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PubMed2005

Histidine intake may negatively correlate with energy intake in human: a cross-sectional study in Japanese female students aged 18 years.

L-Histidine (histidine), a precursor of neuronal histamine, has recently been hypothesized to suppress food intake. The association between dietary histidine and energy intake was examined among 1,689 Japanese female students of dietetic courses aged 18 y. Nutrient intakes were assessed over a 1-mo period with a validated, self-administered, diet history questionnaire. Both intake of histidine and the ratio of histidine to protein (histidine/ protein) statistically and positively correlated with energy intake. After adjustment for potential non-dietary confounding factors, including body height, body weight, physical activity level, and rate of eating, both the histidine intake and histidine/protein ratio statistically and positively correlated with energy intake (Pearson's correlation coefficient, r=0.62 and 0.12, respectively, p<0.001). Moreover, when protein or protein excluding histidine was additionally included into the covariates in order to minimize the effect of dietary factors and other amino acids, both histidine intake and histidine/protein ratio turned out to show a statistically negative correlation with energy intake (r=-0.22 and -0.23, respectively, p<0.001). Considering the influence of unavoidable various covariates, we found an inverse association between histidine/protein ratio and energy intake among the young female Japanese students.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Caloric and selected nutrient intakes and estimated energy expenditures for adult women: identification of non-sedentary women with lower energy intakes.

Dietary intakes and energy expenditures of healthy adult women were studied. Phase I (no. = 98): 37 women (38% of Phase one subjects) reported 3-day intakes of less than 1,600 kcal/day; low nutrient intakes were associated with less than 1,600 kcal/day for women who did not take supplements. Phase II (no. = 18): group mean energy expenditures assessed by activity diaries matched 7-day intake records for 8 women who had consumed greater than 1,800 kcal/day during Phase I but not for 10 women who had consumed less than 1,600 kcal/day during Phase I. Phase III: duplicate food composites and records supported previous intake records. The data from this study suggest that some non-sedentary women maintain consistently low energy/nutrient intakes and that calculation of energy expenditure from standard tables is not appropriate for those women.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

The effects of varying protein and energy intakes on the growth and body composition of pigs. 1. The effects of energy intake at constant, high protein intake.

The objective of the present experiment was to define the form of the relationship between varying levels of energy intake at constant, high protein intake and the performance of young pigs. By doing so it was expected that we could distinguish between four models that predict the pig's responses to its diet as rates of protein and lipid retention. Forty young pigs were assigned at 12 kg live weight either to an initial slaughter group (n 8) or to one of four allowances of starch intake at a constant intake of a high-protein feed (with 345 g crude protein (nitrogen x 6.25)/kg food). Half the pigs were killed after 4 weeks and half after 8 weeks on the treatments; at each slaughter point on each treatment half the pigs were entire males and half were females. Increasing the intake of starch (energy) resulted in significant increases in the rates of live weight, empty-body, protein and lipid gains of pigs slaughtered at both stages. There was no minimum positive lipid:protein ratio in the gain of the pigs. Male pigs deposited more protein and less lipid than females but this effect of sex on protein and lipid retention was seen only on the two highest allowances of starch intake. The calculated efficiency of protein utilization increased with increasing starch intake up to a maximum of 0.81, when probably the energy:protein in the diet became non-limiting. The results led to the rejection of two of the models that predict the rates of protein and lipid retention as responses to protein and energy intake, but the two remaining models could not be rejected, at least qualitatively.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Pancreatic islet transplantation improves body composition, decreases energy intake and normalizes energy efficiency in previously diabetic female rats.

We investigated the weight gain, body composition, and feed efficiency of female Wistar Furth rats (170 +/- 1 g) made diabetic with streptozotocin (55 mg/kg intravenously), then infused intraportally with 3519 +/- 838 (150 mu equivalent units) syngeneic pancreatic islets of Langerhans. After islet transplants (5-6 wk), nutritional energetics were evaluated in transplanted rats (Transplant), and also in 3- and 9-wk diabetic (Diab-3, 9) and control rats treated with sham infusions and similar surgical manipulations (Sham-3, 9). Diabetic rats demonstrated marked hyperphagia, which was corrected by islet transplantation (577 +/- 53 vs. 266 +/- 19 kJ/d; P < 0.0001) and was not different than sham control rats (285 +/- 24 kJ/d; P > 0.05). Three weeks of diabetes resulted in a lower protein (Diab-3, 24.8 +/- 2.6 g vs. Sham-3, 30.9 +/- 1.0 g) and fat content (1.9 +/- 0.8 g vs. 11.6 +/- 1.7 g) in the rats' carcasses. However, 6 wk after islet transplantation, rats receiving islets (Transplant) were not different than control rats (Sham-9) (31.9 +/- 1.7 g vs. 33.3 +/- 1.9 g protein and 15.4 +/- 3.0 g vs. 15.1 +/- 3.2 g fat). Three weeks of diabetes resulted in a lesser energy efficiency compared with Sham rats (2.7 +/- 2.0 vs. 7.1 +/- 1.9 kJ gained/100 kJ ingested); islet-transplanted rats were not different than Sham-9 rats (4.9 +/- 2.3 vs. 4.7 +/- 1.4 kJ gained/100 kJ ingested). These data illustrate that islet transplantation in previously diabetic female rats improves growth with proportional gains in body protein and fat mass. This is modulated in part by a reduced food intake and an energy efficiency that is improved relative to controls. These studies offer an optimistic outlook for the continued development of more physiological insulin delivery strategies that preclude the nutritional complications associated with exogenous insulin administration.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Fecal bulk, energy intake, and serum cholesterol: regression response of serum cholesterol to apparent digestibility of dry matter and suboptimal energy intake in rats on fiber-fat diet.

Two experiments were conducted in the rat to determine the relationships of serum cholesterol (SC, mg/dl), apparent digestibility of dry matter (DDM, %), and digested energy intake (DE, kcal/day) at suboptimal level of energy. The energies in diet and feces were determined by calorimetry. DE as percentage of the National Research Council requirement (DE%) was suboptimal (70 to 85%). The experiments had four to five isofibrous diets, and no fiber diets, supplemented with 0.2% crystalline cholesterol (CChol). Animals in experiment 1 were fed varying amounts of feed with 18% coconut oil in the diets where as these in experiment 2 were given fixed amounts of feed with either 6 or 18% oil. The following regressions (p less than 0.001) for SC were found: experiment 1: -1157.7 -5.97 DDM +105.5 CCI -1.48 CCI2 (r2 0.35), where CCI = CChol, mg/day; -1888.4 -2.66 DE +120.97 CCI -1.62 CCI2 (r2 0.37). Experiment 2: 762.99 -6.15 DDM -0.8 fat cal % -0.87DE% (r2 0.31), where fat cal % = fat calories % of DE. Data indicate that at suboptimal energy intake, SC was inversely related to (1) DDM, (2) fat cal, and (3) total energy intake. Liver cholesterol lowering effect of the dietary fiber was also observed. The above findings help to elucidate various conflicting reports related to diet and blood cholesterol.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

The effect of increased beverage portion size on energy intake at a meal.

OBJECTIVE: This study examined the impact of increasing beverage portion size on beverage and food intake. SUBJECTS: Thirty-three subjects, 18 women and 15 men, were included. INTERVENTION: In a crossover design, subjects consumed lunch in the laboratory once a week for 6 weeks. At each test lunch, the same foods were served, but the beverage served was varied in type (cola, diet cola, or water) and portion size (360 g/12 fl oz or 540 g/18 fl oz). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Beverage intake (g); energy intake from foods and beverages (kcal); and ratings of hunger, satiety, and characteristics of the foods and beverages served. RESULTS: Increasing beverage portion size significantly increased the weight of beverage consumed, regardless of the type of beverage served (P < 0.05). As a consequence, for the caloric beverage, energy intake from the beverage increased by 10% for women and 26% for men when there was a 50% increase in the portion served (P < 0.01). Food intake did not differ between conditions, so when the energy from the caloric beverage was added to the energy from food, total energy intake at lunch was increased significantly (P < 0.001) compared with noncaloric beverages. CONCLUSIONS: Serving a larger portion of beverage resulted in increased beverage consumption, and increased energy intake from the beverage when a caloric beverage was served. Serving a caloric beverage resulted in an overall increase in total energy consumed at lunch. Therefore, replacing caloric beverages with low-calorie or noncaloric beverages can be an effective strategy for decreasing energy intake.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Influence of postnatal age, energy intake, and weight gain on energy metabolism in the very low-birth-weight infant.

The relative importance and interrelationship of postnatal age, energy intake, and weight gain on metabolic rate is evaluated in 28 studies in 13 formula-fed very low-birth-weight AGA infants. The relationships between metabolic rate, energy intake, weight gain, and age all follow a similar pattern, increasing in the first two weeks of life and subsequently stabilizing. Significant linear correlations are demonstrated between metabolic rate and both energy intake (r = 0.88, P less than 0.001) and weight gain (r = 0.86, P less than 0.001). For each gram of weight gain, 0.67 kcal (2.8 kj) are expended in addition to the maintenance energy requirement of 51 kcal/kg/day. The increase in metabolic rate in the early postnatal period appears to be a consequence of the energy cost of tissue synthesis. Changes in metabolic rate with postnatal age are modulated by increasing energy intake and weight gain.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1993

Estimation of energy intake to feed subjects at energy balance as verified with doubly labelled water: a study in the elderly.

A study was intended to estimate energy intake (EI) for a nutrition intervention study. Subjects were 17 elderly men (age: 72 +/- 5 years) and 11 elderly women (age: 67 +/- 4 years). Two methods were used to measure EI: a 4-day dietary record (DR group; n = 12) or a dietary questionnaire (DQ group; n = 16). Subjects were fed for 3 weeks according to this intake during an intervention period, and energy expenditure (EE) was measured with doubly labelled water to verify the resulting figure for EI. Body weight and body composition were measured at the beginning of the second week and at the end of the third week, and metabolizable energy (ME) was calculated as gross energy intake (GEI) minus energy in faeces and urine. GEI, ME and EE did not differ between the DR and DQ groups (mean +/- SD for GEI: 10.09 +/- 1.21 and 9.29 +/- 1.36; ME: 9.09 +/- 1.28 and 8.34 +/- 1.31; EE: 10.13 +/- 1.57 and 9.25 +/- 0.35 MJ/d). In both groups ME was significantly lower than EE (DR group P < 0.05; DQ group P < 0.01). Body weight decreased significantly during the intervention period (mean +/- SD for DR group: -0.64 +/- 0.50 kg, P < 0.001; DQ group: -0.86 +/- 0.90 kg, P < 0.01). The change in body weight was significantly correlated with energy balance (ME - EE; P < 0.05). As shown from the results of the body composition measurements, body weight loss was a decrease of fat mass.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Aged↗
PubMed2006

The use of a personal digital assistant for dietary self-monitoring does not improve the validity of self-reports of energy intake.

Underreporting of energy intake is a pervasive problem and resistant to improvement, especially among people with overweight and obesity. The goal of this study was to investigate whether the use of a personal digital assistant (PDA) for dietary self-monitoring would reduce underreporting prevalence and improve the validity of self-reported energy intake. Adults with overweight and obesity (n=61, 92% women, mean age 48.2 years, mean body mass index 32.3) were provided with a PalmZire 21 (Palm, Inc, Sunnyvale, CA) loaded with Calorie King's Diet Diary software (version 3.2.2, 2002, Family Health Network, Costa Mesa, CA). Subjects participated in a 24-week in-person behavioral weight control program and were asked to self-monitor their diet and exercise habits using the PDA. Basal metabolic rate and physical activity level were estimated at baseline. Energy intake from 7-day electronic food records were collected within the first month of the weight-control program. As subjects were actively losing weight, Bandini's adjustments were used to correct self-reported energy intake for weight loss. In this group, where 41% of the subjects were categorized as low-energy reporters, the use of a PDA did not improve validity of energy reporting when compared to what is reported in the literature.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Weight control and breast cancer prevention: are the effects of reduced energy intake equivalent to those of increased energy expenditure?

Failure to prevent adult weight gain is associated with an elevated risk for breast cancer. In general, an increase in body weight is accounted for by excess energy intake relative to energy expenditure. Efforts to control weight gain usually involve either a reduction in energy intake via dietary energy restriction (DER), an increase in energy expenditure via physical activity (PA), or both. However, it is not clear whether preventing weight gain by DER, PA, or their combination has comparable effects on the risk for cancer. Results from preclinical models indicate that DER results in a highly reproducible and dose-dependent inhibition of experimentally induced breast cancer. PA also inhibits mammary carcinogenesis, but whether these effects depend on energy balance is not clear. Emerging evidence indicates that reduced levels of circulating insulin-like growth factor (IGF) 1 (IGF-1) and elevated levels of corticosterone may be involved in DER-mediated protection against cancer; however, conditions of PA reported to protect against cancer can actually increase circulating levels of IGF-1. Mechanistic studies have shown that DER inhibits cell proliferation, creates a proapoptotic environment, and reduces blood vessel density adjacent to premalignant and malignant mammary pathologies; comparable information is not available from preclinical studies of PA and carcinogenesis. Additional research is needed to investigate the equivalence of DER, PA, and their combination in breast cancer prevention under comparable conditions of energy balance.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Body mass index, weight loss and energy intake of old Danish nursing home residents and home-care clients.

Low body mass index (BMI) and weight loss is common among old home-care clients and nursing home residents in many countries - often in spite of an apparent sufficient intake of energy. The aim of this study was to assess whether a similar problem exists in Denmark. Information regarding height, body weight, BMI, and energy intake was collected. Besides this, 24 residents were weighed regularly during 1 year. The study was carried out in five nursing homes and two home-care districts situated in the area of Copenhagen. A total of 180 residents and 200 clients 65+ years of age participated. Main outcome measures were prevalence of BMI < 20 kg/m2, BMI < 18.5 kg/m2, acute weight loss and median energy intake. Thirty-three and thirty per cent of the residents and clients had a BMI < 20 kg/m2 and, 22 and 12% had a BMI < 18.5 kg/m2. Of the residents, who were weighed regularly, 38% had a weight loss above 5%. The median intake of energy was equal to or above the estimated median energy requirement. Hence, the prevalence of low BMI and weight loss among old Danish nursing home residents and home-care clients is high and similar to that found in other countries. There is a need for increased focus on nutritional state and risk factors in these settings.

Aged↗
PubMed1994

Energy intake and activity pattern during pregnancy in relation to infant birth weight.

The study was designed to determine if the activity pattern of pregnancy women on an intake of energy lower than that recommended will affect fetal growth. Subjects who volunteered were either attending public or private hospitals. Pregnant women in the "private" group were significantly older (p < 0.001) weighed somewhat less and significantly taller (p < 0.001) when compared to the "public" group. Differences in energy intake during the second and third trimesters between the "public" and "private" groups were small; 1608 +/- 334, 1726 +/- 271 kcal and 1627 +/- 367, 1778 +/- 260 kcal, respectively. However, daily activity patterns revealed that the "public" group was more active as reflected by the higher energy expenditure of 1412 +/- 74 kcal and 1578 +/- kcal during the second and third trimesters respectively. There was a significant difference (p < 0.01) in birth weight between the "public" and "private" groups; 2951 +/- 377 g and 3173 +/- 357 g respectively. This study indicates that energy intakes lower than recommended and sedentary lifestyles have no direct influence on birth weights of babies.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1993

Sources of variation in partitioning of intake energy for lactating Holstein cows.

Variation in energy partitioning was quantified. Data were from 34 multiparous Holstein cows using indirect respiration calorimetry during the 6th, 10th, and 14th wk postpartum. For each period, cows were placed in digestion stalls for a 6-d excreta collection, followed by two consecutive 11-h determinations of methane and heat production. Sources of variation among cows were analyzed for gross energy consumed; for fecal, urinary, CH4, heat, milk, and maintenance energies; for tissue energy balance; and for tissue partitioning. Ratios of heat production, energy balance, milk energy, and maintenance energy to intake energy were also analyzed for sources of variation. A within-period model was used that contained fixed effects of treatment, parity, season, and covariates for metabolic BW and SCM. None of the diet or parity effects were a significant source of variation in any of the variables. Season effects were only significant for milk energy and water intake. As a covariate, SCM was highly significant for all variables except energy for heat production and energy for maintenance. However, metabolic BW as a covariate was a significant effect for heat production at wk 10 and 14 postpartum. The significance of metabolic BW differed between periods for most energy partition and efficiency measures. The most significant proportion of the variation in energy utilization was attributable to the energy in the milk.

Animals↗