SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “Community Programs for Clinical Research on AIDS”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 91 records · Page 5Linked to original sources

PubMed1989

Multidisciplinary response of San Francisco General Hospital to the AIDS epidemic.

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related services offered by San Francisco General Hospital (SFGH); programs to protect employees who are at occupational risk for infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV); and the legal, ethical, and economic implications of such infection are discussed. Support from public officials, health-care professionals, and the community has enabled SFGH to develop an extensive program of AIDS-related services. The program consumes 10% of SFGH's budget and was responsible for treating 1693 patients between January 1981 and June 1988. The hospital has two internationally recognized units dedicated to the care of AIDS patients. Many of the medical and support departments at SFGH contribute expertise directly; clinical and basic research are also conducted. Other services sponsored by the hospital include HIV testing and counseling; special training for physicians and nurses; assisting patients with finances, housing, and home care; emotional support; and community education. Expenses per patient are lower at SFGH than nationally because of contributions from the private and public sectors, but costs are not fully recovered. Hospital employees are protected by a body substance precautions program, a comprehensive needle-stick program, mandatory reporting and evaluation of all exposures, and enrollment in a study to document seroconversions. Confidentiality and compensation remain major concerns. San Francisco General Hospital has a model program of caring for patients with AIDS and protecting its workers, but the issue of compensating those employees who do become infected with HIV has not yet been resolved.

AIDS Serodiagnosis↗

PubMed1975

The community and medical education: organization and function of a board of concerned citizens.

A Board of Concerned Citizens was organized in 1971 to facilitate the resolution of problems between the College of Medicne and Dentistry of New Jersey at Newark and the community in which it is located. The board has provided an orderly imput by consumers, representatives of community organizations and nonfaculty employees into decisions on policies and programs of the medical and dental schools. It has aided in the resolution of employee grievances and student problems, given support needed to assist the development of quality health care services, helped improve the climate for clinical research, and served as an intermediary between the community and college on issues of special concern to local residents. An opinion poll conducted 3 1/2 years after its organization shows c ontinued support by citizenry, nonfaculty employees, faculty, and students for a Board of Concerned Citizens. Experiences of the board indicate that investigations and recommendations of a properly organized and motivated group of community residents and leaders can provide an effective bridge between a community and a medical or dental school.

Community Participation↗

PubMed1980

Sickle cell centers of tomorrow: Part II: Research, diagnostic laboratory tests, mass screening, medical care, and community services.

The main activities of the sickle cell centers of tomorrow should be to assemble, catalogue, and distribute knowledge, to serve as a referral agency, and to encourage donations for basic and applied research to qualified and fiscally responsible institutions. Sickle cell centers should not attempt to operate diagnostic laboratories or provide medical care unless research is the main purpose. Mass screening programs should be phased out. Sickle cell centers should coooperate with and aid in upgrading existing community services but should not attempt to duplicate existing programs on a categorical sickle cell basis.

Anemia, Sickle Cell↗

PubMed1991

Children, adolescents and AIDS.

HIV-1 and AIDS are emerging as significant problems for medical and mental health professionals working with children, adolescents, or women of child-bearing age. Aggressive medical care, and new research advances are allowing infected individuals to live longer. However, prevention remains the only way to save lives. Developmentally informed and culturally sensitive psychiatric input is needed to 1) facilitate coordinated care of children and mothers, 2) shape educational programs which can effect behavioral change, targeting children, adolescents, Latinos, and African-American women, and 3) work with children, their families, and their communities to combat stigma and secrecy. Although the obstacles often appear overwhelming, pediatric AIDS invites clinical and research involvement to prevent what cannot yet be cured.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

PubMed1997

Benchmark test cases for evaluation of computer-based methods for detection of setup errors: realistic digitally reconstructed electronic portal images with known setup errors.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this investigation was to develop methods and software for computing realistic digitally reconstructed electronic portal images with known setup errors for use as benchmark test cases for evaluation and intercomparison of computer-based methods for image matching and detecting setup errors in electronic portal images. METHODS AND MATERIALS: An existing software tool for computing digitally reconstructed radiographs was modified to compute simulated megavoltage images. An interface was added to allow the user to specify which setup parameter(s) will contain computer-induced random and systematic errors in a reference beam created during virtual simulation. Other software features include options for adding random and structured noise, Gaussian blurring to simulate geometric unsharpness, histogram matching with a "typical" electronic portal image, specifying individual preferences for the appearance of the "gold standard" image, and specifying the number of images generated. The visible male computed tomography data set from the National Library of Medicine was used as the planning image. RESULTS: Digitally reconstructed electronic portal images with known setup errors have been generated and used to evaluate our methods for automatic image matching and error detection. Any number of different sets of test cases can be generated to investigate setup errors involving selected setup parameters and anatomic volumes. This approach has proved to be invaluable for determination of error detection sensitivity under ideal (rigid body) conditions and for guiding further development of image matching and error detection methods. Example images have been successfully exported for similar use at other sites. CONCLUSIONS: Because absolute truth is known, digitally reconstructed electronic portal images with known setup errors are well suited for evaluation of computer-aided image matching and error detection methods. High-quality planning images, such as the visible human CT scans from the National Library of Medicine, are essential for producing realistic images. Sets of test cases with systematic and random errors in selected setup parameters and anatomic volumes are suitable for use as standard benchmarks by the radiotherapy community. In addition to serving as an aid to research and development, benchmark images may also be useful for evaluation of commercial systems and as part of a quality assurance program for clinical systems. Test cases and software are available upon request.

Computer Simulation↗

PubMed1994

Ethics, epidemiology, and women's health.

Ethical issues arise throughout the conduct of epidemiologic studies, in the processes of determining the study question, designing the protocol, and implementing the study. There also is an ethical dimension when studies are not done, for example, in studies of the effect of drugs and chemicals on male reproductive capacity. Harm as well as risk must be considered in the conduct of epidemiologic studies. The ethical principles that govern research, while independently justifiable, may come into conflict. Principles that govern research also may conflict with those that predominate in clinical practice. An example is the current controversy over unblinding anonymous, newborn human immunodeficiency virus seroprevalence studies to identify potentially infected infants. As women's health becomes more prominent on the research agenda, the resolution of these conflicts will become a complex challenge to epidemiologists, ethicists, clinicians, and the communities they serve.

AIDS Serodiagnosis↗

PubMed1994

Mental health services in Army primary care: the need for a collaborative health care agenda.

Epidemiologic studies have shown that more than half of mentally ill patients in the United States receive their psychiatric care exclusively in primary care settings. This fraction may be even higher in the military due to concern over possible occupational repercussions resulting from use of specialty psychiatric care and specialist shortages. Collaboration between generalists and mental health care specialists could potentially improve mental health care delivery and reduce psychiatric disability for a large segment of the Army population who have a psychiatric disorder but may not seek specialty care. Collaborative efforts can reinforce military generalists' essential gate-keeping function, thereby decreasing unnecessary medical utilization and health care costs. The authors review the problems associated with mental health care delivery in primary care and provide examples of collaborative models previously studied or currently being explored. A four-part Army Primary Care-Mental Health Services Agenda is proposed, consisting of: (1) coordinated research including primary care-mental health services research and community-based epidemiologic studies; (2) formation of a primary care-mental health services advisory committee for aiding with policy and program development; (3) graduate and continuing medical education in primary care-mental health services emphasizing interdisciplinary collaborative skills; and (4) clinical implementation of feasible collaborative interdisciplinary mental health care models adapted to the range of unique Army primary care settings. The main goal of the Army Primary Care-Mental Health Services Agenda is to improve access to Army mental health care in the most efficacious and cost-effective way and to help minimize the organizational impact of disability related to psychosocial distress.

Cross-Sectional Studies↗

PubMed2004

ICEE/AHMRC NSW Aboriginal Eye and Visioncare Program, Australia.

CONTEXT: An astounding 50% of blindness and 70% of vision impairment in Australia is caused by conditions that are said to be preventable or treatable. Aboriginal people suffer 10 times the rate of blindness and attend eyecare practitioners in far lower numbers than other members of the Australian population. ISSUE: In order to combat this problem in New South Wales (NSW), Australia, the International Centre for Eyecare Education (ICEE), with the Aboriginal Health and Medical Research Council (AHMRC) and the Office of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health (OATSIH), and local Aboriginal communities, have set up eyecare clinics in Aboriginal Medical Services (AMS) around the State. These eye clinics provide eyecare and vision correction, including the provision of spectacles and other optical aids, as well as educational programs to increase health awareness among the Aboriginal population and Aboriginal eye health workers. The first eyecare clinic was opened in AMS Redfern (Sydney) in July 2000 and ICEE now has a presence in over 60 locations throughout NSW. There have already been over 8000 consultations and 6000 pairs of spectacles provided to Aboriginal communities during this time. The program has also demonstrated that an effective Aboriginal eyecare program can be self-sustainable. LESSONS: The key to the success of this program has been collaboration and cooperation. This has involved working through, and with, Aboriginal community-controlled health services, which has ensured that programs are developed in accordance with community needs and cultural sensitivities. It has also involved the harnessing of the contributions of a number of State, Federal, community and professional organisations and individuals. This has provided efficiencies in service and resource provision, which are essential to the sustainability of the program.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1975

Creative technological aids for the learning-disabled child: an interdisciplinary project.

An interdisciplinary team of engineering students and occupational therapists have developed prototype electromechanical toys to enhance adaptive learning performance of developmentally disabled children. This paper describes the Creative Technological Aids (CTA) project undertaken under the joint auspices of the Undergraduate Research Opportunities Program (UROP) of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Kennedy Memorial Hospital occupational therapy department. Four prototype CTA devices were evaluated in clinical and community settings and preliminary results show that these devices are highly motivational in teaching eye-hand coordination and perceptual-motor skills.

Cerebral Palsy↗

PubMed2002

[Community based intervention and reduction of women's vulnerability to STD/AIDS in Brazil].

OBJECTIVES: Despite the growing number of AIDS cases in women reported, community-based interventions, which are essential in this context, are scarce and rarely evaluated. The aim of this study was to carry out a community-based research intervention, to develop and evaluate a set of STD/ AIDS prevention actions targeting the vulnerability of low income women population. METHODS: The study was carried out in Monte Azul slum in the city of São Paulo, SP, Brazil, in the period 1998-1999. The following actions were put in place: training of health professionals from the local outpatient clinic, availability of prevention resources (male and female condoms), educational groups, educational materials and community radio programs. For evaluating intervention, data from four different research instruments were assessed: pre and post training testing of health professionals, monitoring of condom supply, direct observation of community activities, and record of health professionals and target population's voluntary statements during activities. RESULTS: It was observed an increase in demand for male condom and an interest in female condoms. There were relevant gender and age differences in adhering to proposed activities. Although there were good results regarding sensitization and training of health professionals, their involvement in prevention activities was limited. CONCLUSIONS: Strategies relating to codes, demands and specific interests of the local society, especially those related to gender roles, have successfully performed as preventive actions. Health professionals' overwork at the local outpatient clinic proved to be an important limitation for maintaining preventive actions.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

PubMed1999

Developing an evidence base for teaching nursing practice skills in an undergraduate nursing program.

There is international concern over inadequate levels of nursing practice skill acquisition in undergraduate programs. Preparation of student nurses in nursing practice skills prior to clinical placements reduces cognitive dissonance, enhances cognitive flexibility and thus facilitates skill acquisition. This research was a contextually modified replication of the work of Alavi, Loh & Reilly (1991) in determining an evidence basis for selecting content for the clinical skills curriculum in an undergraduate programme. Thirty-three senior nurse clinicians from medical/surgical areas in two large hospitals offering student placements were asked to rate the frequency of performance (frequently, occasionally, rarely and never) of 77 skills for the beginning registered nurse. Those skills frequently used and rated over 65% were considered for inclusion in the undergraduate program--yielding 26 nursing practice skills. The clinicians were also asked to list their ten most important skills and the related expected level of competence for the newly registered nurse in order to aid development of a practical skills curriculum for the undergraduate nursing program at Whitireia Community Polytechnic. The research has provided an illuminating glimpse into the world of practice for a newly registered nurse. Future study of the expectations the new graduates have for themselves compared to those of the clinicians would be useful. Further exploration and dialogue between clinicians and faculty could be enhanced through consideration of faculty expectations of the newly graduated nurse and comparison of the three groups as a whole.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Intravenous drug use and AIDS prevention.

Research programs of the National Institute on Drug Abuse take a broad approach to investigating the problems of intervention in intravenous drug use and its relation to the AIDS epidemic. Current prevention strategies are directed to reducing the rates of infection and the progression among the infected to clinical symptoms. Programs test alternative prevention models and focus on the epidemiology of the problem and on basic studies of specific high-risk behaviors. Ultimately, the problem requires community involvement to encourage behaviors which will reduce exposure on the part of drug users, their sexual partners, and their children.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

PubMed1996

[Effects of technical aids on the utilization of professional care. A study among single 75-year olds].

In this paper we describe the results of a project, in which occupational therapists visited 83 independently living, single, elderly people (clients of organisations providing care) and advised them about technical aids. Subsequently some technical aids were provided. The intervention group received, on average, three out of five advised technical aids. The effect of this intervention was an increase in the use of technical aids (people used, on average, two technical aids more at the end of the project), which means that the provided technical aids were being used. This effect was stronger in the group of the 75-84 old persons than in the above 85 year old ones. This effect led to a change in people's attitudes towards technical aids: at the beginning of the project 80% of the elderly believed technical aids could help them to remain independent and at the end this percentage was 90%. There was a slight, non-significant, decrease in the number of hours home help (from 5,4 to 4,7 hours per week). However, we were unable to ascertain an effect on the percentage of elderly using community care or waiting for institutional care. This may have been due to the heterogeneity of the intervention, the small research population and the relatively short intervention period. Elderly should be assessed as being in need of technical aids at an earlier stage.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed1999

Community education for stroke awareness: An efficacy study.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: This study examined the effectiveness of a slide/audio community education program aimed at increasing knowledge of stroke risk factors, stroke warning signs, and action needed when stroke warning signs occur. The program targets audiences at higher risk for stroke, especially individuals who are black or >50 years of age. METHODS: Subjects were 657 adults living in the community or in senior independent-living settings. The study examined the effectiveness of the program when presented alone and when accompanied by discussion (facilitation) led by a trained individual. Knowledge of stroke risk factors and warning signs was assessed using parallel pretests and posttests developed and validated specifically for the study. RESULTS: ANCOVA indicated that neither pretesting nor facilitation had a significant effect on posttest measures of knowledge. Paired t tests of groups receiving both the pretest and posttest demonstrated significant increase in knowledge (mean increase, 10.87%; P<0.001). ANCOVA indicated that these gains in knowledge were similar across subjects of different sex, race, age, and educational level. No significant differences could be ascribed to facilitation. CONCLUSIONS: The data indicate that the slide/audio program is effective in increasing knowledge of stroke risk factors, warning signs, and necessary action in subjects of varying ages, races, and education. Pretesting and facilitation did not significantly affect the short-term acquisition of information. The slide/audio program appears to offer a short, easily used educational experience for diverse communities, whether as a stand-alone program or with facilitated discussion.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Evaluation of concept mapping in an associate degree nursing program.

The purpose of this project was to evaluate concept mapping as a clinical teaching-learning activity that reflects critical thinking by promoting identification of nonlinear relationships among the components of the nursing process. The sample involved 28 associate degree nursing students from one graduating class. Students completed one map each in the second and fourth semesters and two maps in the fifth semester, for a total of four concept maps. The students' learning activity was to create a concept map on a blank sheet of paper describing the clients' physiological and psychosocial needs and nursing care and the relationships among concepts. As students progressed through the curriculum, there was a steady increase in the mean scores and the average number of cross-links in their concept maps. Cross-links indicated students' ability to use nonlinear thinking to identify relationships among concepts. The results of this study support the use of concept maps as an effective teaching-learning activity and support concept mapping as an evidence-based nursing education strategy.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Current CDC efforts to prevent and control human immunodeficiency virus infection and AIDS in the United States through information and education.

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is estimated to have infected more than a million people in the United States and millions more in other countries. Even though there is no vaccine or effective treatment, HIV infection can be prevented through behavioral change. As the lead Public Health Service Agency for disease prevention, the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) has designed and implemented information and education activities with the ultimate goal of preventing HIV infection and AIDS in the United States. The target populations include the general public, school- and college-aged populations, persons infected or at increased risk of infection, minorities, and health workers. Because AIDS will be with us for a long time, CDC views educating the public as a long-term undertaking. The agency has initiated an intensive continuing national public information campaign, an informational brochure to be distributed to every U.S. household, a national AIDS information toll-free hotline, and a clearinghouse system that will maintain a comprehensive inventory of AIDS information resources and services. CDC also supports public information and education efforts by State and local health agencies. To reach school- and college-age youth, CDC, in consultation with governmental and national private sector organizations, developed guidelines for effective school health education to assist school health personnel in determining the scope and content of AIDS education. CDC also works with State and local education agencies to help carry out and evaluate educational efforts to prevent the spread of HIV among school- and college-age youth. The populations with the highest priority for AIDS information and education efforts are those who are at increased risk of acquiring or transmitting the AIDS virus because they use illicit intravenous drugs and share needles, engage in anal intercourse, have many sexual partners, practice prostitution, or engage in sex with those who practice these behaviors. Another high-priority population, because they can infect their offspring,is reproductive age women engaging in high-risk behavior and women infected with HIV who become pregnant. CDC programs targeted to these groups include community health education and risk reduction interventions, counseling and testing for HIV infection, AIDS community demonstration projects, perinatal AIDS prevention projects,and programs focused on preventing AIDS in minority populations. CDC is developing a variety of educational approaches for health workers in clinical settings because they are an important channel for providing accurate AIDS information, helping to assess risk, and counseling to actively reduce risk for the patient, sex partners of the patient, friends, and family members of the patient. CDC has conducted research and provided information and training on the use of HIV laboratory tests. CDC has also developed numerous scientific and technical guidelines and recommendations in consultation with practitioners, public health officials, and others and disseminated these through the Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. In addition,CDC has provided information about the risk of HIV transmission in the workplace and about methods of prevention. CDC will continue to evaluate these activities and support research in education and related interventions that may be necessary to prevent infection by the HIV virus. By providing educational support for behavior changes that decrease HIV transmission, we can contribute to AIDS prevention in the 1990s.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

PubMed2001

Current progress in the development of human immunodeficiency virus vaccines: research and clinical trials.

In spite of extensive prevention programs, the HIV pandemic is still spreading worldwide, particularly in developing countries. AIDS is the leading cause of death in Africa and the fourth cause worldwide. WHO estimates that there are 16000 new cases of HIV infection daily and that 100 million individuals will be infected during the next decade. In spite of the spectacular results of triple therapy, the best strategy for controlling the HIV epidemics remains the development of an efficacious prophylactic vaccine. However, the development of such a vaccine remains a formidable challenge to both the industry and the scientific community (Esparza J. Bhamarapravati N. Accelerating the development and future availability of HIV-1 vaccines: why, when, where, and how? Lancet 2000; 355: 2061-6 [1]).

AIDS Vaccines↗

PubMed2006

Pediatric HIV type 1 vaccine trial acceptability among mothers in Kenya.

Vaccination of infants against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) may prevent mother-to-child HIV-1 transmission. Successful trials and immunization efforts will depend on the willingness of individuals to participate in pediatric vaccine research and acceptance of infant HIV-1 vaccines. In a cross-sectional study, pregnant women presenting to a Nairobi antenatal clinic for routine care were interviewed regarding their attitudes toward participation in research studies and HIV-1 vaccine acceptability for their infants. Among 805 women, 782 (97%) reported they would vaccinate their infant against HIV-1 and 729 (91%) reported willingness to enroll their infant in a research study. However, only 644 (80%) would enroll their infants if HIV- 1 testing was required every 3 months and 513 (64%) would agree to HIV-1 vaccine trial participation. Reasons for not wanting to enroll in a pediatric HIV-1 vaccine trial included concerns about side effects (75%), partner objection (34%), and fear of discrimination (10%), HIV-1 acquisition (8%), or false-positive HIV-1 results (5%). The strongest correlate of pediatric vaccine trial participation was maternal willingness to be a vaccine trial participant herself; in univariate and multivariate models this was associated with a 17-fold increased likelihood of participation (HR 17.1; 95% CI 11.7-25; p < 0.001). We conclude from these results that immunizing infants against HIV-1 and participation in pediatric vaccine trials are generally acceptable to women at high risk for HIV-1 infection. It will be important to address barriers identified in this study and to include male partners when mobilizing communities for pediatric HIV-1 vaccine trials and immunization programs.

AIDS Vaccines↗