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Results for “Cognitive transfer”

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At least 91 records · Page 5Linked to original sources

PubMed1993

Misperception of time-to-collision by drivers in pedestrian accidents.

The approach of an object can be monitored from its optic flow. More specifically, it has been postulated that time-to-collision at constant velocity is perceived by relating visual angle theta to its rate of change theta, time-to-collision being theta/theta. This hypothesis is reappraised, and an alternative based on the parameters theta and angular acceleration theta is proposed. The expression 2 theta/theta also specifies time-to-collision, with the benefits that it removes reliance on theta and permits time-to-collision to be determined from even momentary perception of an approaching point. This is supported by tests in which subjects responded to computer simulations of approaching objects. A further benefit is that if the object is accelerating rather than at constant velocity, time-to-collision is adjusted by 2 theta/theta, but not by theta/theta. As time-to-collision increases, however, its cognitive derivation should transfer from optic flow to separate perceptions of distance and speed. It is proposed that when drivers of road vehicles are in potential collision with pedestrians their perception of distance is based primarily on familiar size, resulting in overestimation of size and therefore of time-to-collision with child pedestrians. This is supported by further computer simulations and is corroborated by predicting the effect of that overestimation on certain types of accidents, then testing from national accident statistics. These analyses indicate that drivers' misperception of time-to-collision has a dramatic effect on the accident rate of child pedestrians. It is proposed that this could be greatly reduced by the provision of remedial measures.

Accidents, Traffic↗

PubMed1990

[Didactic problems of education and instruction of patients with craniocerebral trauma].

While concepts for the solution of didactical-methodological problems are available for brain-injured children and young people, such concepts are almost nonexistent for adults with craniocerebral trauma sequels. A case example is presented from an educationist perspective, illustrating the disruptive impact of craniocerebral trauma on the person's biography. Didactical and methodological problems not only arise from deficient cognitive functioning but also due to the psychosocial impact of severe brain trauma. Inter alia dealt with is the question of whether an independent didactical approach is needed, or whether concepts derived from general didactics can be applied. For learners with craniocerebral trauma, "learning theory-based didactics" is an especially suitable model; a brief description is given, and its application to the specific situation of this population outlined. People with brain trauma display problems in knowledge acquisition and concept formation (cognitive learning), in transfer of learning content and performance control. Though an independent didactical concept may not be necessary, it is however crucial that in respect of the teaching/learning processes in this population, due attention is being paid to methodological principles applied in the special education field.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1996

[Enforced psychiatric hospitalization for dementia by the district psychiatrist].

Dementia syndromes in the elderly are characterized by progressive deterioration and clinical and functional heterogeneity. At times a psychiatric picture prevails, and at other times, somatic as well as cognitive aspects. Accordingly, management is conducted in separate facilities, psychiatric or geriatric, which are not closely connected. The Israel Mental Health Act practically permits psychiatric commitment of every case of dementia at a certain stage of the illness. We describe a 75-year-old woman with dementia who was committed to a psychiatric hospital by order of the district psychiatrist. After attenuation of psychiatric symptoms, she remained in hospital unnecessarily. Further deterioration in physical, as well as cognitive condition, required transfer to a nonpsychiatric facility. However, due to difficulties in transfer from psychiatric to geriatric facilities, this was not accomplished. We therefor suggest broadening the authority of the district psychiatrist to include transfer of patients with dementia to appropriate, nonpsychiatric, long-term treatment facilities on termination of psychiatric treatment.

Aged↗

PubMed1991

Anterior corpus callosum atrophy and verbal fluency in multiple sclerosis.

To determine whether different portions of the corpus callosum (CC) are responsible for transferring the information of specific cognitive modalities, eighteen females with relapsing-remitting Multiple Sclerosis (MS) were studied using neuropsychological procedures and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). Measures of both anterior and posterior CC areas were obtained in patients with MS as well as in eighteen age and sex matched healthy controls. MRI scans were additionally analyzed for each patient in order to evaluate the extent of demyelinating lesions in both periventricular and subcortical areas. Patients with MS exhibited a significant decrease in both the anterior and posterior CC areas compared with normal subjects. The results of statistical analysis showed that, even when the effect of demyelinating lesions was taken into account within a regression equation, the atrophy of anterior CC area strongly affected the performance on verbal fluency task. These data emphasize the importance of the anterior CC area for the interhemispheric transfer of cognitive information associated with verbal fluency.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Transfer of a speed of processing intervention to near and far cognitive functions.

BACKGROUND: Evidence establishing the potential for modification of cognitive functioning in later adulthood has begun to accumulate. OBJECTIVE: The primary goal of the current study was to evaluate, among older adults, the extent to which standardized speed of processing training transfers to similar and dissimilar speeded cognitive measures as well as to other domains of cognitive functioning. METHODS: Ninety-seven older adults (mean age 73.71 years) were administered a battery of cognitive tests assessing intelligence, memory, attention, verbal fluency, visual-perceptual ability, speed of processing, and functional abilities. Forty-four of the participants received ten 1-hour sessions of speed of processing training. The remainder of participants were in a no-contact control group. Approximately 6 weeks after the pretraining assessment, all participants repeated the same battery of tests. RESULTS: The results revealed training effects for some speed of processing measures, including performance of instrumental activities of daily living, but no transfer to other domains of cognitive functioning. CONCLUSION: Speed of processing training may enhance the speed at which older adults can perform instrumental activities of daily living.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed2006

A genotype of exceptional longevity is associated with preservation of cognitive function.

OBJECTIVE: To test whether cholesterol ester transfer protein (CETP) genotype (VV homozygosity for I405V) is associated with preservation of cognitive function in addition to its association with exceptional longevity. METHODS: We studied Ashkenazi Jews with exceptional longevity (n = 158; age 99.2 +/- 0.3 years) for the associations of CETP VV genotype and lipoprotein phenotype, using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). To confirm the role of CETP in a younger cohort, we studied subjects from the Einstein Aging Study (EAS) for associations between CETP VV and cognitive impairment. RESULTS: Subjects with MMSE > 25 were twice as likely to have the CETP VV genotype (29% vs 14%, p = 0.02), and those with the VV genotype were more likely (61% vs 30%, p = 0.02) to have MMSE > 25. Subjects with the VV genotype had lower levels of CETP (1.73 +/- 0.11 vs 2.12 +/- 0.10 mug/mL, p = 0.01), higher high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels (p = 0.02), and larger lipoprotein particles (p = 0.03). In the EAS cohort, an approximately fivefold increase in the VV genotype (21% vs 4%, p = 0.02), higher HDL levels, and larger lipoprotein particle sizes were associated with less dementia and improved memory. CONCLUSIONS: Using two independent cohorts, we implicate the longevity CETP gene as a modulator of age-related cognitive function. A specific CETP genotype is associated with lower CETP levels and a favorable lipoprotein profile. It has not been determined whether modulation of this gene prevents age-related decline or AD.

Age Distribution↗

PubMed2005

Ineffective communication of mental status information during care transfer of older adults.

BACKGROUND: Monitoring and documenting the mental status of older patients transferred between providers or facilities is important because mental status change can be a sign of acute disease and mental status abnormalities necessitate specific approaches to care. OBJECTIVES: To identify patient and illness factors associated with presence of a mental status description in inter-facility transfer documents and to describe the content and concurrent validity of transfer mental status descriptions when they occur. DESIGN: Retrospective study. PARTICIPANTS: Individuals transferred between 5 long-term and 2 acute care facilities in an urban setting. MEASUREMENTS: Trained research personnel reviewed hospital and nursing home medical records and inter-facility transfer documents. Mental status descriptions in transfer documents were coded as abnormal or normal within 5 domains: alertness, communication, orientation/memory, behavior, and mood. Descriptions were compared with mental status items in the nursing home Minimum Data Set and in a transfer communication checklist. RESULTS: In all, 123 nursing home residents experienced 174 hospital admissions. Mental status descriptions were present in 69% of transfer documents. A total of 67% of patients missing a transfer mental status description upon nursing home-to-hospital transfer had dementia. Factors associated with presence of a transfer mental status description were urgent transfer, nursing home of origin, and among patients without dementia, greater cognitive impairment. When present, a mean of 1.47 (SD=0.81) cognitive domains were documented in transfer mental status descriptions. Agreement between transfer mental status descriptions and comparison sources was fair to good (kappa=.31 to .73). CONCLUSION: Mental status documentation during transfer of older adults between nursing home and hospital did not identify all patients with dementia and did not completely characterize patients' cognitive status.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1998

The uterine environment enhances cognitive competence.

Genetically identical mouse embryos were transferred into same-strain uteri (transfer controls) or into hybrid uteri. A third group was not transferred. When adult, the mice were given a series of behavioral tests. In-strain transfer controls differed from non-transfer mice only on two activity measures, and did not differ on any cognitive variable. In contrast, mice reared in hybrid uteri were found to be superior to in-strain transfer mice on discrimination learning, Lashley maze learning and Morris maze learning; they also showed better adaptation in an avoidance learning shuttlebox. To our knowledge this is the first study showing that the uterine environment can have a general enhancing effect upon cognitive competence across a broad range of behaviors.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

Analogical transfer: from schematic pictures to problem solving.

A series of experiments was conducted to explore whether individuals can solve problems by transferring conceptual information gained from schematic pictures and to examine the mechanisms involved in this transfer process. Subjects viewed a schematic picture and then attempted to solve an insight problem to which the conceptual information from the picture could be applied. The results indicate that the degree of similarity--specifically, superficial and procedural similarity--between a source schematic picture and the target problem determined transfer performance. Discussion focuses on the relationship between these two types of similarity and the two key cognitive components involved in transferring pictorial analogies to solve problems: accessing the pictorial analogues and executing the solutions.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

The uterine environment enhances cognitive competence.

Genetically identical mouse embryos were transferred into same-strain uteri (transfer controls) or into hybrid uteri. A third group was not transferred. When adult, the mice were given a series of behavioral tests. In-strain transfer controls differed from non-transfer mice only on two activity measures, and did not differ on any cognitive variable. In contrast, mice reared in hybrid uteri were found to be superior to in-strain transfer mice on discrimination learning. Lashley maze learning and Morris maze learning; they also showed better adaptation in an avoidance learning shuttlebox. To our knowledge this is the first study showing that the uterine environment can have a general enhancing effect upon cognitive competence across a broad range of behaviors.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Ex vivo nerve growth factor gene transfer to the basal forebrain in presymptomatic middle-aged rats prevents the development of cholinergic neuron atrophy and cognitive impairment during aging.

Nerve growth factor (NGF) is able to restore spatial learning and reverse forebrain cholinergic neuron atrophy when administered intracerebrally to behaviorally impaired aged rats. In the present study, behaviorally unimpaired, middle-aged rats (14-16 months old) received transplants of ex vivo transduced, clonal NGF-secreting immortalized neural progenitor cells, bilaterally in the nucleus basalis and septum. During the subsequent 9 months the aged control animals developed the expected impairment in spatial learning in the water maze task, whereas the animals with NGF-secreting grafts maintained a performance level not different from the 12-month-old control rats. The marked age-induced atrophy (-25%) of the cholinergic neurons in medial septum and nucleus basalis, seen in the aged control rats, was not present in the NGF-treated aged animals. 3H-labeled thymidine autoradiography showed that the transduced cells survived well and had become integrated into the host tissue surrounding the injection sites, and reverse transcription-PCR analysis revealed expression of the NGF transgene, at both 4 and 9 months postgrafting, in the grafted tissue. The results show that long-term supply of NGF from ex vivo transduced immortalized neural progenitor cells locally within the nucleus basalis and septum can prevent the subsequent development of age-dependent neuronal atrophy and behavioral impairments when the animals reach advanced age.

Aging↗

PubMed2026

Response-optimised training improves learning of a complex motor task and closely related motor tasks.

Regular physical exercise is essential for promoting healthy aging and longevity. In older adults with varying physical and cognitive decline, optimising exercise interventions is crucial to maximise benefits. A promising approach to achieve this goal is by adjusting task demands to individual abilities in turn preventing over- or underloading their abilities. In the field of motor learning, it is currently unclear whether such an optimised training improves not only performance on the trained task but also transfers to untrained motor and cognitive tasks. We conducted a randomized, single-blinded, 6-week dynamic balance training (DBT) with healthy older adults (n = 30). Training was tailored to individual balance ability. Participants were assigned to either suboptimal (high or low difficulty) or optimal (moderate difficulty) training groups. Transfer effects were assessed via cognitive tasks (memory and executive) and motor tasks (untrained DBT variations and other balance tasks) measured pre-, mid- and post-intervention. Multivariate longitudinal statistical analysis showed higher performance gains in the optimal training group in three out of six sessions compared to the suboptimal groups, especially under testing conditions with high task demands. The optimal group also showed greater improvements in near motor transfer tasks mid- and post-intervention, while no significant differences were observed in the cognitive tasks. Within-group DBT learning positively correlated with transfer gains, highlighting the role of training response in achieving transfer. In conclusion, optimised task difficulty in balance training enhances both task-specific performance and related motor skills, supporting the use of personalised interventions to maintain function and independence in older adults.

Humans↗

PubMed2006

Functional independence among young adults with spina bifida, in relation to hydrocephalus and level of lesion.

Knowledge about the level of functional independence that can be expected in adulthood might support decisions on the treatment of newborn infants with spina bifida. This study determined functional independence among young adults with spina bifida and its relationships with pathological characteristics known from birth (hydrocephalus and level of lesion). Data were collected from medical records and by physical examination. Functional independence was assessed on six domains (self-care, sphincter control, transfers, locomotion, communication, and social cognition) using the Functional Independence Measure (FIM). Participants were 165 patients with spina bifida (69 males, 96 females; age range 16 to 25y, mean 20y 9mo [SD 2.9]; 117 with hydrocephalus). Patients without hydrocephalus were independent for all FIM domains except sphincter control, as were patients with hydrocephalus with a lesion level below L2. Most patients with hydrocephalus and a lesion at L2 or above were dependent as regards sphincter control (98%), locomotion (79%), and self-care (54%), and quite a few needed support in transfers (38%), social cognition (29%), and communication (15%).

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed2000

A study of three cases of familial related agenesis of the corpus callosum.

This paper provides data on a family in which three members, all female, have been diagnosed as having agenesis of the corpus callosum. That all three acallosal individuals came from the same family and showed relatively uniform neuropsychological impairment and could be compared in similar terms with their "callosal" siblings, also female, provides a unique sample. Inter-hemispheric transfer, psychometric measures, and motor and cognitive function were examined in the acallosal individuals, all of whom had borderline to low-average intelligence, with results compared to their non-acallosal siblings. The data indicated that all acallosal individuals exhibited deficits with the cognitive tests indicating difficulties of inter-hemispheric transfer of tactile information, difficulties in some areas of memory and, at least as far as the children are concerned, a marked difference in Verbal IQ and Performance IQ.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

VEGF, a mediator of the effect of experience on hippocampal neurogenesis.

Rodents housed in an enriched environment, exercise by running or perform learning and memory tasks show an increase in hippocampal neurogenesis. We show that both environmental enrichment, as well as performance in the Morris water maze, a hippocampal-dependent learning task, leads to an increase in local VEGF expression in rats. We genetically recreated this situation by somatic cell gene transfer using recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors. Genetically increasing hippocampal VEGF in adult rats resulted in a approximately 2 fold increase in neurogenesis associated with improved cognition. In contrast, gene transfer of placental growth factor (PGF) which signals through Flt1, but not KDR receptors had negative effects on neurogenesis and inhibited learning, although it similarly increased endothelial cell proliferation. Expression of a dominant negative, mKDR, inhibited basal neurogenesis and impaired learning. Co-expression of mKDR antagonized VEGF-enhanced neurogenesis and learning without inhibiting endothelial cell proliferation. Furthermore, inhibition of VEGF expression by RNA interference completely blocked the environmental induction of neurogenesis. These data support a model whereby VEGF acting via KDR is a mediator of the effect of the environment on neurogenesis and cognition [1].

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Effects of cueing and collaboration on the acquisition of complex legal skills.

BACKGROUND: To overcome the teacher bandwidth problem in supporting large groups of students, both automated process support (cueing) and face-to-face feedback by peers during small group work (collaboration) can be provided to students. AIM: The purpose of this experimental study was to examine whether a multimedia practical containing cueing could be effectively combined with peer feedback to support the acquisition of the complex skill of preparing a plea in court. SAMPLE: In the context of a regular court practical, 50 junior law students at a Dutch university individually studied a multimedia practical and participated in small group discussions about intermediate learning outcomes of the practical. METHOD: The study examined the effects of cueing and collaboration on training outcomes and transfer pleas, and on cognitive activity during collaboration, by combining the multimedia practical and small group collaboration to support the complex task of preparing a plea in court. RESULTS: Both cueing and collaboration positively influence training outcomes, with participants without cueing benefiting most from additional collaboration. Transfer plea scores reveal a positive effect of collaboration but a negative effect of cueing. Analysis of discussions during small group collaboration reveals a negative effect of cueing on the level of cognitive activity. CONCLUSION: Peer feedback during small group work indeed appears to be a feasible option to be combined with or (partially) substitute individualized cueing when training complex learning tasks.

Achievement↗

PubMed1976

Cognitive factors in biofeedback therapy.

The role that the client's cognitions (viz., his self-statements and images) play in each of the various phases of biofeedback training is examined. Biofeedback training is conceptualized as including three phases: initial conceptualization, skills-acquisition and -rehearsal, and transfer of treatment. Cognitive-behavior modification procedures to alter or employ the clients' cognitions at each of these phases of treatment are described. A cognitive theory of self-control is offered, postulating a three-stage mediational change process whereby: (1) the client must become an observer of his behavior and physiological responses; (2) this recognition becomes the cue to emit incompatible cognitions and behaviors; and, finally, (3) the content of the client's cognitions following change influences the generalization and persistence of treatment effects. The implications of this theory for biofeedback training are discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2025

Exploring the transmission of cognitive task information through optimal brain pathways.

Understanding the large-scale information processing that underlies complex human cognition is the central goal of cognitive neuroscience. While emerging activity flow models demonstrate that cognitive task information is transferred by interregional functional or structural connectivity, graph-theory-based models typically assume that neural communication occurs via the shortest path of brain networks. However, whether the shortest path is the optimal route for empirical cognitive information transmission remains unclear. Based on a large-scale activity flow mapping framework, we found that the performance of activity flow prediction with the shortest path was significantly lower than that with the direct path. The shortest path routing was superior to other network communication strategies, including search information, path ensembles, and navigation. Intriguingly, the shortest path outperformed the direct path in activity flow prediction when the physical distance constraint and asymmetric routing contribution were simultaneously considered. This study not only challenges the shortest path assumption through empirical network models but also suggests that cognitive task information routing is constrained by the spatial and functional embedding of the brain network.

Humans↗