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PubMedDate not supplied

Consistency between reproductive preferences and behavior: the Sri Lankan experience.

Data collected in the 1982 Sri Lanka Contraceptive Prevalence Survey and the 1985 Sri Lanka Contraceptive Survey, a follow-up study, were used to examine the reliability of respondents' preferences for additional children. At the aggregate level, consistency was remarkable: In 1982, 47 percent of women said they wanted more children and in 1985, 49 percent had more, for a slight excess of actual over wanted fertility. Even though inconsistencies existed, at the individual level preferences were moderately predictive of subsequent behavior. Unwanted fertility was related not only to the demographic characteristics of the women but also to disagreement with their husbands on desired fertility. More of those who believed that their husbands wanted additional children than those who believed otherwise reported births in the follow-up period. Nonusers of contraception were over three times more likely than contraceptors using modern methods to have had an unwanted birth.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Influence of son preference on the contraceptive use and fertility of Sri Lankan women.

The effect of moderate son preference on family size is analysed using data from the 1982 Sri Lanka Contraceptive Prevalence Survey whose respondents were followed-up in the 1985 Sri Lanka Contraceptive Survey. Reported reproductive intentions on desire for additional children were not always reflected in overall contraceptive use. Complicating factors were the use of modern and traditional methods and the role of induced abortion. Longitudinal observations of the 1982-85 period relating women's individual reproductive behaviour to their intentions show no consistent behavioural difference between those with and without sons. However, at any given parity, the proportion reporting at least one additional child born during the intersurvey period was higher among those women who intended to have at least one additional child than among those who wanted to stop childbearing. This analysis suggests that son preference finds expression more through reproductive intentions than through actual fertility behaviour in the follow-up period.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

[Fertility trends in Indonesia: an analysis of preferences].

"This analysis begins with a presentation of a summary of levels and trends of fertility. Selected factors affecting fertility are also addressed. Then data from the National Indonesia Contraceptive Prevalence Survey (NICPS) carried out as part of the Demographic and Health Surveys program in 1987 are used to investigate the extent of fertility planning among Indonesian women, and the extent to which the plan is being implemented. Differentials in fertility intentions are also studied." (SUMMARY IN ENG)

Asia↗
PubMed1996

Is fertility falling in Zimbabwe?

With an unequalled contraceptive prevalence rate in sub-Saharan Africa, of 43% among currently married women in Zimbabwe, the Central Statistical Office (1989) observed that fertility has declined sharply in recent years. Using data from several surveys on Zimbabwe, especially the birth histories of the Zimbabwe Demographic and Health Survey, this study examines fertility trends in Zimbabwe. The results show that the fertility decline in Zimbabwe is modest and that the decline is concentrated among high order births. Multivariate analysis did not show a statistically significant effect of contraception on fertility, partly because a high proportion of Zimbabwean women in the reproductive age group never use contraception due to prevailing pronatalist attitudes in the country.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Son preference in Vietnam.

This article assesses the strength of son preference in Vietnam, as reflected in fertility behavior. It formulates and estimates a proportional hazards model applied to birth intervals, and a contraceptive prevalence model, using household survey data from 2,636 ever-married women aged 15-49 with at least one living child who were interviewed for the Vietnam Living Standards Survey 1992-1993. Son preference is found to be strong by world standards, but nevertheless, it has a minor effect on fertility; in its absence, the total fertility rate would fall by roughly 10 percent from the current level of about 3.2 children per woman of reproductive age.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Patterns of contraceptive use among urban women in Taiwan.

Patterns of contraceptive use among married urban women in Taiwan were investigated. A convenience sample of 150 women attending health clinics for reasons other than contraceptive care were interviewed about their contraceptive use. The most prevalent contraceptive method used by these women was the intrauterine device, followed by the condom and birth-control pills. Participants had used only one or two contraceptive methods throughout their contraceptive careers, and many stated they were satisfied with their current method. Many participants were able to name the methods of birth control promoted by the Taiwan family-planning promotion program. Knowledge of alternative methods did not significantly relate to current method in use or to desire to change methods.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Prevalence of contraceptive use: trends and issues.

This article discusses the sources of data for estimates of contraceptive use, including their reliability and validity. Data from sample surveys and from censuses are presented by countries from the 1960s to the present time. Tables on proportions of users by method of contraception for various time periods are included. The relationship between contraceptive use and level of fertility is also shown. Contraceptive use has increased rapidly in much of Asia and Latin America, but much less so in Arab countries and sub-Saharan Africa. Worldwide, about 400 million of the 800-850 million married couples of reproductive age practice contraception; of these, about 340 million use a modern method. Sterilization is the most widely practiced method of contraception in the world, with tubal ligations far outnumbering vasectomies.

Contraception↗
PubMed1996

The determinants of the duration of contraceptive use in China: a multilevel multinomial discrete-hazards modeling approach.

Often in demography, individuals may change state over time for a variety of reasons. Competing-risks hazards models have been developed to model such situations. This paper describes the extension of the discrete-time competing-risks hazards model to a multilevel framework that allows for data at different levels of aggregation. The model is illustrated with data from the 1988 Chinese National Survey of Fertility and Contraceptive Prevalence, which collected complete contraceptive histories. Women may stop using a method of contraception for a number of reasons; this paper describes how one can control for correlations between the outcomes of repeated spells of contraceptive use.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Family planning through private practitioners: characteristics of Kenyan contraceptive acceptors.

Kenya has one of the highest population growth rates in the world. Innovative programs are therefore called for to help curb the fast population growth rate. The Kenya Medical Association started a new program of involving private physicians in the active provision of family planning services. A preliminary analysis shows that the program serves generally young, better educated women of low parity. Sixty-one percent of the clients are new acceptors and the oral contraceptive pill the most popular method. The level of education of the clients had marked influence on family size. Age, parity and marital status also influenced the pattern of contraceptive use. These preliminary results are discussed against the background of the 1984 Kenya Contraceptive Prevalence Survey findings and possible areas of improvement suggested.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The impact of recent policy changes on fertility, abortion, and contraceptive use in Romania.

A national household survey of 4,861 women aged 15-44 on reproductive health issues was conducted in Romania in 1993. The survey provided the opportunity to study the impact of policy changes by comparing selected aspects of fertility, abortion, and contraceptive use before and after the December 1989 revolution, when the laws restricting abortion and contraceptive use were abolished. After abortion became legal, the total fertility rate dropped to below replacement level, while the induced abortion rate doubled. Contraceptive prevalence increased 20 percent, but augmentation of the use of traditional methods, rather than the change in legislation, accounted for 70 percent of the increase. Limited sex education and contraceptive information, mistrust and misinformation about modern methods, a lack of adequately trained providers, and a shortage or uneven distribution of contraceptive supplies are major reasons for the continued high rates of unintended pregnancy.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1993

Does women's literacy affect desired fertility and contraceptive use in rural-urban Pakistan?

The 1984-85 Pakistan Contraceptive Prevalence Survey showed that urban wives had more than twice the literacy rate of rural wives. The present study explored the relationship of the rural-urban gap in female literacy to differences in contraceptive use. In rural areas, literacy did not increase women's perceptions of having reached a 'sufficient' number of living children, although the opposite was true for urban areas. Yet rural women with an 'insufficient' number of living children were more likely to use contraception if they were literate, as did their urban counterparts. Thus, raising the literacy rate in rural Pakistan would not narrow the rural-urban gap in contraception to cease childbearing but would narrow the rural-urban gap in contraception used to space wanted births further apart. Recommendations for government policy are made.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Determinants of fertility in Guatemala.

The 1978 Contraceptive Prevalence Survey for Guatemala provides an opportunity to examine fertility levels and a number of determinants of fertility for three broad segments of the country: the Department of Guatemala and, in the remainder of the country, the Ladino and Indian populations. While Ladinos had a much higher rate of contraceptive use than did Indians, the two groups had similar birth rates. The lack of difference in fertility appears to be due to the pattern of prolonged breastfeeding among Indians and perhaps to differences in the rate of conception due to nutrition, coital frequency, or other factors.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Factors affecting desired family size in Bangladesh.

Factors affecting desired family size in rural Bangladesh are examined using data from contraceptive prevalence surveys conducted between 1983 and 1991. The analysis suggests that mothers having two sons and one daughter are more inclined to perceive their family as complete than those having three sons and no daughter. Logistic regression analysis indicates that important determinants of desire for more children are age of woman, current contraceptive use status, work status, and family planning worker's visit. The policy implications of these findings are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Relationships of desire for no more children and socioeconomic and demographic factors in Sri Lankan women.

Data from the 1982 Sri Lanka Contraceptive Prevalence Survey are used to identify women who wish to stop childbearing; they differ in socioeconomic status from their counterparts who want more children. Educated women are more likely to be motivated to cease childbearing than non-educated women; Christian or Sinhalese/Buddhist women are more willing to stop childbearing than Moor/Muslim or Tamil/Hindu women. The relationships between sex composition of existing children and women's fertility desires indicate that although moderate son preference exists it does not affect their contraceptive behaviour. Among those who want no more children, 15% are at risk of unwanted pregnancy because they do not practise contraception. Again better education and being Christian or Sinhalese/Buddhist reduced the risk of unwanted pregnancy. Women whose husbands disapproved of contraception had over four times higher risk of unwanted pregnancy than women whose husbands approved.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Contraceptive switching in Bangladesh.

Bangladesh has experienced a substantial decline in fertility that has been achieved by means of a large increase in the use of modern methods of contraception. As contraceptive prevalence increases, aspects of contraceptive-use dynamics, including reasons for discontinuation and behavior after discontinuation, become important influences on fertility. This report uses calendar data from the 1993-94 Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey to examine contraceptive behavior following discontinuation of modern-method use. The individual-level characteristics found to influence switching behavior include the method used, method-related difficulties with previous contraceptive use, and education. A large amount of unexplained variation in switching rates remains, however, largely at the individual level, but also at the community level for certain types of transition.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

The reliability of reporting of contraceptive behavior in DHS calendar data: evidence from Morocco.

This report addresses the consistency of reporting in the contraceptive calendar in the 1992 and 1995 Morocco Demographic and Health Surveys. Because a panel design was used in these surveys, the same women were interviewed in both years, providing a unique opportunity to examine the reliability of responses. Measures of reliability for various aspects of contraceptive-use dynamics are computed, and the impact of reporting errors on contraceptive failure, discontinuation, and switching rates is estimated. Results suggest that reporting of contraceptive behavior in Moroccan DHS calendar data appears to be relatively reliable at the aggregate level. Individual respondents, particularly those whose contraceptive patterns have been complex, have a lower level of reliability. The observed inconsistencies do not appear to affect aggregate-level estimates of contraceptive prevalence; however, measures of contraceptive-use dynamics are less stable.

Adult↗