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[Immunologic structural analysis of subgingival dental calculus].
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[The morphology of dental calculus].
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[Drinking water and dental calculus].
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[Thoughts on the formation of dental calculus].
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[Role of microorganisms in the formation of dental calculus].
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Spectrochemical analysis of dental calculus by synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence.
This work presents elemental composition studies of human dental calculus by X-ray fluorescence analysis using synchrotron radiation. The intrinsic characteristics of synchrotron light allow for a quantitative analysis of major, minor, and trace elements of very small samples in a single measurement. At present, several theories of calculus formation exist, but none of them can describe completely all the complicated mechanisms involved in the mineralization processes. For this reason, and taking into account that experimental data are long overdue, several calculi with certain degrees of formation were collected from adult patients for analysis. The ratio of calcium/phosphorus was used as an indicator of the major crystalline structure and the state of formation of the calculus. The results demonstrate a clear correlation between the concentrations of certain elements and the type of calculus (supra- or sub-gingival). In addition, the possible correlation between the elements was analyzed.
Effect of sodium hexametaphosphate on dental calculus formation in dogs.
A series of studies was conducted to identify a practical measure for preventing dental calculus formation in dogs. The studies involved a colony of 27 Beagles that received an initial dental prophylaxis. The dogs were then stratified on the basis of their normal rate of calculus formation and randomly assigned to parallel groups within each strata. During 4-week test periods, a variety of experimental regimens were instituted, followed by clinical assessments of calculus. Major observations were that a crystal growth inhibitor, soluble pyrophosphate, incorporated into a dry dog food modestly reduced calculus formation when used at high concentration; anticalculus effects attributable to this agent were significant (P < 0.05) only when it was used as a surface coating; the coating of dry dog chow or plain biscuits with a calcium sequestrant, sodium hexametaphosphate (HMP), provided the greatest benefit and resulted in significant (P < 0.05) reductions in calculus formation of about 60 to 80%, depending on the dosage regimen; and the feeding of a single daily snack of 2 HMP-coated plain biscuits (0.6% HMP) decreased calculus formation by nearly 80%. We concluded that the coating of dry dog chow or plain dog biscuits with HMP is an effective means of reducing calculus formation in dogs.
[Origin and morphology of dental calculus].
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[Removal of dental calculus by ultrasound].
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Electron microprobe and microradiographic studies of carious enamel lesions covered with dental calculus.
From a large number of posterior teeth with arrested natural carious lesions some 0.56 percent were found to have arrested approximal lesions with a superficial layer of calculus. The lesions were examined using quantitative microradiography for mineral content and by electron microprobe analysis for Ca, Na, Cl, Mg and P. The conditions in the plaque, which caused the formation of calculus, might also be expected to cause a remineralization of the lesions. However, the lesions examined were found to have a low mineral content in their body, and moreover, had a lower Na/Ca ratio and a higher Cl/Ca ratio than sound enamel; these are characteristics also found in carious lesions not covered with dental calculus. On the assumption that the lesions developed before any plaque calcification occurred, it is concluded that conditions which favour the calcification of plaque do not favour the remineralization of carious lesions in vivo. As only 0.5% of the carious lesions in extracted teeth were covered with calculus, it must be admitted that consecutive periods of lesion formation followed by calculus formation on the same tooth face are rare.
[Effect of local application of NaF on the content of calcium, phosphorus and fluorine in young dental calculus].
The purpose of the study was determination of changes in the content of calcium, phosphorus and fluorine in young dental calculus developing in vivo in case of not using a rinsing solution of 1% NaF or after its use. The studied material comprised tartar deposited on a foil fastened to the lower incisor in 6 women aged 23-28 years. They were divided into two groups of 3 women in each, one of the groups had a high tendency for mineralization of tartar, while in the other group this tendency was small. The study was carried out in two stages. In the first, control, stage at the time of foil wearing the women rinsed mouth with a placebo solution, in the experimental stage they used 1% sodium fluoride solution for this purpose. The analysis of the superficial distribution of various elements showed a greater density of impulses in the case of calcium and fluorine, and lower density in the case of phosphorus in the deposits formed in the experimental stage as compared to the control stage. Using X-ray microanalysis a statistically significant rise was found of the concentration of calcium and fluorine, and reduced content of phosphorus in the deposits formed after NaF application. The per cent in weight of fluorine in young supragingival tartar from the control stage was 0.2-3.1, while in the experimental stage it rose to 3.0-27.7. The statistical analysis showed that the rise of fluorine content in tartar in cases with low tendency for mineralization of tartar (group II) was statistically significantly higher than in the group with a high tendency for tartar development (group I). The Ca/F ratio calculated on the basis of the results in the control stage was 1.35 to 2.68. After application of fluoride rinsing solution this value rose to 1.96 to 4.34 in the studied women.
Electron microscopic evidence of a cellular attachment between junctional epithelium and dental calculus.
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A microbiological study of dental calculus. I. The microbial flora of mature calculus.
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[Dental calculus as restorative material].
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[Comparative in vitro studies of various compressed air-operated instruments used for dental calculus removal].
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[Immunologic structure analysis of supramarginal dental calculus].
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Thomas Berdmore, dentist of His Majesty, George III, and dental calculus.
Thomas Berdmore's book, Disorders of Deformities of the Teeth and Gums, presents examples of early concepts of preventive dentistry and treatment of periodontal diseases. Various aspects of dental calculus formation and composition are analyzed. Also the effects of periodontal disease as seen by Berdmore are discussed, and ways of treatment in 1770 summarized.