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Results for “Cognitive functioning”

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PubMed1991

Brain somatostatin: receptor-coupled transducing mechanisms and role in cognitive functions.

In recent years there has been an increased interest in understanding the role of somatostatin in the brain. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the anatomical distribution of somatostatin and its receptors, the receptor-coupling mechanisms and the somatostatinergic modulation of cognitive functions. Somatostatin is also highly concentrated in the extra-hypothalamic areas of the brain, including the frontal and parietal cortex and the hippocampus. At these locations somatostatin may play a fundamental role in the modulation of cognitive functions. Activation of somatostatin receptors in the brain results in an inhibition of adenylate cyclase enzyme activity, reduction in intracellular Ca2+ levels and hypopolarization of cells by inducing outward K+ currents. Biological studies on the effects of increased brain somatostatin showed a facilitation in learning behavioural tasks, while brain somatostatin depletion by cysteamine caused memory loss. These observations, along with the severe somatostatinergic neurotransmission impairment demonstrated in Alzheimer's patients, strongly suggest a fundamental role for somatostatin in the modulation of cognitive functions.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

Antiepileptic drugs, cognitive function, and behavior in children.

In conclusion, it should be repeated that behavioral and cognitive functions in children with epilepsy, as in adults, represent the outcome of multifactorial processes. However, interest has been growing in the role of anticonvulsant drugs as an important variable. Studies in adults have clearly shown the impact of these drugs on both cognitive function and behavior, and the beneficial effects of achieving monotherapy, especially with carbamazepine, have been noted. Extrapolation of these results to children would seem reasonable, and there is some evidence in the literature to support this conclusion. Data in children, however, are complicated by several confounding factors. These include the status of the child under investigation; for example, children with a pre-existing behavior disorder appear to be more susceptible to developing grossly disturbed behavior with medications such as phenobarbital, as opposed to those who at pretreatment assessment do not display abnormalities. Mentally retarded children may be another group specifically susceptible to developing problems with medications. The effect of the anticonvulsant drug on seizure frequency is a complicating variable in interpretation of many investigations: in some patients improvement of seizures leads to improved behavior, while in others the opposite occurs. In some children, behavior exacerbations appear to be provoked by the sudden cessation of seizures, which may occur, for example, in forced normalization associated with barbiturates or benzodiazepines. Serum level monitoring is often not possible in childhood studies because of ethical considerations, and interpreting pharmacokinetic interactions from mere knowledge of orally prescribed agents is hazardous.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Anticonvulsants↗

PubMed1992

[The effect of dihydroergocristine on cognitive functions and sleep in elderly subjects].

The aim of this study was to assess the effect induced by the dopamine agonist dihydroergocristine (DHEC, CAS 17479-19-5), whose memory-improving activity is well-known, on sleep pattern and cognitive function, and the possible relationship between them. Ten elderly volunteers were included in the study. Selected subjects had to be neither demented nor depressed, according to neuropsychodiagnostic criteria (SCAG < 30, Hachinski dementia score < or = 15, Hachinski ischemic score < 6, HRSD < or = 22). All subjects underwent a nightly polysomnographic evaluation during placebo, after single and long-term once-daily 6 mg DHEC administration. Cognitive function and attention were also assessed by the Randt memory test and WAIS digit-symbol subtest. DHEC caused a marked and significant increase in the acquisition subitem, and memory improvement was documented during DHEC treatment. A significant direct relationship between the effect of DHEC on REM sleep and memory test was also evidenced. Our results confirmed the role of REM sleep in the restoration of cognitive function.

Aged↗

PubMed1987

Magnetic resonance imaging and cognitive functioning in multiple sclerosis.

The relationship between cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis and brain lesions seen on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was studied. Three groups of 11 patients with multiple sclerosis, matched for the variables of disability, duration of illness, age and sex, were included. On the basis of neuropsychological testing, the groups were seen to differ in their level of cognitive impairment. The first group showed no cognitive impairment, the second group a moderate, and the third group a serious cognitive impairment. These differences between the groups were reflected by MRI, which revealed more abnormalities in the groups with cognitive impairment compared with the group with normal cognitive function. However, by MRI it was not possible to distinguish between the groups with moderate and that with serious cognitive impairment.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of vigabatrin on cognitive function and mood when used as add-on therapy in patients with intractable epilepsy.

Cognitive function and mood of patients with epilepsy who received 2 g/day vigabatrin (GVG) in addition to their usual antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) was assessed on two occasions: before start of treatment (baseline) and 4 weeks after start of treatment. A battery of selected psychological tasks measuring attention, mental speed, motor speed, central cognitive processing, and perceptuomotor performance was used, along with standardized, objective mood assessments. A comparison group (n = 15) of patients receiving stable medication was also tested to evaluate practice effects of the psychometric tests. Administration of 2 g/day GVG significantly decreased response time on a test of central cognitive processing ability (arithmetic). No adverse effect was noted on any other test of cognitive function or mood.

Adult↗

PubMed2026

Association between pulse pressure and markers of cognitive function: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Our aim was to systematically review and meta-analyse evidence on the association between pulse pressure (PP) and cognitive function using PubMed, PsycInfo, Embase and Scopus (inception-July 2025) publication databases. Studies were included if they reported an association between PP and cognitive function and summarized narratively and by performing fixed-effects meta-analysis. The search identified 4171 publications with 43 studies meeting inclusion criteria. Domains assessed included global cognition, memory, language, attention, executive function, processing speed and visuospatial ability. Meta-analysis suggests a positive association between PP and global cognition, and a negative association with memory in both cross-sectional and longitudinal studies with inconsistent findings from narratively summarized studies. Processing speed, executive function and language negatively associated with PP in cross-sectional studies with limited evidence provided by longitudinal studies or narratively summarized studies. There was limited evidence of an association with attention and visuospatial ability.

Humans↗

PubMed1991

Relation of blood pressure to cognitive function in the elderly.

Clinical case-control studies of the relation between blood pressure and cognitive function have generally found lower function among hypertensives. Most of these studies were small and incompletely controlled for confounders. Two population-based studies have yielded conflicting results. This study examines cognitive function over the entire range of blood pressure in a defined elderly population. A questionnaire administered in the home to 3,809 persons aged greater than or equal to 65 years in East Boston, Massachusetts, in 1982 and 1983 contained four brief cognitive tests: immediate memory, delayed memory, a mental status questionnaire, and digit span. In linear regression analyses adjusting for age, sex, and education, the direction of the association was not consistent among the tests. An increase in diastolic pressure of 10 mmHg was associated with an increase of 1.0 in percentile scores on the immediate memory test (95% confidence interval (CI) -0.04 to 1.9); with an increase of 1.1 in percentile scores on the delayed memory test (95% CI -0.1 to 2.3); with a decrease of -0.8 in percentile scores on the mental status questionnaire (95% CI -1.8 to 0.2); and with a decrease of -0.9 in percentile scores on the attention test (95% CI -1.5 to -0.2). These results suggest that blood pressure is not a substantial contributor to cognitive status in the elderly.

Aged↗

PubMed1977

Drinking practices and cognitive functioning.

The relationships between drinking practices and cognitive functioning were examined in a non-patient sample. Neither the amount of alcohol consumed over a lifetime nor current frequency of drinking occasions was significantly (ps greater than .05) correlated with cognitive test scores. However, the quantity of alcohol consumed per drinking occasion was inversely related to performance on tests of abstraction, adaptive abilities and concept formation. The results suggest that social drinking may have deleterious effects on cognitive processes.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

The impact of pacemaker implantation on cognitive functioning in elderly patients.

OBJECTIVE: To describe and quantify the impact of pacemaker implantation on cognitive functioning in the elderly. DESIGN: Prospective case-control, non-randomized trial. Data were collected from clinical and family interviews and from a psychological test battery. SETTING: Pacemaker clinic in a tertiary care hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Nineteen elderly (65+ years) patients undergoing new or replacement pacemaker implantation for dysrhythmias and volunteer controls matched for age, sex, and short Mental Status Questionnaire test results, without dysrhythmia or intervention. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Subjective and clinical impressions based on family interviews; results of psychological test battery before and 6-12 months after pacemaker implantation. RESULTS: Prior to pacemaker implantation, three patients met DSM-III criteria for dementia and two for delirium. Paced patients demonstrated deficiency in immediate memory, language, memory for less structured information, and learning of abstract materials. These deficits were due primarily to the poor performance of patients with complete heart block. Despite clinical and subjective impressions of improvement, there was no change in psychologic test performance subsequent to pacemaker implantation. CONCLUSIONS: Impaired cognitive functioning is not always clinically apparent but appears common in patients with cardiac dysrhythmias; it is not altered 6-12 months after pacemaker implantation.

Aged↗

PubMed1987

Effects of anterior temporal lobectomy on cognitive function.

Sixty-three patients with intractable partial complex epilepsy were treated by anterior temporal lobectomy for seizure control. Psychometric studies before and after operation documented cognitive function and evaluated the effects of operation on cognition. The mean follow-up period was 7.7 months. Sixty-two of 63 patients had improved seizure control; 49 (78%) were seizure free. Operation had different effects on cognitive abilities in those with right vs. left temporal lobe excisions. Although both groups maintained summary IQ scores in the average range, after operation the left temporal group was less efficient on language-dependent cognitive tasks, particularly those that involved complex learning and memory. In contrast, persons who had right temporal ablations were either unchanged or slightly better cognitively after operation. Future research and clinical evaluations should focus on the components of the learning and memory processes when the ramifications of temporal lobe ablations on cognitive function are studied.

Adult↗

PubMed1987

Differential effect of desglycinamide9-(Arg8)-vasopressin on cognitive functions of diabetes insipidus and alcoholic patients.

Intranasal treatment with desglycinamide9-(Arg8)-vasopressin (DGAVP) improved certain aspects of cognitive functions of patients with acquired and congenital diabetes insipidus and of alcoholic patients with mild cognitive impairments. Patients with Korsakoff's syndrome, presenting with severe cognitive impairments, were resistent to DGVP treatment. DGAVP treatment did not affect blood pressure and water metabolism. The action of DGAVP on cognitive functions is probably mediated by centrally located target sites and may be expressed only in patients in whom these target sites are unimpaired.

Administration, Intranasal↗

PubMed1988

Somatostatin and SMS 201-995 reverse the impairment of cognitive functions induced by cysteamine depletion of brain somatostatin.

The involvement of somatostatin in the organization of cognitive functions was studied. We assessed changes in learning and memory processes by studying the effects of cysteamine, a compound that decreases somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in the brain, somatostatin and the potent somatostatin analogue, SMS 201-995, on active avoidance behaviour, assessed with a shuttle box apparatus, or on passive avoidance behaviour. Cysteamine induced a loss of the conditioned active avoidance response acquired after 3 weeks of daily trials. The effect was observed 2 h (-29%) and 4 h (-51%) after cysteamine treatment (300 mg/kg s.c.) and disappeared after 24 h. Intracerebroventricular administration of somatostatin or SMS 201-995 to cysteamine-treated rats significantly reversed the cysteamine effects on the conditioned avoidance responses. Similar results were obtained on passive avoidance behaviour. We also investigated the effect of cysteamine treatment on brain somatostatin-sensitive adenylate cyclase. We observed that adenylate cyclase activity in the frontal cortex of cysteamine-pretreated animals was more sensitive to inhibition by the SRIF analogue, SMS 201-995, than it was in control animals. This effect was observed at concentrations of SMS 201-995 that were ineffective in control tissue. These results show that disruption of somatostatinergic transmission affects cognitive functions of rats.

Adenylyl Cyclases↗

PubMed1991

Improvement in cognitive functioning of alcoholics following orthotopic liver transplantation.

Cognitive functioning in alcoholic cirrhotics before and 1 year following orthotopic liver transplantation was compared with age- and sex-matched normal subjects. The alcoholic group improved significantly following transplantation on tests measuring psychomotor, visuopractic and abstracting abilities whereas the performance of normal controls remained virtually unchanged. In contrast, memory capacity in alcoholics with cirrhosis did not statistically improve following successful transplantation. Further investigation, using more sophisticated measures of memory function, are required to determine whether memory deficits are either associated with alcohol neurotoxicity or an irreversible component of hepatic encephalopathy. These findings suggest that a reversible hepatic encephalopathy underlies many of the neuropsychologic deficits observed in cirrhotic alcoholics and can be ameliorated following successful liver transplantation.

Adult↗

PubMed1984

The Minnesota Diabetes Complications Clinical Trial cognitive functions under long-term maximized and standard metabolic controls.

We have studied memory (Wechsler Memory Scale) and mood states in 20 insulin dependent diabetics under maximized metabolic control (treated with multiple insulin injections daily or insulin pumps) and 12 patients under standard control (treated with one or more injections of insulin daily). Both groups of patients have been enrolled in the Minnesota Diabetes Complications Clinical Trial for two years or longer. The patients in the maximized control group (mean +/- SD) blood glucose 130 +/- 9 mg/dl) had hypoglycemic episodes much more frequently than the patients in the standard control group (mean +/- SD blood glucose 242 +/- 22 mg/dl). Both groups of patients had normal cognitive functions, including a few patients with numerous hypoglycemic episodes. Only one patient who developed a hypoglycemic coma for several weeks has had lasting abnormal cognitive functions including a few patients with numerous hypoglycemic episodes. We conclude that long-term maximized diabetic control (at least 2 years), although not devoid of danger, does not seem to affect cognitive functions in the patients tested according to the parameters used.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

[A multi-stage cognitive training program for improving cognitive functions of chronic alcoholic patients].

In accordance with neuropsychological findings, that chronic alcohol abuse can lead to cognitive impairment, a multi-phased cognitive training program (MKT) developed by Sagstetter was conducted with a group of chronic alcoholic patients. In this article this program is introduced and evaluated with regard to chronic alcoholic patients and their improvement in certain cognitive functions. The study group consisted of 11 chronic alcoholics, who regularly took part in the program. The control group consisted of 11 patients who took part on a behavior therapy program offered by the clinic and had similar social and pathological histories to those of the study group. The two groups were compared with each other with the help of a follow-up study design after approximately seven weeks. The results reveal that this present cognitive training program promotes, above all, cognitive functions such as visual short-time memory, concentration, form perception as well as combination and organisation ability.

Adult↗

PubMed1989

Effects of missing breakfast on the cognitive functions of school children of differing nutritional status.

We examined the effects of omitting breakfast on the cognitive functions of three groups of children: stunted, nonstunted controls, and previously severely malnourished. They were admitted to a metabolic ward twice. After an overnight fast half the children received breakfast on their first visit and a cup of tea the second time. The treatment order was reversed for the other half. When breakfast was omitted, both the stunted and previously malnourished groups responded similarly. The malnourished groups had lower scores in fluency and coding whereas the control group had higher scores in arithmetic. The children were divided into wasted and nonwasted groups. Wasted children were adversely affected in the digit span backwards tests, and wasted members of the malnourished groups were adversely affected in efficiency of problem solving and those in the control group in digit span forwards. These results indicate that cognitive functions are more vulnerable to missing breakfast in poorly nourished children.

Child↗

PubMed1990

A comparison of the effect of fluoxetine and trazodone on the cognitive functioning of depressed outpatients.

Tricyclic antidepressants with clinically significant amounts of anticholinergic activity can adversely affect memory and cognitive functioning. The study evaluated the effect of two non-anticholinergic antidepressants, fluoxetine and trazodone, on immediate and short-term memory in clinically depressed outpatients. The results of this study demonstrated that neither drug affected the depressed patients' cognitive skills as measured by the Guild memory test (digit span and paired associations) during their treatment and recovery. The only factor that was useful in predicting an improvement in cognitive functioning was the change in the measures of depression (Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression and Clinical Global Impression) with time.

Depressive Disorder↗

PubMed1990

Acute alcohol intoxication and cognitive functioning.

Acute alcohol intoxication produces changes in the cognitive functioning of normal individuals. These changes appear similar prima facie to those exhibited by individuals who sustain prefrontal lobe damage during adulthood. In order to test the validity of this observation, and to control for the confounding effects of expectancy, 72 male subjects were administered a battery of neuropsychological tests, within the context of a balanced-placebo design. Each subject received one of three widely different doses of alcohol. Analysis of the results of the cognitive test battery demonstrated that a high dose of alcohol detrimentally affects a number of functions associated with the prefrontal and temporal lobes, including planning, verbal fluency, memory and complex motor control. Expectancy does not appear to play a significant role in determining this effect. The implications of this pattern of impairment are analyzed and discussed.

Adolescent↗