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PubMedDate not supplied

Attributes of the oral cavity as a site for basal body temperature measurements.

The thermal topography of the oral cavity of 11 women was mapped with thermocouples in early morning waking conditions. A reference thermocouple was placed in the vagina. No significant difference was found in the time required to reach a steady-state oral temperature and in the achieved steady-state temperature difference (Tv-To) in the preovulatory and postovulatory phases of the menstrual cycle. Location of the thermocouple in the oral cavity had a significant effect on steady-state temperature differences. After equilibration of oral thermometers, women breathed through their mouths for exactly five minutes. Mouths were closed and a second temperature equilibration phase was recorded. Mouth breathing had a significantly greater effect on the temperature of the anterior sublingual and dorsum of the tongue sites than on the posterior sublingual and buccal trough sites.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Reliability of urine temperature as a measurement of basal body temperature.

Natural family planning is based on the recognition of physiologic signs and symptoms that identify fertile and infertile phases of the menstrual cycle. Identification of the onset of the infertile period can be determined when the upward shift in basal body temperature (BBT) has occurred. A study was conducted to determine if the temperature of the first-morning voided urine adequately represents BBT. In 22 subjects, vaginal temperature, taken immediately upon awakening, was compared with first-morning voided urine temperature as measured continuously by thermocouples mounted in either of two flow-through devices attached to a toilet bowl. A significant correlation was found between the two temperatures. The convenience and hygiene of the method together with the reliability of urine temperature as an estimator of BBT could reduce the generally high rate of noncompliance of women choosing this natural method of family planning.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Aged gametes, adverse pregnancy outcomes and natural family planning. An epidemiologic review.

Unconfirmed epidemiologic studies suggest a possible increased risk of birth defects associated with Natural Family Planning (NFP) use, and an increased incidence of spontaneous abortion or frequency of chromosomal abnormalities in abortuses associated with conceptions outside the most "fertile period". The risk is approximately two- to four-fold, but the evidence is by no means conclusive. The implication for NFP depends on the frequency of method failures in user populations, but is not likely to constitute a major hazard. Further research could utilize a data bank of NFP charts.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗
PubMed1997

Family planning experiences of Vietnamese women.

The increasing Vietnamese population in the United States and the high fertility rate seen in this group warrant studies about Vietnamese cultural beliefs. The purpose of this qualitative study was to examine sociocultural factors that influence family planning practices of Vietnamese refugee women. Findings reveal that the stresses associated with starting over in a new land, such as concern about finances and learning English, influenced younger Vietnamese women in this study to use family planning methods that would limit the number of future pregnancies. The meaning of children and the importance of their educational future were also influential in determining the number of children desired and family planning practices. Cultural and religious beliefs also directed the women's choice of method. Results from this study can be used to educate health care professionals, increase appropriate educational material for Vietnamese women, and assist in the development of appropriate family planning programs.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Factors related to autonomy and discontinuation of use of natural family planning for women in Liberia and Zambia.

From 1983 to 1988, natural family planning programs were conducted in Liberia and Zambia. In Liberia 1055 and in Zambia 2709 women used natural family planning to avoid pregnancy. These users could become pregnant, discontinue use of the method, or become autonomous users. Women who changed intention did not stop use of natural family planning and were not treated as discontinuations. In a multivariate analysis, client's age, breastfeeding status, employment, urban/rural residence, time of registration in the program, and visit intensity were significantly associated with the outcomes. The most consistent association was that women who entered the programs in the later time periods were more likely to become autonomous users and less likely to discontinue use of the method or to experience an accidental pregnancy.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Family planning among Nigerian postsecondary female students.

This study examines the level of knowledge, attitude, and practice of family planning among postsecondary female students in an urban area of Anambra State, Nigeria. Although only a few of the women sampled expressed knowledge of modern contraceptive methods, the majority had favorable attitudes toward family planning. Among those who had knowledge of family planning, those who had attended a coeducational secondary school were more familiar with modern contraceptive methods, and those who had attended an all-girls' secondary school were more familiar with the rhythm method. Of the 23.3 percent who had ever practiced family planning, almost half had used rhythm; only a very small minority had ever used the pill. Among those who had ever used contraception and who had a positive attitude toward family planning, the greatest proportion was made up of older, married Protestant women.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Measuring natural family planning in terms of couple-years of protection.

Couple-years protection is a summary index of contraceptive protection. Couple-years protection allows comparisons of natural family planning with other methods. One couple-year protection for condoms is equal to 1 couple-year protection for pills and 1 couple-year protection for natural family planning. Critical in the calculation of couple-year protection for natural family planning is average duration of use. A working group on natural family planning recommended that 2 years of use be used as average duration until more data are available.

Contraception↗
PubMed1995

A study of breastfeeding and the return of menses in Hoima District, Uganda.

The effect of breastfeeding on reestablishment of ovulation and fertility and on birth spacing are now well known. A study was conducted on lactational amenorrhoea (LAM) at 180 days in Hoima District, Uganda in order to understand whether and how LAM could be applied in fertility control and birth spacing. Since the introduction of supplementary food by Ugandan women does not replace or substitute for breastfeeding, a study was designed to determine if LAM was effective irrespective of supplementation of infant's diet. One hundred and fifty four mother/child pairs were entered into the study and 134 women completed the sixth month of the study. At the end of the period, eighty four women (62.7%) were amenorrhoeic of whom only 33 (39.3%) were exclusively breastfeeding and no woman had dropped out of the study because of pregnancy or the use of other family planning methods other than LAM. The study confirmed that LAM could be applicable in Uganda to the majority of the breastfeeding women (62.7%). It is expected that if health workers increase the intensity of breastfeeding support as well as the women's knowledge and motivation to use LAM for family planning, this would contribute to children's health as well as to birth spacing that is one of the major factors related to infant deaths. According to data from this study, the return of menses is irrespective of whether supplements have been introduced and their frequency.

Adolescent↗