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PubMed1999

Facilitating the work of a meta-analyst.

Meta-analysis facilitates the transfer of knowledge from nurse researchers to clinicians. In this article, the benefits and criticisms of meta-analysis for nursing are identified along with the specific problems a meta-analyst may encounter in conducting a quantitative analysis and synthesis of the literature. Problems in data retrieval from the primary studies for a quantitative literature review can plague a meta-analyst. These problems can include insufficient data such as inexact p-values, incomplete descriptions of samples or experimental and control groups, and errors in tables in research reports. Suggestions for removing some of these roadblocks are addressed along with recommendations to authors, editors, and manuscript reviewers. An example of a suggestion for authors is to focus on reporting exact statistical values and p-levels. Also, sample characteristics and methodological variables are deserving of detailed descriptions in research reports. Editors can consider including a summary table of basic descriptive and inferential statistics. Another recommendation for editors is to develop a reviewer's checklist to ensure the author has included all relevant statistical information and study characteristics a meta-analyst needs.

Authorship↗
PubMed1997

Freud's deshi: the coming of psychoanalysis to Japan.

This paper presents an account of four Japanese men, three of whom had an audience with Freud and who, with differing experiences and ambitions, returned to Japan to practice and develop psychoanalysis. Only two received any formal training, and two were strongly influenced by Buddhist thought. Freud gave no clear sign as to whom to appoint as leader, leaving the situation unsettled. This may have contributed to the continuing split and rivalry between groups, a split which was not resolved until the formation of the Japanese Psychoanalytic Society for trained analysts and the Association for interested laymen in the 1950s. From the beginning the development of psychoanalysis in Japan was informed by a paradox: the need to get Freud's approval and hence appear orthodox, while assimilating some of the concepts to the dictates of the culture.

Buddhism↗
PubMed1998

Bowlby before Bowlby: the sources of an intellectual departure in psychoanalysis and psychology.

John Bowlby's first scientific papers express a viewpoint of the etiology of childhood disorders that gradually developed during his university years and the first years of his professional life. As becomes clear from, among other things, Bowlby's private correspondence, it was the period spent as a student at Cambridge, his work as a teacher at two progressive schools, and his work at a child guidance clinic that allowed him to articulate a view on childhood deviancy that was at variance with the Kleinian variant of psychoanalysis. Bowlby's position as an 'independent' thinker in the British Psycho-Analytical Society can be understood against the background of these intellectual influences.

Child Psychiatry↗
PubMed2001

E-mail as a therapeutic adjunct in the outpatient treatment of anorexia nervosa: Illustrative case material and discussion of the issues.

OBJECTIVE: To explore using adjunctive e-mail in treating anorexia nervosa. METHOD: Four treatment plans were supplemented by obligatory e-mail emphasizing patients' reports of specific eating-related behaviors. Office visits occurred weekly to once every few months. E-mail contact occurred once to several times per week. Patients also saw other providers. RESULTS: All patients have shown good clinical improvement. Patients provided their assessments of contributions made by the use of e-mail and generally found it to be helpful. DISCUSSION: E-mail has had excellent patient acceptability and adherence. Benefits have been attributed to increased therapeutic contact, "talking" on demand, and having to frequently confront one's integrity, honesty, and eating behaviors. Little clinician time is needed for reading and responding to e-mails. Informed consent and confidentiality issues must be carefully addressed. Controlled trials are warranted to further evaluate the roles that adjunctive e-mail may play in clinical research and practice.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

[The correspondence of Johann Bartholomäus Trommsdorff (1770-1837): more then a source book of pharmaceutical history].

The aim of this paper is to present the publication of the correspondence of Johann Bartholomäus Trommsdorff (1770 bis 1837) and to inform about the history of this project as well as the methodical proceedings and the content of these letters. The opportunities and limitations of the modern Trommsdorff research, based on the publication of his correspondence, will be shown. His contacts have been manifold and expansive. He corresponded with many famous scientists in pharmacy, chemistry, medicine and with important people of intellectual origin. Trommsdorff was a highly important person of the international European relationships in the field of pharmacy. Many publications certify the importance of the Trommsdorff-correspondence. The publication of these letters has opened new biographical aspects and allows to follow the connections and ways of communication in the new age of the foundation of scientific pharmacy.

Correspondence as Topic↗
PubMed1993

Charles Darwin and other great men in correspondence with Carl Wilhelm von Naegeli.

The great Swiss-German botanist Carl Wilhelm von Naegeli (1817-1891) was a student of Lorenz Oken, A.P. de Candolle, and Matthias Jacob Schleiden and became a key figure in "genetic" (i.e., evolutionary-developmental) biology in the mid-late 19th century. He was an expert on the hawk-weed, Hieracium and also made important contributions to microbiology. One of his many outstanding students was Carl Correns, one of the 3 rediscoverers of Mendel's work. Naegeli was an early proponent and defender of Darwin. The correspondence preserved in the Naegeli family contains many important letters between Naegeli and his contemporaries. Those from Mendel to Naegeli have passed out of the Naegeli family and were published by Correns earlier in the century. However, exceptionally notable items still in the archives of the Naegeli family include 4 surviving letters from Darwin, 2 letters from Virchow, and 10 from Justus von Liebig. In spite of a lack of appreciation of Mendel's work, we call attention to the importance of those surviving documents from an era in which very few of the greatest naturalists and founders of modern biology--including Goethe, Darwin, Galton, Agassiz, von Humboldt, von Baer--were without "blind spots."

Botany↗
PubMed2002

Use of referral reply letters for continuing medical education: a review.

INTRODUCTION: Referrals between generalists and specialists are a central component of the health care system and necessitate effective communication between the involved providers. Despite the high prevalence of patient referrals and their crucial role in continuity and quality of care, the medical literature demonstrates that generalists may receive little or no information about the care their patients received and little information about the appropriateness of the referral or recommendations for follow-up care. General practitioners (GPs) prefer teaching that is directly related to their clinical work rather than traditional continuing education such as formal lectures. The purpose of this review is to assess the role of referral reply letters in the continuing education of GPs. METHODS: A comprehensive literature search was conducted to November 2001 using MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, and the Research and Development Resource Base developed by Continuing Education, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, to identify studies that examined the use of referral letters for the transfer of information from specialists to referring physicians. Data on methodology, unit of analysis, main outcome measures, and results were extracted. RESULTS: Of 1,250 articles retrieved, 9 met the eligibility criteria. Three of these analyzed the content of referral reply letters and 6 described the results of surveys of general and specialty physicians. DISCUSSION: Little educational content is currently included in letters from specialists to referring GPs. GPs are receptive to the use of referral replies as sources of learning.

Canada↗
PubMed2004

Haunted by parents--a literary example of change meaning loss: Edna St. Vincent Millay.

The author uses the life and personal history of the poet Edna St. Vincent Millay, as revealed through her diaries and letters and in biographies, to illustrate a particular type of psychoanalytic patient. Such patients are resistant to change, particularly when it involves letting go of the internalization of early parental figures. Although some of these patients fail to achieve successful analytic outcomes, Millay is an example of someone with similar circumstances who nevertheless made significant creative contributions.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Retrospective reports of college students' childhood problems.

College students and a subsample of their mothers and fathers participated in a study examining their retrospective reports of childhood emotional and behavioral problems experienced by college students. College students and their mothers and fathers exhibited moderate correspondence in their recollection of internalizing and externalizing problems that college students experienced during their childhood. In contrast, college students tended to endorse significantly greater levels of both internalizing and externalizing problems relative to their mothers and fathers. Current psychological symptoms predicted the greater endorsement of childhood internalizing and externalizing problems by college students and the greater endorsement of college students' childhood internalizing problems by their mothers. Further, college students' current perceptions of their parents predicted their endorsement of childhood internalizing problems, and college students' current masculinity and femininity predicted their endorsement of childhood externalizing problems. Results of this study emphasized the importance of noting factors that may be related to retrospective reports.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Archival note: an inquiry into the relationshp between Alfred Binet and Cyril Burt.

Two recent archival items offer material for analysis of Alfred Binet's (1857-1911) and Cyril Burt's (1883-1971) relationship in the early twentieth century. Burt's letter to Binet's biographer Theta Wolf was an answer to her request for information about his contact with Binet. An analysis of Burt's account prompts more questions than it answers. His statements in the letter are compared with previous ones and are put into the context of the activities of the two men, but these do not enlighten us about his actual relations with Binet. The problem arises because of Burt's desciptive vagueness and lack of supporting evidence. Despite attacks against Burt's integrity made from 1976 onward, we found no conclusive evidence of false claims. The negative outcome of this analysis probably results from Burt's faulty memory, and herein lies the caveat that personal memories make unreliable material for historical accounts.

Correspondence as Topic↗
PubMed2007

George Herbert Mead and the Allen controversy at the University of Wisconsin.

This essay uses previously unpublished correspondence of George Herbert Mead to tell the story of his involvement in the aftermath of a political dispute that took place at the University of Wisconsin during the years 1914-1915. It seeks thereby to clarify the historical significance of an article he published on this controversy in late 1915. Taken together with relevant information about the educational activities of William H. Allen of the New York Bureau of Municipal Research, Mead's correspondence and article throw helpful light upon his understanding of how an educational survey of a university should proceed; they also show how he went about the task of evaluating a failed attempt at such a survey.

Correspondence as Topic↗
PubMed2006

Action fluency in Parkinson's disease: a follow-up study.

The impairment in action fluency task present in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients has been previously interpreted as an indicator of conversion from PD to PD with dementia or as a grammatical deficit for verbs and ascribed to a frontostriatal loop pathophysiology. In the present study, 20 patients with PD without dementia were longitudinally tested with overall cognitive decline scales and semantic, letter, and action fluency tasks in a 24-month follow-up study. In comparison with healthy age-matched controls, PD patients showed a stable and consistent impairment on action fluency without any sign of cognitive decline. Our findings suggest that action fluency task may be an early sign of impairment of frontostriatal circuits in PD and it cannot be considered an indicator of conversion from PD to PD with dementia.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

Providing letters and audiotapes to supplement a prenatal diagnostic consultation: effects on later distress and recall.

OBJECTIVES: Information provided at a mid-trimester fetal scan aims to improve patients' knowledge and minimize anxiety. This randomized controlled trial conducted at the Fetal Medicine Centre at Birmingham Women's Hospital aimed to assess the relative value of providing 1.standard information: a consultation and computer-generated ultrasound report (n = 29); 2.standard information plus a post scan written non-technical letter (n = 29); 3.standard information plus audiotapes of the consultation (n = 29); 4.standard information plus both non-technical letters and audiotapes (n = 30). It also aimed at exploring whether severity of diagnosis (none; mild; moderate-severe) interacted with the type of information provided to affect subsequent anxiety, depression and recall of information. PARTICIPANTS: Women (n = 550) referred with suspected fetal anomalies (without a previous history of anomaly or known psychiatric illness) were sent information regarding this study. One hundred and seventeen women consented and were randomly assigned to one of four information groups. The groups were similar with regard to age, education and marital status. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: State anxiety and depression were evaluated with the self-report State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) prior to consultation and two weeks post-scan. A structured telephone interview assessed recall of information approximately two weeks later. RESULTS: Two weeks after the initial consultation, women who received an audiotaped recording of the consultation reported significantly less anxiety than the control group (mean STAI 41.44 [95% CI 35.63-47.26] versus 44.92 [39.32-50.52]; difference = 10.70 [3.56-17.83], p < 0.01). Women who received a non-technical letter also reported less anxiety than the control group, an effect that approached significance (mean STAI 39.08 [95% CI 32.85-45.30]; difference = 6.48 [0.21-13.16], p = 0.058). There were no differences between the information groups on depression scores or recall of information. Women with a more severe abnormality reported higher anxiety and depression two weeks post-consultation, and had greater free recall but less cued recall of information. CONCLUSIONS: Provision of additional material (particularly an audiotape) following a prenatal scan appears to minimise anxiety compared with standard practice. Provision of audiotapes and non-technical letters do not appear to affect patient recall.

Adult↗