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At least 91 records · Page 5Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

Classical conditioning of the human flexion reflex.

The eyeblink conditioning paradigm is a well established model for studying learning processes in humans and animals. In this study a flexion reflex conditioning paradigm was established using the standard delay paradigm. The flexion reflex was elicited in 10 young, healthy subjects by a train of electrical pulses (100 ms, 100 Hz, 0.65 ms) applied to the medial plantar nerve (unconditioned stimulus, US). A tone (1000 Hz, 550 ms) was presented via headphones as the conditioning stimulus and which coterminated with the US. Responses were recorded from the anterior tibial muscles. Subjects were conditioned within one session of 120 trials of paired stimuli. This was established statistically via the continuous change in characteristic parameters of the responses throughout the experiment. Although the process of limb muscle conditioning takes longer than eyeblink conditioning, this type of flexion-reflex conditioning may possibly serve as a further model for the study of plastic changes within the nervous system. Moreover, the considerable versatility of limb movements offers the advantage of greater possibilities for testing the conditioning result.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Multiple response measures during classical conditioning.

Animal research assessing multiple responses during Pavlovian conditioning has revealed a dichotomy between the central nervous system (CNS) substrates for somatomotor and visceral CRs. These findings have implications for the study of clinical/applied problems in human subjects, since differences in the acquisition functions for these response systems may suggest which CNS structures are involved in various neuropsychiatric disorders. The present paper describes methods and procedures utilized to assess the somatomotor conditioned eyeblink (EB) response and accompanying visceral changes in human subjects. Methods are described for assessing concomitant EB conditioned and unconditioned responses and the accompanying heart rate, skin conductance, and respiratory changes during Pavlovian conditioning in human subjects. It is stressed that utilization of concomitant conditioning of these different response systems may lead to inferences regarding the central nervous system structures involved in a variety of different kinds of clinical problems.

Conditioning, Classical↗
PubMed1975

Factors affecting the measurement of classically conditioned fear in rats following exposure to escapable versus inescapable signaled shock.

Three experiments are reported in which rats first received 50 escapable or inescapable signaled-shock trials. Experiment 1 (n = 22) employed an acquired-drive paradigm and found inescapable shock subjects learned a hurdle-jump response to escape the signal less rapidly than did escapable-shock subjects. Experiment 2 (n = 24) employed a conditioned emotional response paradigm and found inescapable-shock subjects suppressed more when the signal was introduced in the appetitive bar-pressing task. Both experiments measured spontaneous activity immediately following conditioning and found no group differences. Experiment 3 (n = 39) employed the same activity task and found no difference between escapable- and inescapable-shock groups when the signal was introduced into the activity task. Both groups displayed less activity than a nonshock control group during the signal. The results suggest that lack of control over the shock in the conditioning phase did not result in an increase of conditioned fear. The results are discussed in terms of a learned active-inactive predisposition to respond.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Lateral subthalamic area as mediator of classically conditioned bradycardia in rabbits.

This study was conducted to examine whether a central efferent pathway passing through the lateral zona incerta (LZI) of the subthalamus selectively mediates the bradycardia conditioned response (CR) in rabbits. Electrodes were implanted bilaterally in LZI or in control sites just dorsal or ventral to LZI. Two days following surgery, animals were subjected to Pavlovian conditioning or to pseudoconditioning. Subsequent bilateral electrolytic lesions did not influence the heart rate (HR) orienting response, unconditioned response, baseline, or lack of response to pseudoconditioning. Bilateral LZI lesions alone abolished the HR CR. In a follow-up experiment, the corneoretinal potential (CRP) CR and HR were recorded. Bilateral LZI lesions following conditioning to a criterion of 65% CRP CRs abolished the HR CR without affecting CRP CRs. The present findings indicate that LZI is part of an efferent pathway that selectively mediates the HR CR in rabbits.

Amygdala↗
PubMed1991

Classical conditioning after temporal lobe lesions in man: impairment in conditional discrimination.

Left and right temporal lobectomy patients, patients with frontal lobe lesions, and healthy control subjects participated in an eyelid conditioning study based on conditional discrimination learning. All groups acquired the first conditioned response at a similar time during learning, but both temporal lobectomy groups showed poorer discrimination than control subjects. The results support models that relate hippocampal function to operation of if-then rules.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Cholesterol modifies classical conditioning of the rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) nictitating membrane response.

Cholesterol plays an important role in synapse formation, receptor function, and synaptic plasticity, and animal studies show that modifying cholesterol may improve learning and memory. Other data show that feeding animals cholesterol can induce beta amyloid accumulation. Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) fed 2% cholesterol for 8 weeks were given trace conditioning of the nictitating membrane response using a 100-ms tone, a 700-ms trace, and periorbital electrical stimulation or airpuff. Rabbits fed cholesterol showed significant facilitation of trace conditioning to airpuff and conditioning-specific reflex modification to periorbital electrical stimulation and airpuff. The cholesterol-fed rabbits had beta amyloid accumulation in the cortex, but little in the hippocampus. The data suggest cholesterol had facilitative effects that outweighed potential amnesic effects of cortical beta amyloid.

Amyloid beta-Peptides↗