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Results for “FOWLS, DOMESTIC”

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PubMed1977

Electron microscopic study on the innervation of the pancreas of the domestic fowl.

The innervation of the pancreas of the domestic fowl was studied electron microscopically. The extrapancreatic nerve is composed mostly of unmyelinated nerve fibers with a smaller component of myelinated nerve fibers. The latter are not found in the parenchyma. The pancreas contains ganglion cells in the interlobular connective tissue. The unmyelinated nerve fibers branch off along blood vessels. Their synaptic terminals contact with the exocrine and endocrine tissues. The synaptic terminals can be divided into four types based on a combination of three kinds of synaptic vesicles. Type I synaptic terminals contain only small clear vesicles about 600 A in diameter. Type II terminals are cgaracteruzed by small clear and large dense core vesicles 1,000 A in diameter. Type III terminals contain small vesicles and small dense core vesicles 500 A in diameter. Type IV terminals are characterized by small and large dense core vesicles. The exocrine tissue receives a richer nervous supply than the endocrine tissue. Type II and IV terminals are distributed in the acinus, and they contact A and D cells of the islets. B cells and pancreatic ducts are supplied mainly by Type II terminals, the blood vessels by Type IV terminals.

Animals↗

PubMed1984

Development of preferred orientation in the eggshell of the domestic fowl.

Preferred orientation in the shell of the domestic fowl is shown by x-ray diffractometry to develop gradually throughout the shell, beginning immediately after the start of shell deposition and reaching a maximum at the exterior surface. Only 2 out of 20 shells examined exhibited a single preferred orientation: This was one in which the pole of the (001) plane lies parallel to the shell surface normal. The remaining shells had two preferred orientations present simultaneously, one in which the (001) pole is parallel and the other in which the (104) pole is parallel to the surface normal. Previous work has resulted in conclusions that are in conflict with these; they are discussed in relation to the present work.

Animals↗

PubMed1978

Occurrence of 7-dehydrocholesterol in the uropygial gland of domestic fowls.

Histochemical studies on the uropygial gland of domestic fowls have shown the presence of sterols (among which cholesterol and its esters) in the lipidic fraction of the gland secret. beta-Glucuronidase activity beside A5 3beta- and 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activities suggests that uropygial gland might be involved in sterols metabolism. By thin layer chromatography cholesterol and 7-dehydrocholesterol can be separated from the uropygial extracts and these compounds can be identified in gas liquid chromatography.

17-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases↗

PubMed1990

Morphological and functional comparisons of normal and hypertrophied kidneys of adult domestic fowl (Gallus gallus).

Similar to mammals, kidneys of domestic fowl undergo compensatory hypertrophy after loss of functional renal mass. Because this species continues to develop new nephrons for up to 12-wk posthatch, renal hyperplasia might play a significant role in compensatory growth. Either transient or permanent loss of approximately 60% of the right kidney was produced in 2- to 3-wk-old roosters by simple ureteral transection or by removing a 1-mm segment of ureter at the level of the ischiadic artery, respectively. In the latter (experimental) group, right anterior and medial divisions atrophied leaving only the posterior division intact. Spontaneous reanastomosis occurred in the former (reconnected) group, and all three divisions were present at death. Control birds were untouched as were the left kidneys of experimental and reconnected birds. At 40-50 wk, renal function was measured separately in right and left kidneys of all groups during five different infusion protocols. Compared with control kidneys, experimental kidneys had a 50-60% weight gain, and their glomerular size distribution profile was shifted to the right (larger glomeruli). Reconnected kidneys were not hypertrophied, and their profile was shifted to the left (smaller glomeruli). Neither group had significant formation of new nephrons. Once variations in kidney weight were taken into account, there were no differences between hypertrophied (experimental) and control kidneys in urine flow rate (UFR), glomerular filtration rate (GFR), paraaminohippuric acid (PAH) clearance, UFR/GFR, urine osmolality, urine/plasma osmolality, osmolal clearance, free water clearance, Na and K load, absolute Na and K excretion, and fractional Na and K excretion except as follows: 1) during infusion of isotonic mannitol-dextrose at 0.1 ml.min-1.kg body wt-1 experimental kidneys had a lower fractional excretion of K than control kidneys, and 2) during brisk osmotic diuresis (isotonic mannitol-dextrose at 0.4 ml.min-1.kg body wt-1) experimental kidneys had higher UFR and free water clearance and lower urine osmolality and urine/plasma osmolality than control kidneys. Reconnected kidneys differed from control kidneys in only 1 of 210 comparisons. Permanent loss of functional renal mass in young birds produces significant compensatory renal hypertrophy that is due to enlargement of existing nephrons rather than formation of new nephrons. Hypertrophied kidneys function like normal kidneys except under conditions of brisk osmotic diuresis.

Adaptation, Physiological↗

PubMed1984

Circadian rhythmicity in the 'basal' pancreatic secretion of the domestic fowl.

The interdigestive pancreatic exocrine secretion of the domestic fowl has been studied following the cosine-vector analysis. For the flow of pancreatic juice the crest phase was at 1040 and the sample amplitude was 2.26 microliter/min. For the amylase output the crest phase was at 1128 and the sample amplitude was 0.297 U.A.A./min. Both parameters are characterized by a phase-and frequency-synchronized rhythm whose period must be close to 24 hr.

Amylases↗

PubMed1976

Incomplete dominance of the gene for naked neck in domestic fowl.

The autosomal gene for naked neck in domestic fowl has been shown to be incompletely dominant. Heterozygotes characteristically have an isolated tuft of feathers on the ventral side of the neck above the crop. Homozygotes lack this tuft completely, or it may be reduced to a very few pinfeathers or small feathers.

Animals↗

PubMed1979

Responses of domestic fowl to repeated +Gz acceleration.

The responses of domestic fowl to repeated exposures of 4 min to +6Gz (8 times daily, 5 d weekly) are reported. Survivorship curves for the test group of 48 birds divided into three response categories: mode I, highly susceptible, with all individuals dying on the first day; mode II, more tolerant, with mortality occurring within the first 20 d of treatment; and mode III, highly tolerant, with mortality occurring only after 20 d of treatment. Observations of lymphocyte frequency, an index of systemic stress, and postmortem observations indicate that this heterogeniety has a biological basis.

Acceleration↗

PubMed1979

Fine structure of the paraventricular magnocellular neurons in the domestic fowl.

The morphology of the PVN of the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus) was studied by the Golgi method and the electron microscope. The magnocellular neurons of the PVN are periventricularly scattered, in the region caudal to the anterior commissure, and they are situated in small clusters. Their ultrastructural features are the presence of a large amount of cytoplasm containing also few dense-core vesicles (1100--1500 A in diameter). In the neuropil axosomatic and axodendritic synapses are seen. Some of these show also dense-core vesicles (600--900 A).

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Congenital anomalies of domestic fowl: seven cases.

In 13,483 necropsies of domestic fowl, six anomalies were recorded: bifurcation of the metasternum, duplication of the ileum, pancreas divisum (partial), vesica fellea occulta, aplasia of the left cecum, and aplasia of the right kidney (2 cases).

Animals↗

PubMed1989

The vesicle content of catecholamine-containing axons in the rectum of the domestic fowl: effect of permanganate and chromaffin fixations.

The ultrastructural appearance of catecholamine-containing (CA) axon profiles in the rectum of the domestic fowl was compared following fixation using the chromaffin reaction or potassium permanganate. As described previously, after chromaffin fixation CA-axons in the perivascular plexuses contained many small granular vesicles (SGV) and variable numbers of large granular vesicles (LGV), whereas those in the non-vascular sites contained few small vesicles and were characterised by the presence of elongated LGV. Following fixation in potassium permanganate, CA-axons in both the non-vascular and vascular sites contained many SGV. The SGV were accompanied by variable numbers of large round vesicles which were often devoid of a core. Large vesicles comprised 16 and 26%, respectively, of total vesicles in the vascular and non-vascular axon profiles. The total number of vesicles per CA-axon profile in both the vascular and non-vascular site was not dependent on fixation procedure. It is concluded that the vesicle content of CA-axon profiles in the rectum of the domestic fowl is dependent on the fixative employed.

Animals↗

PubMed1983

A Golgi study of the parvocellular neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the domestic fowl.

The present study was focussed on the typology of small and medium-sized neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the domestic fowl as revealed by means of Golgi impregnation. This region is provided with different systems of neurons that can be distinguished on the basis of their location and dendritic morphology. Intraependymal neurons and CSF-contacting nerve cells are found in the periventricular layer together with bipolar elements endowed with processes extending parallel to the surface of the third ventricle. The short axons of these neurons may contact the magnocellular elements. Numerous isodendritic neurons are scattered throughout the entire PVN; these nerve cells possessing short and branched axons may be considered as local-circuit neurons. The complex intrinsic organization of the PVN of the domestic fowl might provide the structural basis for local interactions among the neuronal elements of this hypothalamic region.

Animals↗

PubMed1988

Utilisation of energy substrates in treadmill-exercised domestic fowl (Gallus gallus domesticus): blood plasma free fatty acids.

1. Plasma free fatty acid (FFA) concentration, FFA turnover and gas exchange were measured in adult male domestic fowl at rest and during 90 min continuous treadmill exercise at a work load of approximately three times the resting metabolic rate. 2. Plasma FFA concentration and turnover increased 7-fold and 4-fold respectively during exercise. Of the FFA turnover 0.54 was oxidised at rest and this increased to 0.70 during exercise. The fraction of the total carbon dioxide production derived from plasma FFA oxidation rose from 0.33 at rest to 0.55 during exercise. 3. It is concluded that plasma FFA are the most important source of energy for the working muscles of domestic fowl during treadmill exercise of this intensity and duration.

Animals↗

PubMed1980

Acute systemic anaphylaxis in adult domestic fowl: evidence for the protective role of H2-histaminergic and beta 2-adrenergic receptors.

Pentobarbital-anesthetized and spontaneously breathing, bovine albumin (BA)-sensitized adult domestic fowl showed acute systemic anaphylaxis to IV injection of antigen (BA), which was characterized by arterial hypotension, central venous hypertension, and bradycardia. Large doses of pyrilamine maleate (/1-receptor antagonist) partially inhibited acute systemic anaphylaxis. On the other hand, metiamide (a specific H2-antagonist) and propranolol (beta-adrenergic antagonist) markedly enhanced the anaphylactic response. Terbutaline (beta 2-agonist), dimaprit (a highly selective H2-agonist), and compound FPL 55712 (a slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis receptor antagonist) either significantly inhibited or reversed the anaphylactic response. Cimetidine (a newer H2-antagonist) enhanced only central venous pressor response to BA. This investigation appears to suggest a minor role of histamine and a major role of slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis as chemical mediatiors of anaphylaxis. A protective role of beta 2-adrenergic and H2-histaminergic receptors seem to operate in immediate hypersensitivity reactions in adult domestic fowl.

Anaphylaxis↗

PubMed2002

A comparative study of stimulus-specific pupil responses in the domestic fowl (Gallus gallus domesticus) and the human.

Pupil responses triggered by specific stimulus attributes such as spatial structure, colour and light flux changes were measured in eight domestic fowl. Comparative experiments were also carried out in human subjects. The results were unexpected in that large increments in light flux caused only small constrictions of the pupil. A red stimulus, on the other hand, caused a relatively large pupil response, but a green stimulus was less effective. This finding suggests that the size of the pupil, apart from being controlled by well-described pretectal pathways that mediate luminance responses, is also subject to other inputs. The pupil response in the domestic fowl may therefore make an effective quantitative indicator of things of significance to the animal. In some ways these observations are similar to other findings in primates in that the processing of stimulus attributes such as colour and structure that are not normally associated with the light reflex pathway can cause a pupil response. The fowl pupil does however respond very fast when large light flux changes or red stimuli are involved. Results obtained with sinusoidally modulated light flux changes reveal a short response latency of 105 ms (SD=8.3). In contrast, human responses measured for similar stimulus conditions reveal a latency of 434 ms (SD=36). The speed of pupil response in the fowl is significantly higher than in humans, but the response amplitude is usually small. Another interesting observation is the lack of sustained response to changes in ambient illumination. These findings suggest that the input to the pupilloconstrictor neurones in the fowl consists largely of transient neurones with little sustained component.

Adult↗

PubMed1985

Changes in aromatase activity in small ovarian follicles of the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus) during growth and atresia.

The tritium release assay for measuring aromatase activity was adapted to measure oestrogen production in intact small ovarian follicles of the domestic fowl. The activity was measured in three types of follicle classified as normal, atretic or grossly atretic. Normal follicles were distinguished from atretic by the presence of small haemorrhages on the surface of the atretic follicles. Grossly atretic follicles were identified by their deformed shape. The aromatase activity in normal and atretic follicles was related to follicular weight, the activity in atretic follicles being less than that in normal follicles. The aromatase activity in grossly atretic follicles was independent of follicular weight. The enzyme activity in this group of follicles was significantly less than that in either normal or atretic follicles. The significance of these results is discussed in relation to the induction of atresia within the small ovarian follicles of the domestic fowl.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Plasma zinc as an index of vitellogenin production and reproductive status in the domestic fowl.

1. A technique is described for the accurate determination of circulating vitellogenin concentrations by measurement of plasma zinc concentrations before and after selective precipitation of lipoproteins in the domestic fowl. 2. Vitellogenin zinc concentrations exhibit a high degree of correlation with those of another major egg yolk precursor, very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) in immature female birds, during developing and maximum egg production in mature birds and following cessation of egg laying. 3. Mature female patterns of plasma vitellogenin and VLDL were induced by injection of oestradiol 17 beta (5 mg/kg body weight per day for 3 days) into adult cockerels. 4. It is suggested that measurement of plasma zinc provides a simple and accurate technique for the estimation of vitellogenin production and reproductive status in the domestic fowl and that this may be applied to other oviparous vertebrates.

Aging↗

PubMed1986

Osmotic and volemic regulation of plasma arginine vasotocin in conscious domestic fowl.

Recently developed radioimmunoassay methods were utilized to quantitatively characterize secretion of the avian antidiuretic hormone [arginine vasotocin (AVT)] by the hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal system (HNS) of the conscious domestic fowl. The functional characteristics of the osmoreceptor-HNS were evaluated during independent experimental manipulations of extracellular osmolality or volume. Simultaneous measurements of plasma AVT (PAVT) and either plasma osmolality (Posm) or blood volume (BV) in these experiments permitted determination of osmoreceptor sensitivity to independent osmotic or volemic stimuli and set point of the AVT secretory system under conditions of normal hydration. In normally hydrated birds, PAVT and Posm averaged 2.7 +/- 0.2 microU/ml (12.9 +/- 1.0 pg/ml) and 308.1 +/- 0.6 mosmol/kg H2O, respectively (means +/- SE). Characterization of AVT secretion revealed that Posm is a primary determinant of AVT secretion by the HNS of the domestic fowl. Highly correlated and significant relationships between Posm and PAVT exist both above and below the observed basal Posm of normally hydrated birds, with an apparent osmotic threshold for AVT secretion at a Posm of 288.8 mosmol/kg H2O. Analysis of the data also suggested that the HNS is insensitive to changes in BV less than or equal to 10%, because neither isotonic expansion nor reduction of BV altered PAVT. Comparison of past and present avian data with that of the mammalian HNS indicates that 1) the osmotic regulation of antidiuretic hormone secretion is qualitatively and quantitatively similar in birds and mammals, and 2) the volemic regulation of antidiuretic hormone secretion is substantially more important in mammals than in birds.

Animals↗

PubMed1981

Nucleated thrombocytoid cells. II. Phase- and interference-contrast microscopic studies on blood cells of the domestic fowl.

The so-called nucleated thrombocytes of the domestic fowl (and mallard) were analyzed intravitally by use of phase- and interference-contrast microscopy with regard to their morphology and functional state, and in comparison to other avian blood cells and mammalian blood platelets. Since nucleated thrombocytoid cells of birds do not differ in size from white blood cells, they are automatically included in differential cell counts. They can easily be confused with other white blood cells and even with erythrocyte ghosts, which also appear to be hemostatically active elements. However, the nucleated thrombocytoid cells displayed a characteristic, definite morphology. The platelet-like spreading process and elongation of aging cells in vitro to spindle forms deserve special attention. A technique of counting live avian blood cells was used to determine their values in chickens of different sexes and ages.

Animals↗