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PubMed1994

Cluster analysis of the medical coping modes questionnaire: evidence for coping with cancer styles?

A number of researchers have attempted to understand how individuals cope with having cancer. Unfortunately, this voluminous literature has suffered from a number of problems common to other pre-paridigmic disciples. Studies are generally isolated and fail to build upon other research in the literature. In addition, no guiding theory or conceptualization exists that helps to explain and describe the richness and complexity of observed clinical phenomena. With the understanding that coping with cancer is multidimensional, some researchers have attempted to group coping responses into dominant styles. In an effort to better understand the results of this approach, we performed a cluster analysis on 117 responses to a three scale questionnaire, the Medical Coping Modes Questionnaire. Results indicated that subjects can be grouped into one of four coping categories: confrontive, avoidant, resigned, or with a nondominant style. Future research is needed to explore how these styles influence quality of life during and following treatment.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2005

Coping with body-image threats and challenges: validation of the Body Image Coping Strategies Inventory.

OBJECTIVE: Despite extensive research on both body image and coping, little attention has been given to their interface. This investigation examined the reliability and validity of the newly developed Body Image Coping Strategies Inventory (BICSI), which measures how individuals characteristically manage threats or challenges to body-image experiences. METHODS: The BICSI and other relevant body-image and psychosocial functioning inventories were completed by 603 male and female college students. RESULTS: Results revealed a 29-item measure consisting of three internally consistent body-image coping factors: avoidance, appearance fixing, and positive rational acceptance. The BICSI significantly converged with other pertinent measures of body-image evaluation, affect, and investment, and with psychosocial functioning (i.e., self-esteem, social support, and eating disturbance). Regression analyses indicated that multiple coping strategies predicted individuals' body-image quality of life and their eating attitudes. Compared with men, women used all coping strategies more, especially appearance-fixing strategies. Ethnic differences were identified. CONCLUSION: The empirical findings support the reliability and validity of the BICSI. Limitations, implications, and research directions are considered.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2002

Exploration of coping patterns in burned adults: cluster analysis of the coping with burns questionnaire (CBQ).

The aim of this study was to investigate coping patterns, health status and personality traits in burned adults. Subjects were 161 burn patients treated at the Uppsala University Hospital between 1980 and 1995. Measures were the coping with burns questionnaire (CBQ), the burn specific health scale-brief (BSHS-B) and the Swedish universities scales of personality (SSP). The CBQ was subjected to a K-means cluster analysis and three clusters were derived: extensive, adaptive, and avoidant copers. Extensive copers used the most coping and took an intermediate role regarding health status and the personality trait of neuroticism. Adaptive copers preferred the strategies emotional support and optimism/problem solving, and had the highest health status ratings. Avoidant copers preferred the strategy avoidance and reported the lowest use of emotional support and optimism/problem solving. They had the lowest health status ratings and the highest ratings on neuroticism and aggressiveness. The clusters did not differ in severity of injury or time since injury. In conclusion, coping patterns can be discerned among burn patients, and those individuals preferring avoidance and lacking other coping options displayed more maladaptive traits and poorer health status years after the burn.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1990

Families coping with schizophrenia: coping styles, their origins and correlates.

An analysis of the coping styles adopted by relatives of schizophrenic patients has been identified by many reviewers as essential to an understanding of the complex interactions between patient and caregiver and to the origins of relatives' expressed emotion (EE). This study reports a taxonomy of coping behaviour derived from interviews with relatives of schizophrenic patients. It was found that relatives adopted broad styles of coping across all areas of patients' behaviour change. Relationships were uncovered between the styles and (a) relatives perceived control, burden and stress, (b) patients' social functioning, severity of behavioural disturbance and progress of the illness. It is suggested that advising relatives of changes in their coping styles in the course of family intervention must be tempered by an understanding of their origins in patients' behaviour. Further research is recommended to identify the coping styles associated with the high EE/low EE research classification.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2000

Ab initio computational studies of conformationally restricted cope rearrangements. First examples of fully concerted allenyl cope rearrangements

Results of (8,8)CASPT2/6-31G//(8,8)CASSCF/6-31G level calculations on the potential surface for the conformationally restricted allenyl Cope rearrangements of syn-5-propadienylbicylco[2.1.0]pent-2-ene (14) and syn-6-propadienylbicyclo[2.1.1]hex-2-ene (15) are reported. Both are found to proceed through concerted pathways. Also included are the results of (6,6)CASPT2/6-31G//(6,6)CASSCF/6-31G level calculations on the Cope rearrangements of syn-5-ethenylbicyclo[2.1. 0]pent-2-ene (18), syn-6-ethenylbicyclo[2.1.1]hex-2-ene (19), and syn-7-vinylnorborene (20), which are found to involve diallylic diradical intermediates 26, 30, and 36, respectively. Previous studies have shown that the allenyl Cope rearrangement of 1,2, 6-heptatriene (1) to 3-methylene-1,5-hexadiene (2) involves a single transition structure that either proceeds to the monoallylic cyclohexane-1,4-diyl derivative 3 or bypasses 3 to form 2 directly. (4) More recently, the conformationally restricted allenyl Cope rearrangement of syn-7-allenylnorbornene (7) has also been found to involve tricyclic monoallylic cyclohexane-1,4-diyl intermediate 11. (7) The rearrangements of 14 and 15 appear to represent the first reported examples of fully concerted allenyl Cope rearrangements. Concertedness in these cases is ascribed to two parallel factors: (1) the relative instability of possible tricyclic diradical intermediates 16 and 17, compared to diradical intermediates 3 and 11 formed in the rearrangements of 1 and 7, respectively; and (2) the opportunity that exists to form sp-sp(2) sigma bonds in transition structures 21 and 23 that lead, respectively, to products 22 and 24. By contrast, only weaker sp(2)-sp(2) sigma bonds could form in unobserved concerted transition structures leading to products 28 and 32, formed in the nonconcerted rearrangements of 18 and 19.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2004

Do we know how we cope? Relating daily coping reports to global and time-limited retrospective assessments.

The current study examined the concordance among daily, trait (global retrospective), and time-limited retrospective reports of coping. A sample of 93 adults completed the COPE (C. S. Carver, M. F. Scheier, & J. K. Weintraub, 1989) prior to recording coping with the day's most negative event for 30 consecutive days. At the end of daily data collection, participants recalled to what extent they used each of 16 coping strategies over the past 30 days. Whereas findings indicate generally good concordance between daily and time-limited retrospective reports, concordance between global and daily reports was weak. Only limited evidence was found for systematic individual differences in concordance. Time-limited reports appear to be an adequate, though not ideal, method of determining usual patterns of coping with stress.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Teaching teens to cope: coping skills training for adolescents with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

PURPOSE: To review the potential use and application of coping-skills training in teaching adolescents effective ways of managing the stressors related to living with diabetes mellitus. POPULATION: Adolescents ages 13 to 20 with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus who are participating in the research project, "Nursing Intervention to Implement DCCT Therapy in Youth" at Yale University School of Nursing. CONCLUSIONS: Teaching adolescents with diabetes mellitus to use appropriate coping skills may help them cope with the day-to-day management of the illness and aid in long-term adaptation. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Research has suggested that the use of effective coping skills may aid in healthy long-term adaptation to diabetes mellitus. Thus, nurses caring for adolescents with this illness should teach and be role models for these effective coping strategies.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1997

Visual coping scenarios to facilitate discussion of coping responses with impoverished women at risk for AIDS.

1. Impoverished and homeless women are prone to coping with life stresses through drug and alcohol use. 2. Visual coping scenarios are culturally sensitive strategies to help impoverished minority women discuss effective coping responses. 3. A visual coping scenario redirects attention from a negative emotional event to an effective problem-focused coping strategy.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

PubMed2004

[The effects of a diabetic educational program for coping with problem situation on self-efficacy, self care behaviors, coping and glycemic control in type 2 diabetic patients].

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to develop and to test the effects of an educational program for coping with problem situations as a nursing intervention in the diabetic patient. METHOD: A non-equivalent control group pretest-posttest design was used in this study. Data were collected from January to March, 2002. The subjects of the study consisted of 31 diabetic patients(experimental group: 17 patients, control group: 14 patients). The intervention of an educational program for coping with problem situations was applied to the experimental group for 4 weeks (total 8 hours). Data were collected before the educational program, immediately after and 1 months later and were analyzed with repeated measures ANOVA, t-test, and paired t-test. RESULT: 1. There was a significant difference in self efficacy between the experimental and control groups (F=13.793, p=0.001). 2. There was a significant difference in self care behavior between the experimental and control groups (F=4.583, p=0.041). 3. There was a significant difference in coping behavior of the problem situation between the experimental and control groups (F=62.018, p=0.000). There was a significant difference according to experimental stages (F=4.546, p=0.015) and interaction between education and experimental stages (F=12.039, p=0.000). 4. There was a significant difference in glycemic control between the experimental and control groups (t=-3.112, p=0.004). CONCLUSION: These results support that a diabetic educational program for coping with problem situations is effective in promoting and maintaining self efficacy, self care behavior, problem coping behaviors and in improving glycemic control. Thus this program can be recommended as an effective nursing intervention of in-depth education for diabetic patient.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1990

Situational determinants of coping and coping effectiveness.

This study contributes to the growing body of research on situational determinants of coping. Based on a general population sample of 1556 married men and women, it goes beyond previous efforts in two ways. First, it presents the first large-scale analysis of situational determinants of coping effectiveness in response to a wide variety of stressful life events and chronic difficulties. This analysis documents that previous aggregate analyses overlooked a number of specifications which, when observed, provide insights into the mechanisms of coping effectiveness. Second, it assesses the importance of two empirically generated multivariate coping profiles, passivity and versatility. The study's findings suggest that these profiles are associated significantly with adjustment to stress, that these associations differ across situations, and that they help to interpret the effects of separate coping strategies.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMedDate not supplied

A comparison of the fit of spark-eroded titanium copings and cast gold alloy copings.

The fit of spark-eroded titanium and cast gold alloy copings was compared by assessment of retrieved cement film analogues. This technique was chosen for its simplicity, nondestructive nature, and for the information it provided on overall fit. The present study showed that the overall fit of titanium copings was comparable to that of gold copings. In marginal areas, the space between die and coping was found to be larger for spark-eroded than cast copings.

Crowns↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Coping and life satisfaction in patients with Hodgkin's disease in remission. A contribution to the question of adaptive aspects of coping processes].

Widening the focus from survival time to the "quality of survival" this cross-sectional study was designed to find correlations between coping strategies, quality of life, sociodemographic and medical data. 61 patients (31 women, 30 men; mean age 41 [22-74] with Hodgkin's disease receiving no treatment since 1 month to 16 years (mean 5 years) were assessed for coping and quality of life. Two standardized questionnaires were used: "Freiburg Questionnaire of Coping with Chronic Illness" (FKV 102) and "Questions for Life Satisfaction" (FLZ). Coping strategies were evaluated. The most used strategies were compliance strategies and trust in doctors. Some coping strategies correlated significantly with age, sex, marital status, education, and medical data as B symptoms and occurrence of recidivs. The scores for life satisfaction were absolutely high in comparison with postoesophagectomy patients and healthy controls from other studies. Life satisfaction was correlated with age, B symptoms and type of therapy. These correlations and correlations between FKV and FLZ were discussed and basic problems were reflected.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2002

Ways of coping with asthma in everyday life: validation of the Asthma Specific Coping Scale.

OBJECTIVE: This study examines the validity of the Asthma Specific Coping Scale. METHODS: Study samples were comprised of persons with drug-treated asthma (n=3464) drawn from the Drug Reimbursement Registry and asthma rehabilitation participants [brief (n=278) and comprehensive (n=316) intervention]. Data were collected by questionnaires. RESULTS: The expected structure of the six subscales (restricted lifestyle, hiding asthma, positive reappraisal, information seeking, ignoring asthma, and asthma worry) was supported. The Cronbach's alpha reliabilities of the subscales ranged from .63 to .84. Concurrent validity was supported by meaningful correlations between asthma coping scales and psychosocial resources, health-related quality of life, and general coping. The asthma coping scales discriminated between the intervention participants and the population-based sample. Four out of six subscales also showed sensitivity to change after rehabilitation. CONCLUSION: Though further longitudinal studies are needed, this scale seems to be a promising instrument to be used in surveys and outcome studies.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed1997

The personal constructs of coping with chronic low back pain: is coping a necessary evil?

The construct of coping is explored in this paper utilising repertory grid technique with a small group of non-patients with chronic pain. Nineteen volunteers with low back pain completed a repertory grid with eight given elements signifying various self and illness-related roles. Two constructs were given and the remainder elicited using the triad method. The 19 participants rated themselves as being in less pain than those they typified as ill or disabled and considered themselves to be coping with their pain. The constructs elicited emphasised authenticity, the limitations of being a coper, mastery, active stoicism, cheerfulness, acceptance and maintaining acceptable social interactions and appearances. Copers were considered to not be in constant pain. Self, ideal-self and social-self constructs were closely related. The participants rated themselves more like copers than ill, pain-suffering, invalid or hypochondriacal persons. Being a coper, however, was less desirable than being pain free. In essence, these volunteers with low back pain see coping as a necessary evil. This ambivalent and ambiguous construing of coping needs to be further explored in community and patient groups if we are to improve the collaboration between patients and therapists in achieving good pain management.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2003

Coping and defending: age differences in maturity of defence mechanisms and coping strategies.

Previous studies have examined either coping strategies or defence mechanisms; however, few have considered both. This research examined age differences in the type of defence mechanisms and coping strategies that people employ. In addition, gender differences, personality, and environmental variables were taken into account. The three age groups used in this study included: 17-23 year olds, 40-47 year olds, and 63-70 year olds. The youngest participants used significantly less mature defence mechanisms and significantly more immature defence mechanisms than the middle-aged and the oldest group. However, there was no significant difference in maturity of defence mechanisms between the middle-aged and the oldest group. In contrast, there were no age differences revealed for effectiveness of coping strategies people employ. One further interesting finding was that people with a higher purpose in life were more likely to use mature defence mechanisms. This research concludes that when developing theories on stress, psychologists might benefit from considering both defence mechanisms and coping strategies.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2002

Behaviour-focused pain coping: consistency and convergence to work capability of the swedish version of the chronic pain coping inventory.

The aim was to study the psychometric properties of the Swedish version of the Chronic Pain Coping Inventory. The material consisted of a group of 100 subjects recruited from a large population study. Pain status and the absence of pain-related sick leave during the previous year conditioned inclusion. Another group comprised 160 patients on the long-term sick list and who had been referred to a multidisciplinary pain clinic for evaluation. The psychometric properties in terms of internal consistency of the scales were good or very good for all scales of behaviour-focused pain coping. Use of the strategies "Guarding", "Resting", "Asking for assistance", "Relaxation", "Task persistence", "Coping self-statements" and "Seeking social support" was significantly related to vocational capability. "Guarding". "Asking for assistance", "Relaxation", "Exercise and stretch" and "Coping self-statements" increased in parallel to increasing pain from localized to intermediate or widespread. No gender difference was found in cases reporting more pronounced pain.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2006

Coping, affect, and the metabolic syndrome in older men: how does coping get under the skin?

The metabolic syndrome is a complex construct with interrelated factors of obesity, blood pressure, lipids, and glucose. It is a risk factor for a number of chronic diseases in late life. This study tested a model in which the relationship between stress and the metabolic syndrome was mediated by appraisal, coping, and affect. Data were collected from 518 male participants in the Normative Aging Study (X(age) = 68.17 years). The model was partially confirmed. Relationships among stress, appraisal, coping, and affect were valenced along positive and negative pathways. However, affect was not directly related to the metabolic syndrome. The metabolic syndrome was related to positive coping as operationalized by self-regulatory strategies. The results of this study suggest that the influence of coping on physical health may occur through emotional regulation.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1998

Comparison of the effects of perceived self-efficacy on coping with chronic cancer pain and coping with chronic low back pain.

OBJECTIVE: The purposes of this study were to explore the differences between chronic cancer pain and chronic low back pain with respect to (a) the use of coping strategies to manage pain and (b) the relationship between self-efficacy for attenuating pain and pain outcomes. DESIGN: Descriptive correlational design. PATIENTS: Eighty-five patients experiencing chronic low back pain (n = 85) and 88 patients with chronic cancer pain (n = 88) were recruited for this study. OUTCOME MEASURES: Modified Coping Strategies Questionnaire, self-efficacy expectancies, and the Brief Pain Inventory. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The major findings of this study were that (a) patients with chronic cancer pain reported significantly lower pain intensity and pain interference than did patients with chronic low back pain; (b) the most frequently used coping strategies were almost the same between the low back pain group and the cancer pain group; (c) for both chronic cancer pain and chronic low back pain groups, patients' perceived self-efficacy was significantly inversely correlated with pain intensity and pain interference with daily life; and (d) patients' use of coping strategies was positively correlated with pain intensity and pain interference with daily life. These findings were discussed in terms of implications for clinical practice and future research.

Activities of Daily Living↗