Depression Inventory was affected by either beta blocker. CONCLUSIONS: Atenolol or propranolol therapy does not impair cognitive function or contribute significantly to psychiatric side effects.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed1987

Effect of lithium carbonate on lateralized cognitive functions.

The effect of lithium carbonate on lateralized cognitive functions was studied by asking a patient suffering from a manic-depressive disorder to repeatedly recognize a given series of digits delivered dichotically while varying the dosage of lithium carbonate intake. The data showed that, whereas digit recognition from the right ear (left hemisphere) was about the same across tests, recognition from the left ear (right hemisphere) varied systematically with dosage variations. Specifically, it was found that an increase in dosage of lithium carbonate was associated with a decrease in recognition from the left ear. These data might indicate unilateral hemispheric effects of lithium carbonate on the dysfunctional right hemisphere of patients suffering from bipolar affective disorders. Clinical implications of the findings of the present case study are also discussed.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

Regional cerebral blood flow and cognitive function in patients with chronic liver disease.

Subtle impairments of cognitive function may be an important cause of occupational and psychosocial morbidity in patients with chronic liver disease. Correlation of structural brain abnormalities with cognitive deficits has yielded inconsistent results. 10 patients with cirrhotic liver disease were compared with 10 age, education, and intelligence matched control subjects. Neuropsychological assessment revealed significant overall cognitive impairments in cirrhotic patients compared with controls (p = 0.02). Regional cerebral blood flow was measured by single photon emission computed tomography (SPET or SPECT) and showed increased uptake of radiotracer in the right and left posterior parts of the basal ganglia and right occipital lobe, together with reduced uptake in the right anterior cingulate region. The degree of cognitive impairment was directly correlated with functional abnormalities in the basal ganglia and limbic cortex (p less than 0.05). Our results suggest that impaired cognitive status may be associated with abnormalities of regional brain function in patients with chronic liver disease. Since these deficits are clinically inapparent, our findings have important implications for identification and management of patients with chronic liver disease.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed1990

Children with epilepsy: the effect of seizures, syndromes, and etiological factors on cognitive functioning.

Overall, children with epilepsy have poorer concentration and mental processing and are less alert than age-matched controls. The relationship between cognitive functioning and epilepsy is complex, however, with widely differing degrees of intellectual impairment--ranging from minimal to severe and progressive--related to diverse types of epileptic seizures, syndromes, and etiological factors. Prolonged and frequently repeated seizures are typically associated with more severe effects on cognitive functioning, particularly if epilepsy is symptomatic, i.e., secondary to a demonstrable brain lesion. A combination of such factors may contribute to the mental deterioration seen in many children suffering from severe epilepsy.

Child↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Cognitive function and time-of-day variation in serum carbamazepine concentration in epileptic patients treated with monotherapy.

Different parameters of antiepileptic drug (AED) treatment have been shown to affect cognitive function. The drug, dose, and duration of treatment have been studied. The present study assessed cognitive function in relation to time-of-day variation in serum carbamazepine (CBZ) concentration in epileptic patients treated with monotherapy. We studied 10 males and 12 females with a mean age of 36 years and a mean duration of CBZ-therapy of 4.4 years. Patients had been seizure-free for at least 1 month and took two daily CBZ doses. The test battery included tests of motor speed, reaction time, attention, and memory. In the experimental design, the subjects were tested twice at times close to expected daily maximum and minimum serum CBZ concentration. They were studied in two balanced blocks (block 1 tested at 8 a.m. and noon, block 2 tested at noon and 8 p.m.). Blood samples were collected every 2 hr from 8 a.m. to 8 p.m. The subjects showed significant differences in serum CBZ concentration between testing times, with suggested maximum concentration between 10 a.m. and noon. The test battery showed no consistent differences between performance at times of high versus low serum concentration. A supplementary analysis of correlations between mean performance level on cognitive tests and variables related to CBZ treatment did not show consistent trends.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1987

The effect of oral contraceptive pills on levels of oxytocin in plasma and on cognitive functions.

Millions of healthy women use combined oral contraceptives (o.c.) for decades. In spite of that, little is known about their possible effects on cognitive functions. In this open cross-over study, 20 women were examined twice at four-week intervals at a fixed period of the menstrual cycle when they were and when they were not taking o.c. They were examined with a test-battery to assess cognitive functions. Blood samples were taken before and after breakfast to assess levels of oxytocin and prolactin. A significant increase in levels of oxytocin was registered when the women were on o.c. There was no significant difference in performance on the psychometric tests when the participants were on o.c. compared to when they were without o.c.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

Cognitive function in children with leukemia. Effect of radiation dose and time since irradiation.

The effect of two cranial radiation (CRTX) doses and the time since radiation therapy on cognitive functioning were studied in 35 children who completed therapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). The patients were grouped according to CRTX dose (2400 or 1800 cGy) and evaluated for general intelligence, academic achievement, and visual motor integration. Those who received 2400 cGy (n = 20) scored ten points below those treated with 1800 cGy (n = 15) on verbal intelligence quotient and achievement tests of reading, spelling, and arithmetic. The effect of time since radiation therapy on these measures of cognitive function was significant (P = 0.001 to 0.03); the effect of CRTX dose was not. Visual motor integration scores in both groups fell below the 33rd percentile. The effect of CRTX dose and time since radiation therapy on visual motor integration and performance intelligence quotient were not significant. Thus, the interval between treatment and the emergence of cognitive impairments may be longer after lower CRTX doses, and deficits in nonverbal areas such as visual motor integration may appear first. A larger study is needed to confirm these findings from a limited sample of long-term survivors of ALL.

Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols↗

PubMed2026

Effects of six weeks of guanidinoacetic acid supplementation with and without creatine monohydrate on cognitive function and markers of health in healthy adults.

BACKGROUND: Guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) supplementation has been reported to increase brain creatine content more effectively than creatine monohydrate (CrM). However, the effects on cognitive function are unclear. PURPOSE: The purpose of this proof-of-concept exploratory clinical trial was to determine whether GAA supplementation with and without CrM affects cognitive function and/or markers of health. METHODS: In a double-blind, randomized, and counterbalanced manner, 58 healthy and active adults (33 females, 35.5 ± 14 years, 76.2 ± 14 kg) ingested a PLA (PLA, 2 × 6 g/d maltodextrin), GAA (2 × 1 g/d) + PLA (2 × 5 g/d), or GAA (2 × 1 g/d) + CrM (2 × 5 g/d) for six weeks. The participants donated fasting blood samples and completed a battery of tests and questionnaires assessing various aspects of function, mood, stress, sleep quality, and markers of health at baseline and after six weeks of supplementation. Data were analyzed using General Linear Model (GLM) multivariate and univariate with repeated measures, and mean changes from baseline with 95% confidence intervals, and Chi-squared analysis, and considered significant when the probability of error was 0.05 or less, and approaching significance (p > 0.05-p < 0.10). RESULTS: GAA supplementation tended to improve overall reaction time (-241.8 ms [-533, 50], p = 0.10) while significant interaction effects were observed in overall reaction time (p = 0.031-330 ms [-629, -31]) and YES reaction time (-290 ms [-484, -96], p = 0.004) while recalled correct reaction time (-178 ms [-374, 21], p = 0.078) and recalled correct YES (7.4 % [-1, 15.8], p = 0.084) approached significance compared to PLA. Limited to no effects were observed on the Delayed Picture Recognition Task Test, Digit Vigilance Task Test, Corsi Block Task Test, or Stroop Color-Word Task Test. The amount of time engaged in moderate physical activity was significantly greater (p < 0.05) in the GAA group compared to PLA. Participants in the GAA group reported a lower frequency of controlling irritations (p = 0.036), and feeling like difficulties are mounting (p = 0.053) on the Perceived Stress Scale. Some positive and potentially undesirable effects were observed in sleep quality assessments. The quality of life assessment revealed that participants in the GAA group reported less frequent feelings of being worn out (p = 0.068) and that their health was excellent (p = 0.092) while those in the GAA + CrM group reported more frequent limitations when bending, kneeling, or stooping (p = 0.053), more often feeling full of life (p = 0.081), and less frequency in feeling downhearted and depressed (p = 0.066). No clinically meaningful changes were observed in blood markers or self-reported side effects among the groups. CONCLUSION: Dietary supplementation with GAA (2 g/d) and the combination of CrM (10 g/d + GAA 2 g/d) for six weeks improved delayed verbal episodic recognition memory and retrieval speed and some measures of perceived stress, sleep quality, and quality of life. However, most cognitive tests were not affected, particularly when comparing the GAA to the PLA group; there were some inconsistencies in the findings, and several differences only approached significance. Additional research is needed before conclusions can be drawn. Clinical trial registration: ISRCTN68542582.

Humans↗

PubMed1991

Cognitive functioning and survival in psychogeriatric patients.

The relationship between cognitive functioning and survival was studied among 92 people referred to a psychogeriatric assessment unit. A follow-up 4-5 years later showed that the nonsurvivors initially had lower scores on the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) than the survivors. The differences were greatest among individuals with nondementia diagnosis. Survival curves showed that about 50% of those who scored less than or equal to 19 on MMSE had died within 2 years but more than 60% of those who scored greater than or equal to 20 were still alive 4-5 years after the initial assessment.

Aged↗