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PubMed1989

Prenatal development of the adrenal in pig Sus scrofa dom. Part II. Adrenal cortex development in the second part of pregnancy.

The development of the adrenal cortex in pig fetuses between the 50 and 112 day of pregnancy were investigated with histological and histochemical methods and in electron microscope. Three consecutive generations of the cortical cells were observed. They had features of steroidogenic cells and differed with mature of mitochondria and in amount of SER and in enzyme activity. The earliest differentiated fetal cortical cells demonstrated alkaline phosphatase activity and giant mitochondria. They were translocated from the periphery to the center of the adrenal, where they degenerated and disappeared in the late pregnancy. The second generation--transitional cortical cells appeared about 70 day of development. They have pleomorphic mitochondria and abundant SER and low alkaline phosphatase activity. The last generation--the definitive cortical cells differentiated from 100 day of development and their number increased till the parturition. They had active 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, spherical mitochondria and characteristic concentric whorls of SER. A probable role of the three generations of cortical cells is was discussed. In the subcapsular region of fetal adrenal undifferentiated and differentiating cells were observed, forming glomerularlike groups. Their role in the formation of cortical blastema and future zona glomerulosa was discussed. In the first part of the studies the formation of the mesenchymal primordium of the adrenal cortex was examined in early fetuses of domestic pig, and then differentiation of mesenchymal cells into steroidogenic cortical cells. The changes encountered then at the ultrastructural level consisted of an increased area of SER and greater number of mitochondria. At the same time, the shape of mitochondria altered and the cristae from lamellar became tubular. In the period around 50 day of development fetal adrenal was already a separate organ, with a capsule, composed of cords of fetal cortical cells divided by the blood vessels and strands of chromaffinoblasts penetrating the adrenal. Fetal cortical cells were characterized by alkaline phosphatase activity. The following study presents farther development of the adrenal cortex till the time of birth.

Adrenal Cortex↗
PubMed1989

Ultrastructural and histochemical investigations of the development of the medullary part of the adrenal gland in domestic pig (Sus scrofa dom.) during the prenatal period.

The development of the adrenal medulla was investigated during the prenatal period in the pig. The observations were carried out on 221 embryos from 21 to 112 day post coitum. The histological, histochemical, ultrastructural and stereological methods were performed. First chromaffinoblasts infiltrated the adrenal cortex primordium around the 27-th day pc. They were mixed with cortical cells and just in the last days of pregnancy they were localized only in central part of adrenal. The chromaffinoblasts differentiated gradually from neuron-like cells to typical chromaffinocytes. A centripetal gradient of this differentiation was observed. All chromaffinoblasts contained the chromaffine granules. The size and numerical density of the chromaffin granules increased with development.

Adrenal Medulla↗
PubMed1989

Factors influencing waist/hip ratio in randomly selected pre- and post-menopausal women in the dom-project (preliminary results).

In 452 pre- and post-menopausal women aged 41-75, participating in a breast cancer screening programme, we studied the associations between several factors and waist/hip ratio. Differences in waist/hip ratio between pre- and post-menopausal women could be accounted for by age and degree of obesity. In post-menopausal women, waist/hip ratio was positively related to age, independently of the degree of obesity. Post-menopausal women who reported to use oestrogens for menopausal complaints were found to have lower waist/hip values compared to non-users (0.74 vs 0.78 P less than 0.05). Waist/hip ratio was not related to age at menopause, age at menarche or parity. We confirmed that the Quetelet's index is positively related to waist/hip ratio and that, at least before menopause, smokers have higher waist/hip values compared to non-smokers although the mechanisms for such an association remain obscure. Hypertension was associated with abdominal fat distribution in premenopausal but not in post-menopausal women. Diabetes mellitus was associated with abdominal fat distribution in post-menopausal women. These observations in this cross-sectional study suggest that environmental factors (smoking and oestrogen use after menopause) relate to the distribution of fat over the body. The other observations illustrate the importance of stratifying for menopausal status in studies on fat distribution in women.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1987

Distribution of iron in pig placenta (Sus scrofa dom. L.).

Iron distribution was studied in pig placentae between 21 day till the end of pregnancy (113) with the use of histochemical and cytochemical methods and X-ray microanalysis. Iron content was measured in fetal and maternal part of the placenta with chemical methods. Iron presence was confirmed in maternal and fetal erythrocytes, cells and secretion of uterine glands and trace amount in trophoblast lining regular areolae. No significant differences were found in iron content in fetal and maternal part of the placenta throughout the entire studied period. With the applied histochemical method of iron determination according to Perls, potassium ferrocyanide also adsorbs in sites where mucopolysaccharides are present, in which iron presence has not been detected with the use of X-ray microanalysis.

Animals↗