PubMed Health⌕ Search

SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “Expectancies”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 91 records · Page 5Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

The Medical Student Expectation Scale (MSES): a device for measuring students' expectations of each others' values and behaviours.

A study assessing the differences between institutional and matriculants' expectations of students' attitudes and behaviour was undertaken in 1992 at the Drew/UCLA Medical Education Program (DUMEP) in Los Angeles, California. Responding to a 33-item questionnaire utilizing 5-point Likert scales were 113/122 students in the classes of 1992 through to 1996. Factor analysis yielded two factors accounting for 61% of the total variance. Two subscales (Personal Trait Subscale and Drew Mission Subscale) containing a total of nine items comprise the Medical Student Expectation Scale (MSES). The alphas and standardized item alphas of these two subscales were 0.7531 and 0.8287 (Personal Trait Subscale) and 0.7304 and 0.7406 (Drew Mission Subscale), indicating good reliability. Correlation coefficients for continuous variables were calculated in order to determine subgroup responses to the subscales and their component items. While the students' overall responses indicated commitment to the values of the Charles R Drew University of Medicine and Science, subgroup responses varied. The strongest supporters of the University's values were older students, blacks, and those having better undergraduate performance in non-science areas. Least likely to agree with University values were students having better performances in the sciences (grade-point average and MCAT scores) and those of Mexican-American ethnicity. The scores of participating classes documented a secular trend away from endorsement of the values of the Drew University. Following further study, the MSES may be useful in student selection and curriculum design.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1996

Patients' expectations of an ideal dentist and their views concerning the dentist they visited: do the views conform to the expectations and what determines how well they conform?

A convenience sample of patients (n = 271) from community health centres and private clinics in different parts of Finland were recruited for this study through their dental clinic. Equal numbers of regular and irregular clients were invited to participate. Before the treatment procedure, each patient filled out a questionnaire with forty Likertian statements dealing with their expectations of an ideal dentist, and nine about their own background, i.e., age, sex, regularity of dental visits. basic and professional education, and occupation. After the treatment subjects described their treating dentists' behaviour using similar statements. In the analyses two approaches were applied. First, factor analyses with orthogonal varimax rotation were conducted with the data about the ideal and actual dentist. For the ideal dentist, five factors were extracted: 1) mutual communication, 2) fair support, 3) personal appearance, 4) preferred type of practice, and 5) blaming; and for the actual dentist 5 factors were extracted: 1) mutual communication, 2) pain control, 3) fair support, 4) personal appearance, and 5) preferred type of practice. The factor structures were found to be similar when they were compared with transformation analysis. This justified the second analysis where the differences between the ideal and the actual factor scores were compared. The expectations of the patients were met on all the other dentist characteristics except mutual communication and fair support. There were not many differences between subgroups of patients. In further studies, other background variables, such as previous experiences of the patients, should be considered in order to obtain a more complete explanation of the variation in satisfaction. More attention should be paid to the communication skills of the dentists.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

What impact would pancreatic beta-cell preservation have on life expectancy, quality-adjusted life expectancy and costs of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes? A projection using the CORE Diabetes Model.

OBJECTIVE: Type 2 diabetes is characterised by progressive failure of pancreatic beta-cell function against a background of insulin resistance. Multifactorial interventions, including intensive glycaemic and blood pressure control, reduce the risk of onset and progression of complications. However, current management of type 2 diabetes focuses on treatment of signs and symptoms of disease instead of targeting underlying causes. A number of newer pharmacological interventions, including thiazolidinediones and glucagon-like peptides, have shown early promise in preserving pancreatic beta-cell function. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of stabilising beta-cell function on long-term outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS: The CORE Diabetes Model was used to project life expectancy (LE), quality-adjusted LE (QALE) and total lifetime complication costs (TC) for a cohort of newly-diagnosed patients with type 2 diabetes, either with a typical increase of HbA1c over time as observed in the UKPDS, or assuming stabilisation of HbA1c after diagnosis with a hypothetical new treatment, representing beta-cell function stabilisation. Costs due to diabetes-related complications (from a US third-party payer perspective), were discounted at 3% annually. Both non-discounted and discounted (at 3% annually) LE and QALE were calculated. Sensitivity analyses were performed to test the robustness of results. RESULTS: Over a time period of 50 years, in a cohort with no increase of HbA1c over time, LE and QALE were improved by mean (SD) 1.02 (0.36) and 0.96 (0.25) years, and total costs of complications were reduced by 6,377 dollars (2,568) per patient compared to the cohort with a typical increase in HbA1c over time. Results were robust under a wide range of plausible assumptions. CONCLUSIONS: New interventions that stabilise pancreatic betacell function may have an important impact on length and quality of life, and lead to reduced costs of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Computer Simulation↗
PubMed2000

False expectations? Expectations vs. probabilities for dying.

It is widely recognized that the code of the physician has undergone dramatic changes in the last century--changes which have serious implications for the patient-physician relationship. This is an ethnographic study examining how certain changes in the role and abilities of biomedical physicians have affected patient attitudes and expectations about end-of-life care. In-home interviews were conducted with eighteen persons age fifty-five and older, including a sample of Hemlock Society members. Results indicate a broad spectrum of end-of-life concerns including capacity, autonomy, pain, and burden to loved ones. Most participants reported a reluctance to begin a discussion of death or future deteriorating capacity with their physicians. Instead, when conversations about death were reported, they had been largely limited to the scenarios of catastrophic illness (e.g., hospitalization, ventilator, etc.) and the Living Will. While this discussion does not overlook the utility of the Living Will, it proposes the reliance on this document for preparing patients for end-of-life care is inadequate.

Advance Care Planning↗
PubMed1992

Does increased life expectancy imply active life expectancy?

From Danish results, it is argued that longer life need not imply worse health. If we as individuals and society will prevent the "pawnbroker-diseases," increase access to geriatric rehabilitation, and supply necessary services in an individualised way, most added years can be active years. The following conclusions are drawn: In the first decades after the year 2000, morbidity, disability and mortality will be postponed, but treatment will be more important for prolongation of life than prevention. Therefore, the net result will be extension of morbidity. The next question is how severe disability will be among the increased number of people who have a disease, but are not dying from it. The elderly will be more healthy in the future, but the prevalence of chronic disabling diseases may not change, or may even increase. That is because healthy men and women can postpone disability and death until higher ages (successful aging), but some elderly persons live with premature disabling diseases, which might have killed them some decades ago. When elderly people make the transition from autonomy to dependence in the course of a disease, it is possible by early geriatric intervention and rehabilitation to restore them to functional levels and provide them with more active years. It is possible to disseminate geriatric rehabilitation to a much wider population of elderly with multipathology and social problems. In this way, disability can be overcome in a higher fraction of diseased elderly.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1991

Expectancy effects in social validation methodology: are there differential expectations for employees with mental retardation?

Although the social validation methodology has been found useful in identifying work skills associated with job success, it is uncertain as to whether respondents who have had experience working with persons with mental retardation respond differentially to surveys than individuals without previous experience. In the present study, the responses of respondents who had prior experience working with employees with mental retardation were compared to those of persons without such experience. Also, the effects of specified verbal referents in surveys were investigated. The findings revealed that prior experience did not appear to affect ratings; however, several differences were identified. The findings are discussed in respect to employment preparation programs.

Adult↗