[Encephalitis following inclusion conjunctivitis (the apparent death of a disease)].
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Child, Preschool↗
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Chlamydial inclusion conjunctivitis of the newborn.
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Conjunctivitis, Inclusion↗
[Trachoma and inclusion conjunctivitis: similarities and differences].
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Adolescent↗
[Chlamydial inclusion conjunctivitis in the newborn. 5 cases].
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Conjunctivitis, Inclusion↗
[Characteristics and unknowns of TRIC agents (trachoma--inclusion conjunctivitis)].
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Chlamydia trachomatis↗
Serotyping of Chlamydia trachomatis from inclusion conjunctivitis by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis.
A molecular biological method of detecting and serotyping Chlamydia trachomatis (C. trachomatis) directly from conjunctival specimens by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was developed and applied to the diagnosis of inclusion conjunctivitis. We amplified 1.2 kbp DNA fragments of ompA gene from 15 reference strains of C. trachomatis by two-step PCR using two pairs of primers. Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis using a combination of three endonucleases (HinfI, HindIII and HhaI) completely differentiated 13 of the 15 serovars; the exceptions were B and Ba. We then used this method for 18 strains of C. trachomatis isolated from Japanese patients with inclusion conjunctivitis, serotyping them into six groups: D (5/18), G (5/18), E (3/18), H (2/18), F (1/18), and K (1/18). In our comparison of cell culture isolation with PCR analysis of 38 conjunctival swabs from 35 patients in Sapporo with follicular conjunctivitis, 8 were positive in culture isolation and were also positive in two-step PCR. Twenty-five of 26 strains (the 18 isolated strains and 8 strains amplified by two-step PCR) were genotyped to D, G, H, E, F, and K. One isolated strain could not be identified. The C. trachomatis which causes inclusion conjunctivitis in Japan appears to have a distribution of serovars similar to that of the sexually transmitted diseases.
Adolescent↗
Immunity to chlamydial infections of the eye. II. Studies of passively transferred serum antibody in resistance to infection with guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis.
Conjunctival infection of guinea pigs by the chlamydial agent of guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis confers immunity. However, the mechanism of resistance to this intracellular pathogen is not yet defined. In the study reported here, serum immunoglobulin was passively transferred with resultant titers in excess of those known to be associated with immunity. Nonetheless, when the passive transfer recipients were challenged, they acquired infection which was neither delayed nor attenuated. Eye secretion antibody titers appeared and increased only after 11 days of infection in both passive transfer recipients and control groups, suggesting but not proving de novo local synthesis of secretory antibody. This study suggests that cellular or secretory immune mechanisms may predominate in resistance to this infection.
Animals↗
Monoclonal antibodies to Chlamydia psittaci guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis (GPIC) strain.
Monoclonal antibodies to a strain of Chlamydia psittaci isolated from guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis (GPIC) were developed. Only five of the 15 hybridomas isolated produced antibodies specific for the GPIC strain, while seven others produced antibodies which cross reacted with other strains and another species. Strain-specific and species-specific monoclonal antibodies were isotyped as IgG2a and IgG3, respectively. It appears that the GPIC strain has at least two epitopes, one of which is specific for the strain and the other common to the species. These monoclonal reagents may be used to immunotype GPIC agents, better than available methods and may be of potential use in the development of vaccines against chlamydial infections.
Animals↗
The effect of cyclophosphamide on the recovery from a local chlamydial infection. Guinea-pig inclusion conjunctivitis (GPIC).
The immune mechanism involved in the recovery from and resistance to guinea-pig inclusion conjunctivitis (GPIC) was studied. Guinea-pigs were injected with a dose of cyclophosphamide (CY) (300 mg/kg wt) that inhibits antibody synthesis. Such treatment was shown to produce a cellular depletion in the B-cell area without producing an appreciable change in the T-cell area of the spleen and lymph nodes. CY treatment markedly delayed the appearance of secretory immunoglobulin A antibody to GPIC in the tears, and other classes of antibodies to GPIC and sheep erythrocyte in the serum. Furthermore, recovery from infection was impaired and a subsequent injection of CY prolonged the duration of infection. The results indicate that B cells may play an important role in the control of this infection.
Animals↗
TRACHOMA AND INCLUSION CONJUNCTIVITIS AGENTS: ADAPTATION TO HELA CELL CULTURES.
The Mita-, Bour-, and Kami-strains of trachoma and inclusion conjunctivitis agents became adapted to serial passages in HeLa cell cultures after alternating passages between yolk sacs and tissue culture.
Cell Culture Techniques↗
Role of cell-mediated immunity in the resolution of secondary chlamydial genital infection in guinea pigs infected with the agent of guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis.
Guinea pigs which have recovered from a genital infection with the agent of guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis demonstrate strong immunity to reinfection for a short period of time but then become susceptible to reinfection. The secondary infection is markedly shortened in duration and decreased in intensity. Previous studies have indicated an important role for humoral immunity in resistance to and in recovery from reinfection. However, the contribution of cell-mediated immunity to immunity toward or recovery from a secondary infection is not clear. Guinea pigs were infected in the genital tract with guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis and were challenged at either 30 or 75 days after the primary infection. Prior to challenge, one group of animals were injected with rabbit anti-guinea pig thymocyte serum (ATS) while control groups received either normal rabbit serum or no treatment. Treatment was continued daily for the course of the experiment. On day 30, ATS-treated guinea pigs had a slightly higher rate of reinfection, and generally the infection persisted longer than in controls. On day 75, all animals became reinfected upon challenge, but control animals resolved their infections in 3 to 9 days. In contrast, most ATS-treated animals remained infected throughout the course of the experiment. Although the animals became reinfected, the levels of chlamydiae were much lower than those observed during the primary infection. ATS treatment abrogated T-cell responses, but serum and secretory antibody responses remained normal. Histopathological examination revealed some decrease in mononuclear infiltration of endocervical and uterine tissues in ATS-treated animals. These data indicate that previously infected guinea pigs require both cell-mediated immunity and humoral immunity for resolution of a challenge infection.
Animals↗
Serum and tear antibodies to Chlamydia after reinfection with guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis agent.
Repeated inoculation of th eyes of guinea pigs with the naturally occurring Chlamydia psittaci agent, guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis (GPIC), showed that animals gradually become susceptible to reinfection with the passage of time after primary infection. Higher levels of serum IgG antibody had a significant association with resistance to challenge inoculation only with a high dose (250 ELD50) but not with a low dose (25 ELD50) inoculum. With each inoculum, however, some animals with high serum antibody were susceptible. the presence of antibodies in tears did not correlate with resistance to the first low-dose challenge inoculation, but both tear IgG and secretory antibody did have a significant association with resistance on the second rechallenge with a high-dose inoculum. Topical treatment of the eye with immune serum or tears during primary infection reduced the amount of agent in the conjunctiva only during the period of application. Local treatment of the eye with heat-killed vaccine prior to primary infection did not produce detectable antibody or protect animals against challenge inoculation; this local immunization did "prime" the animals, however, so that they had an accelerated antibody response after infection. Although there is abundant evidence that local immunity has an important role in resistance to challenge inoculation with GPIC, serum and tear antibody levels correlate equally well with resistance to repeated ocular challenge inoculation. Effective immunization procedures for this chlamydial infection then would involve stimulation of both local and systemic immune responses.
Animals↗
Increased incidence of oviduct pathology in the guinea pig after repeat vaginal inoculation with the chlamydial agent of guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis.
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Although it has been hypothesized that repeated infections with Chlamydia trachomatis result in an increased potential for the development of infertility, it is not know whether repeated chlamydial infection by the vaginal route will result in an increased incidence of upper tract pathology or enhanced pathology. GOAL OF THIS STUDY: To determine whether guinea pigs given two infections with the chlamydial agent of guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis would experience an increased incidence of pathologic changes compared with animals having only a single infection. STUDY DESIGN: Guinea pigs previously infected with guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis were challenged with a fresh intravaginal inoculum 73-77 days after the primary infection. Oviducts were examined either nine or 30 to 37 days after the challenge infection for pathologic changes and compared with control unchallenged animals 75 to 85 days after a primary infection. RESULTS: A significant increase in the number of animals with oviducts demonstrating marked tubal dilatation was observed in the challenged animals 30 to 37 days after the challenge infection. There was no association of increased antibody titer and chlamydial Hsp60 with the presence of tubal dilatation. CONCLUSION: These data strongly indicate that repeated infection via the natural vaginal route does increase the risk of tubal damage.
Animals↗
Lack of allelic polymorphism for the major outer membrane protein gene of the agent of guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis (Chlamydia psittaci).
The major outer membrane protein gene (omp1) was sequenced for each of six Chlamydia psittaci (guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis [GPIC]) strains isolated from guinea pigs. Five of the isolates were obtained in the United States during the 1960s and 1970s, including the prototype strain isolated by Murray in 1962. The other isolate was obtained from a guinea pig in England. The nucleotide sequence of the omp1 gene for each strain was identical. The lack of omp1 allelic polymorphism among GPIC isolates suggests that, unlike C. trachomatis, the GPIC agent lacks antigenic variation in the major outer membrane protein.
Alleles↗
Experimental genital infection of male guinea pigs with the agent of guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis and transmission to females.
Male guinea pigs were inoculated intraurethrally with the agent of guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis (Gp-ic). Cytoplasmic inclusions were found in superficial epithelial cells of the urethra in smears and stained sections. Gp-ic antigen(s) was detected by immunofluorescent staining of sections. There was no marked urethral exudate, but many animals developed bullous lesions on the glans and the body of the penis and a severe inflammatory lesion of the hind leg. All males demonstrated an antibody response and most of them showed a positive skin test reaction. Venereal transmission to females of Gp-ic infection was shown to occur as determined by detection of inclusions in vaginal smears, antibody response, and positive skin tests.
Animals↗
Staphylococcal infection superimposed on guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis.
We have studied the effect of superimposed staphylococcal infection on guinea pigs who had inclusion conjunctivitis. Although the acute phase of the inclusion disease was slightly more intense in the superinfected group, the course and duration were unaltered. We did not find any reactivation of the inclusion disease from the subconjunctival injection of glucocorticoid.
Acute Disease↗
Adult inclusion conjunctivitis. Clinical characteristics and corneal changes.
Twenty-five consecutive cases of adult inclusion conjunctivitis were studied. Diagnosis was based on the finding of typical Halberstaedter-Prowazek inclusion bodies on conjunctival scrapings. Corneal involvement was common (20/25 patients); most frequent was superficial epithelial keratitis (15/25). Other changes seen included subepithelial nummular keratitis (6/25), marginal keratitis (2/25), (4/25). There seemed to be a predilection for involvement of the upper half of the cornea. Conjunctival scarring occurred in one patient only. Associated genitourinary symptoms were spontaneously reported in three patients only; however, on careful questioning, an additional 12 patients were found to have a history of urethritis or cervicitis. A comparison with viral follicular conjunctivitis is made. The location and pattern of keratopathy, associated genitourinary complaints, mucopurulent nature of discharge, and lack of response to standard topical therapy would seem to suggest chlamydial cause. Conjunctival scrapings are very helpful in differential diagnosis between viral and chlamydial conjunctivitis.
Adolescent↗
Combination of adult inclusion conjunctivitis and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma in a young adult.
PURPOSE: To report a patient who was diagnosed with combined adult inclusion conjunctivitis (AIC) and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma. METHODS: This is a case report. RESULTS: An 18-year-old male patient presented with chronic conjunctivitis and giant follicles. Evaluation by chlamydial antigen assay was positive. Conjunctival biopsy for the immunohistochemical stain and polymerase chain reaction of the left eye showed MALT lymphoma. CONCLUSIONS: MALT lymphoma can masquerade as other ocular surface diseases. Chlamydial infection causes chronic inflammation of the conjunctiva. Both of these diseases should be considered as a differential diagnosis of refractory follicular conjunctivitis. It is worthy of further study to determine whether chronic inflammation resulting from chlamydial infection increases the risk of MALT lymphoma or it is coincidental.
Adolescent↗