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PubMed1997

The use of behavioral methods of contraception in women seeking abortion.

AIMS: To determine the extent to which behavioural methods, used alone or with other methods of contraception, contribute to contraceptive failure in women seeking termination of pregnancy. METHOD: A clinical audit was conducted of the use of behavioural methods of contraception, in 1342 women attending the Parkview Clinic for termination of pregnancy, over a four year period 1992-6. The information was obtained through standard interview and patient records. RESULTS: The women seen were representative of New Zealand women undergoing termination of pregnancy. Approximately one third of women (34.9%) used one or more behavioural methods in the month prior to conception. The two most common methods were periodic abstinence and coitus interruptus, both used by approximately 17%. Other methods used less frequently and not solely for contraceptive purposes, were cleansing of the vagina and breastfeeding. Pacific Island and Asian women were more likely to use behavioural methods than European and Maori women. Many women (45.6%) using behavioural methods also used other methods of contraception, especially the condom. CONCLUSIONS: Behavioural methods were found more commonly than previously reported. Greater understanding of the use of behavioural methods will assist in the implementation of preventive programmes to reduce the number of terminations.

Abortion, Legal↗
PubMed1997

[Sexuality of adolescent students in Yaounde (Cameroon)].

Undesired pregnancies are a major cause of school drop out among female adolescents in Cameroun. Studies were undertaken to assess the knowledge and practices of contraceptive methods and the prevention of undesired pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases (STD). Of the 670 questionnaires that were distributed in 10 class rooms of 5 randomly selected secondary schools of the city of Yaoundé. 574 students responded among whom 233 males and 341 females, aged 12 to 19 years. The responses to the questionnaire revealed that 52% of the students were sexually active, and 56% of these had their first sexual intercourse between 15 and 17 years. The use of contraceptives was reported by 41% of the sexually active students. The main contraceptive methods used were condoms (54%) and periodic abstinence (31%). Periodic abstinence, coitus interruptus report by adolescents is of questionable efficacy in the prevention of STDs, and unwanted pregnancies. The average number of sexual intercourses was 5 times during the month before the survey. The rate of undesired pregnancies was 24%. Knowledge on contraception was more from the mass media (53%), school (21%), peers (16%), than parents (9%). Education for the deculpabilisation of contraception and a better management of sexuality should be undertaken in youth associations and schools. Parents should be taught to dialogue with their children on matters related to sexuality, in order to prevent STDs, unwanted pregnancies, clandestine abortions and their psychological and medical consequences.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

[Contraceptive behavior in the population of the Czech Republic: results of a national survey].

Based on an anonymous survey by means of questionnaires in a representative sample of the population of the Czech Republic above the age of 15 years (862 men and 857 women) the use of different types of contraception was investigated at the onset of sexual life with a steady or casual partner, as well as attitudes to contraception. From the results ensues that during the first intercourse no contraception was used by more than half the respondents, a condom was used only by 19% men and 14% women, in particular younger men and women. In a steady partnership the most frequent method of contraception is coitus interruptus, whereby about one third have experience with hormonal contraception and two thirds of the respondents have experience with condoms. Among younger age groups of men and women there are more users of hormonal contraception and condoms. The position is similar in intercourse with casual partners. Only 5% men and 4% women oppose any contraception, almost one quarter are in favour of the so-called "natural" method and almost three quarters consider it necessary. The attitudes of atheists, younger and better educated women are more liberal.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

[Postcoital contraception. Dates based on a 5-year use in a private consultation service].

BACKGROUND: The aim of this 5-year retrospective study is to define the efficacy of oestro-progestinic interception. METHODS: An oestro-progestinic mixture (0.05 mg ethinyl estradiol and 0.250 mg dlnorgestrel) was prescribed to 6003 women attending the gynaecological outpatients clinic of AIED (Associazione Italiana per l'Educazione Demografica) in Genoa, Italy, without evidence of any previous contra-indications. The prescription was of two pills at once and two pills 12 hours after. Before examination, the doctor asked for personal and medical history (age, date of onset of menses, unprotected intercourse date and anticonceptional failure); patients were also asked to report the data of the following menses to the clinic. The largest age range was between 20 and 24 years, probably because of their inadequate knowledge of contraceptives. The reasons for post-coital contraception were: sexual intercourse without contraceptive, failure of coitus interruptus and of the condom. RESULTS: Post-coital interception efficacy (monthly oestro-progestinic contraception was 99.5%) according to retrospective statistical analysis, was according to Pearl index 92.9% vs 50% without any contraceptive. CONCLUSIONS: Finally, the efficacy of this method, together with its easy management and low frequency of severe contra-indications, allows us to indicate the "morning after pill" as one of the most useful outpatient strategies to avoid unwanted pregnancies.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

[Contraceptive behavior in the population of the Czech Republic: results of a national survey].

Using an anonymous questionnaire the authors investigated in a representative group of the Czech population above 15 years of age (862 men and 857 women) the use of the main contraceptive methods. During the first intercourse more than half the respondents did not use any contraception, a condom was used only by 19% men and 14% women. In a steady partnership the most frequent method of contraception is coitus interruptus, whereby experience with hormonal contraception was reported by cca one third and with a condom by two thirds of respondents. Among younger men and women there are more users of hormonal contraception and condoms. Only 5% of the examined men and 4% of the women opposed any type of contraception, almost one quarter of respondents use only so-called "natural methods" and almost three quarters of the respondents consider them an essential part of sex life. The attitudes of atheists and junior and more educated women are more liberal.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

Attitudes of men toward contraception.

This report describes a pilot study conducted to determine the attitudes of men toward contraception. A questionnaire elicited responses from 436 males regarding: Personal data; contraceptive responsibility; contraceptive knowledge; use of contraception and preference for future methods. Results include attitudes toward contraceptive responsibility, assistance to pregnant partners and knowledge regarding eight common contraceptives. Usage of contraceptives in general and condoms and withdrawal specifically is reported. Preference for eight common contraceptive methods is also presented, along with data on delay of intercourse due to lack of contraceptives, partners' requests for male use of condoms/withdrawal and attitudes toward dissemination of contraceptive material to the public. Also reported are attitudes toward development of new contraceptives, use of male sterility shots or pills and the prices that men would pay for newly developed male contraceptives. The most preferred male contraceptive for future development is reported. It was concluded that the survey form and methodology were valid; that men desired to participate in family regulation; that the majority of men placed a low economic value on male contraceptives and finally that the overwhelming majority of men wanted contraceptive information to be widely disseminated in the public.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1983

Sexual life, problems, and attitudes of the prospective Greek physician.

A multi-item questionnaire was administered to 82 male and 48 female senior medical students; it addressed questions pertinent to their sexual life, sexual problems, and attitudes toward sex and sexuality. The results are discussed in relation to relevant studies in other countries and indicate that the prospective Greek physician, male or female, is quite liberal and permissive in his or her sexual practices and attitudes toward sexual matters. The latter might influence positively his or her attitude toward future patients' sexual problems. However, a need for specific sexual education is emphasized.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Male contraception.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Coitus Interruptus↗
PubMed1982

Fertility following discontinuation of different methods of fertility control.

The possibility of permanent sterility following use of modern contraceptive agents is a concept which causes great concern amongst members of the lay public. However, a thorough review of the literature gives a great deal of reassurance on this topic. The combined oral contraceptive pill causes slight delay, and the injectable contraceptives a moderate delay in the return of fertility following discontinuation, but there is no evidence of a greater likelihood of permanent infertility than in the normal population. The progestogen-only minipill should be risk-free, but final data are lacking. Epidemiological studies do not indicate an increased risk of infertility following IUD use, but it seems likely that there must be a very small number of IUD users who develop permanent infective damage to the Fallopian tubes. Barrier methods and periodic abstinence probably do not have any significant effect on subsequent fertility. Barrier methods could be protective. Therapeutic abortion may have a small deleterious effect on long-term reproductive success, but the data are inconclusive. Detailed information on fertility following use of other methods is not available.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1981

The first abortion - and the last? A study of the personality factors underlying repeated failure of contraception.

The causes leading to a second abortion were outlined in a psychological study comparing 30 women expecting a second abortion with 29 women who had successfully prevented conception after a first abortion. It was found that both groups improved their contraceptive practices after the first abortion. However, while the latter group continued with their improved practices, the former group went back to the earlier inefficient or non-existent contraceptive behavior. The inability to improve contraception in the long run was not related to differences in educational level or knowledge about contraceptive techniques but to the developmental level of personality structures. The women expecting their second abortion rated lower in control of impulsivity, emotional balance, realism, self-esteem and stability of life as well as capacity for more integrated personal relationships. The differences in personality development and consequently in the capacity for long-term contraception were found to be due to growth conditions in childhood.

Abortion, Legal↗
PubMed1996

Adolescents and the contraceptive pill: the impact of beliefs on intentions and use.

OBJECTIVES: To determine which beliefs about the contraceptive pill predict adolescent females' intentions to use the pill and their actual pill use, and to examine how intentions toward other birth control methods influence adolescents' intentions to use the pill and their eventual pill use. METHODS: Three hundred forty-five adolescents were interviewed about their beliefs regarding the consequences of using the pill and about their intentions to use the pill and other contraceptive methods. Follow-up interviews were conducted 1 year later, during which subjects reported their sexual activity and oral contraceptive use over the course of the year. RESULTS: Concerns about health and physical appearance differentiated subjects who intended to use the pill from those who did not, those who reported actually using the pill at all from those who did not, and those who did or did not use the pill consistently. The impact of beliefs differed between sexually active subjects and those who first had sex after the initial interview. Intentions to use withdrawal were negatively related to subjects' use of the pill (beta = -0.19, P < .05), although intentions to use condoms were unrelated to pill use. Intentions toward abortion were unrelated to either intentions to use the pill or eventual pill use. CONCLUSIONS: Female adolescents' beliefs about the contraceptive pill predicted their initial intentions to use the pill and their actual pill use over the course of a year. Adolescents may view withdrawal-although apparently not condoms-as an alternative to pill use. Abortion appears to be a backup to pill use rather than a substitute.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed2005

Withdrawal users' perceptions of and experience with contraceptive methods in Manisa, Turkey.

OBJECTIVE: To gain an understanding of the knowledge, perceptions and experiences of using contraceptive methods among Turkish withdrawal users. DESIGN: Population-based, cross-sectional and descriptive study using a questionnaire conducted face to face. SETTING: Women who live in the Number 6 primary health unit area in Manisa, Turkey. PARTICIPANTS: 276 women who used the 'withdrawal' method for contraception. MEASUREMENTS AND FINDINGS: Almost all women were aware of modern contraceptive methods. The condom, intrauterine contraceptive device (IUCD) and oral contraceptives were the most known methods. The most common reasons for using 'withdrawal' were that this method was reliable, husbands preferred it, it was healthier, easier to use or more convenient than other methods. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: It is important for midwives and nurses to recognise the effects of cultural beliefs on women's contraceptive use. Educational programmes should be individualised to meet the specific needs of women and their partners.

Attitude to Health↗