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PubMedDate not supplied

Literacy transition and female nuptiality: implications for fertility in Pakistan.

"This paper is an attempt to examine trends and differentials in education and age at marriage of males and females [in Pakistan] and then relate the two variables to one important aspect of demographic behaviour, namely fertility, and evaluate the implication of these relationships on reduction of fertility in Pakistan." The data are from the 1981 census and the 1979-1980 Population, Labour Force and Migration (PLM) Survey. "Given the limitations of the survey data which pertain to a sample of ever-married women between the ages of 15 and 49 years, the main conclusions of the study are that a rise in female age at marriage and education at secondary and higher levels are important in affecting fertility levels." Policy implications of the findings are discussed. Comments by Akhtar Hasan Khan are included (pp. 601-3).

Asia↗
PubMed1986

[Demographic transformation in the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy: early fertility decline and the theory of the "demographic transition"].

"The author attempts to expose and explain important elements of the demographic transition in the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy in the last third of the nineteenth century. This is done on the basis of regional differences and time differences of the Coale-Indices (Index of marital fertility, Index of proportion married and Index of overall fertility)." The author considers the differences between marital fertility in rural Hungary and in industrial Austria at the beginning of the demographic transition (SUMMARY IN ENG)

Austria↗
PubMed1989

[The geographical distribution of fertility around Mexico City].

A spatial analysis of fertility around Mexico City reveals an "inverted U" pattern which appears, on the face of it, inconsistent with both conventional economic location analysis and a spatial diffusion process. A closer examination of the problem implies that economic variables, when integrated in a proper model, may account for the observed cross- sectional spatial pattern, whereas pure diffusion can not. Spatial diffusion, however, may be responsible at least in part for the observed fertility changes over time. The geographical patterns of fertility in 2 states neighboring Mexico City (Mexico and Hidalgo) are examined empirically. The interpretation of the nonmonotonic distance effect is that there are significant locational advantages to childbearing at medium distances that are not enjoyed at households location either very close or far away from the city.

Americas↗
PubMed1991

Patterns and change in Canadian fertility 1971-1988: first births after age 30.

An analysis of Canada's changing pattern of births during the period 1971-1988 suggests that the tempo and timing of fertility has changed. Between 1971 and 1988, the number and rates of first births to women in their 30s increased rapidly, and rates for women younger than 25 declined. The rate of first births (first births per 1,000 women) for women 30-34 increased from 11.5 in 1971 to 17.1 in 1981 and to 22.3 in 1988--a 94% increase over the 17 years. The rate for women 35-39 also rose from 3.0 in 1971 to 3.6 in 1981 and 5.9 in 1988--a 97% increase occurring mostly in the 1980s.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Changing sex ratio of mortality in the Semai Senoi, 1969-1987.

An excess of male over female deaths is characteristic of modern national populations, whereas in some high-mortality societies female mortality exceeds that of males. Among the Semai Senoi, a Malaysian Orang Asli ("aboriginal") population, women experienced higher mortality than males in the decades before 1969. This differential occurred in all age classes older than 15 years so that the sex ratio progressively increased with age. A recent (1987) restudy of the Semai population found that sex-specific differential mortality is much reduced. A comparison of the 1969 and 1987 life tables shows a sharp shift in the sex ratios of mortality for the post-15-year-old age classes (the geometric means of age classes 15-44 were 0.768 in 1969 and 0.997 in 1987) so that male and female expectations of further life at age 15 are now nearly identical. In contrast to the best-known cases of high female mortality (mostly in South Asia), Semai sex differential mortality does not include the childhood ages. The Semai have traditionally been relatively sexually egalitarian, and sex bias in care has not occurred. Analysis of sex-specific causes of death for the pre-1969 population suggests that maternal mortality is the major cause of the excess female deaths. The reduced number of maternal deaths seems largely due to better health care, particularly the availability of hospital services. Interestingly, the reduction in female mortality has occurred simultaneously with increased fertility, and overall mortality has continued at relatively high levels (eO less than 36). Thus, rather than forming a component of a unitary demographic transition, declining sex differences in mortality can be accounted for by a specific factor, better maternal care.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Family size intentions and socioeconomic status in Singapore, 1974-1981.

Singapore has in recent years undergone a tremendous fertility decline that has affected couples at all socioeconomic levels. Using representative biographical sketches, this article presents the results of a panel study on family planning intentions and behavior among 45 young Chinese Singaporean couples. The couples, ranked as average or affluent working-class, or middle-class, were first interviewed in 1974-76 and were followed up in 1981. The study compares early childbearing intentions with actual childbearing behavior, examining the motivation for childbearing by socioeconomic group and highlighting the differences found. The follow-up interviews reveal that, on average, all couples in the sample bore 0.4 fewer children than originally intended. The motivation for changed childbearing intentions, however, differed according to socioeconomic status and the perceived role that children play in the family economy.

Adult↗