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PubMed1990

Multiple roles of a histaminergic afferent neuron in the feeding behavior of Aplysia.

The cellular and circuit properties of individual identified neurons in invertebrates can be readily studied; hence it is possible to determine how the complex properties of nerve cells function in the generation of behavior. Recent studies of the cellular basis of feeding behavior in the marine mollusc Aplysia have focused on a neuron, C2, that has a variety of complex properties that determine the behavioral functions of the neuron. C2 conveys mechanosensory information from the mouth of the animal. It receives a complex pattern of inputs during feeding behavior, and generates diverse outputs that may shape behavior. It can act to filter out slow or sporadic sensory inputs, and its own outputs can be 'gated' by synaptic input. C2 uses histamine as its transmitter, and some of its synaptic outputs are modulatory and contribute to the expression of an arousal state induced by food. Other outputs shape feeding behavior directly by affecting motor neurons, as well as presynaptically inhibiting the outputs of feeding motor programs. Thus, the complex properties of this neuron may contribute to the flexibility and adaptability of feeding in Aplysia. Studies of C2 have expanded our concepts of the properties of sensory neurons.

Action Potentials↗

PubMed1995

Effect of sucrose and fructose macronutrient diets on feeding behavior of rats.

Different carbohydrate sources in animal diets can affect feeding behavior. The absence of a diet standard, thus, has the potential to introduce a confounding factor into experiments. The main objective of this study, therefore, was to determine if the choice of either sucrose or fructose as the pure carbohydrate in a carbohydrate diet ration would affect feeding behavior in rats. It was found that during the light and dark phases: 1) fructose-fed rats selected significantly less energy from carbohydrate than sucrose fed rats, 2) fructose-fed rats selected more protein and lipid energy than sucrose fed rats, and 3) the total caloric intakes of the two groups were not significantly different. Differing postingestive effects of sucrose and fructose with subsequent compensatory intake may explain these results. Two different carbohydrate sources resulted in different macronutrient selection patterns, thus demonstrating the importance of the nature of dietary carbohydrate in the regulation of feeding behavior in rats.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

[Study on feeding behavior patterns of rats on cariogenic diet].

The feeding behavior patterns of Jcl:Wistar rats fed on commercial stock diet and cariogenic diet (Diet #2000) were investigated with the newly developed autorecording system. They were caged separately under a regular light-dark cycle (L:D = 12:12). The results and conclusion were as follows. All rats have a circadian feeding rhythm, and 70-85% of feeding frequency were observed during the dark period. The group on the commercial stock diet showed a dual-peak pattern of feeding at 20:30 and 4:00. On the other hand, the cariogenic diet groups showed a more frequent feeding pattern during the dark period. The feeding frequency increased from 1:00 to 3:00 in the high sucrose diet group and more frequent feeding was observed. From these results, it was suggested that dental caries in the rats was caused by not only the local effect of sucrose in the mouth but also by the changing patterns of feeding behavior with cariogenic diet.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Effects of sugar availability on the blood-feeding behavior of Anopheles gambiae (Diptera:Culicidae).

Blood-feeding behavior and survivorship of individual Anopheles gambiae Giles females were observed daily in cohorts with either access to sugar (n = 76) or without sugar (n = 80). Individual mosquitoes were allowed to feed daily on an anesthetized mouse. Mosquitoes provided with sugar lived on average almost 3 d longer than females without sugar (19.0 versus 16.2 d). After stratification by age, mosquitoes in the youngest (5-12 d) and middle (13-19 d) age strata showed no differences in blood-feeding patterns relative to sugar availability. However, mosquitoes from the oldest age group and no access to sugar had more total blood feeds than long-lived females ( > or = 20 d) with access to sugar (9.8 versus 6.5). Furthermore, mosquitoes > or = 20 d old and without sugar available had a higher blood-feeding frequency than females that had sugar available (0.36 versus 0.25 blood meals per female per day). The enhanced blood-feeding capability among older sugar-deprived An. gambiae emphasized the close association between sugar-feeding and blood-feeding behavior and the potential consequences for the transmission of malaria parasites and other pathogens.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Apoptosis in rat jejunal mucosa is regulated partly through the central nervous system, which controls feeding behavior.

AIM: The aim of this study was to investigate whether central nervous system-related feeding behavior regulates mucosal apoptosis in rat small intestines. METHODS: The test solutions used in this study were an H(1) receptor antagonist (chlorpheniramine maleate), 2-deoxy-D-glucose, leptin, and 1-deoxy-D-glucosamine (2-amino-1,5-anhydro-2-deoxy-D-glucitol). Test solutions were injected into the third cerebroventricles of rats. Feeding behavior and jejunal apoptosis were evaluated both with and without truncal vagotomy. Intestinal apoptosis was evaluated by percentage fragmented DNA, electrophoresis, and TUNEL staining. RESULTS: Chlorpheniramine and 2-deoxy-D-glucose elicited feeding, whereas leptin and 1-deoxy-D-glucosamine suppressed feeding. The test solutions, which elicited feeding (0.24 and 24 micromol/rat of chlorpheniramine and 2-deoxy-D-glucose, respectively), suppressed mucosal apoptosis in the rat jejunum 1 h after cerebroventricular infusion. In contrast, the test solutions, which suppressed feeding (8 and 24 micromol/rat of leptin and 1-deoxy-D-glucosamine, respectively), induced jejunal mucosal apoptosis 3 h after infusion. The effects of the test solutions on feeding behavior and changes in apoptosis were not affected by truncal vagotomy. CONCLUSION: The central nervous system, which regulates feeding behavior, might control intestinal function through the regulation of intestinal apoptosis.

Animals↗

PubMed1981

Single unit activity in monkey caudate nucleus during operant bar pressing feeding behavior.

Unit activity and changes during bar press feeding behavior after presentation of food or non-food were analyzed in 198 neurons in the head of the caudate nucleus of monkey. Eight neurons responded uniquely at the sight of food. The degree of the food-specific responses differed depending on the nature of the food and the hunger-satiation state. On the other hand, 17 neurons responded more or less to the sight of food and during bar pressing for food. These two types of neuron seem to be important to bar pressing feeding behavior, which consists of recognition of food and a bar press task to obtain food.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

[Relationships of Aulacophora beetles feeding behavior with cucurbitacin types in host crops].

Aulacophora fermoralis chinensis and Aulacophora cattigarensis are the two related Aulacophora beetles, but their host selectivity and feeding behavior are significantly different. A. fernzoralis chinensis usually feeds upon Cucumis sativus and Cucurbita moschata, but never upon Luffa acutangula, Momordica charantia and Citrullas lanatus. Its feeding behavior on hosts is to snip a circular trench on their leaves, and then, to feed the leaf tissues isolated by the trench. On the contrary, A. cattigarensis only feeds L. acutangula, and its trenching behavior rarely occurs. This study showed that the host selectivity and feeding behavior of the two beetles were significantly correlated with the types of cucurbitacin biosynthesized by host melon crops. C. sativus and C. moschata might be induced to produce cucurbitacin I by A. fermoralis chinensis feeding, and this compound was responsible for feeding deterrent on A. fermoralis chinensis. Therefore, the feeding behavior of A. fermoralis chinensis was to block the translocation of cucurbitacin I to feeding sites. M. charantia and C. lanatus contained deterrent cucurbitacin D, and thus, both beetles never fed upon them, while L. acutangula contained stimulants cucurbitacin B and E, and made A. cattigarensis directly feed upon it without trenching. The results suggested that the taste responses of insects on specific allelochemicals from plants may play an important role in host selectivity and feeding behavior.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

A reassessment of the role of serotonergic system in the control of feeding behavior.

The role of serotonergic system in the feeding behavior was appraised by electrolytic lesions in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) and administration of para-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA, 3 mg/5 microl, icv). Chronic evaluations were accomplished through 120 and 360 days in PCPA-injected and DRN-lesioned rats, respectively. Acute food intake was evaluated in fasted rats and submitted to injection of PCPA and hydroxytryptophan (LHTP, 30 mg/kg, ip). DRN-lesioned rats exhibited 22-80% increase in food intake up to sixth month, whereas the obesity was evident and sustained by whole period. In PCPA-injected rats was observed an initial increase in the food intake followed by hypophagy from 25th to 30th day and a transitory increase of body weight from 5th to 60th day. In the acute study, the LHTP reverted partially the PCPA-induced increase in food intake of fasted rats suggesting a sustained capacity of decarboxylation of precursor by serotonergic neurons. Slow restoration of the levels of food intake in DRN-lesioned rats reveals a neuroplasticity in the systems that regulate feeding behavior. A plateau on the body weight curve in lesioned rats possibly represents the establishment of a new and higher set point of energetic balance.

5-Hydroxytryptophan↗

PubMed1985

Involvement of opioid receptor subtypes in rat feeding behavior.

The short-acting opiate antagonist naloxone decreases food intake in three models of ingestive behavior: free feeding, food-deprivation induced feeding and deoxyglucose-induced feeding. Twenty-four hours after administration, the long-acting, mu1 selective antagonist naloxonazine inhibits food intake to the same extent as naloxone in freely feeding and food-deprived rats, but not in animals treated with 2-deoxyglucose. These results indicate that 1) opiates modulate feeding through multiple opioid receptor mechanisms, one of which is the mu subtype, and 2) the feeding observed in various experimental paradigms are modulated by different receptor subtypes. Furthermore, these results illustrate the usefulness of naloxone in defining a behavior as opioid but point out its limitations in discriminating between opioid receptor subtypes.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Differential regulation of the consummatory, motivational and anticipatory aspects of feeding behavior by dopaminergic and opioidergic drugs.

Various aspects of feeding behavior (eg consumption, motivation and anticipation) are regulated by homeostatic and hedonic systems, and are modulated by dopaminergic and opioid brain systems. Here, we have studied the modulation of these aspects of feeding behavior by opioid and dopaminergic neurotransmission while taking into account food palatability and homeostatic state. Foods that varied in palatability were presented to either food sated or food restricted rats following injections of different doses of naloxone, an opioid receptor antagonist, or flupenthixol, a dopaminergic receptor antagonist, in behavioral paradigms that measured different aspects of feeding. Naloxone decreased food intake in a dose-dependent manner in sated rats given access to palatable food, without modifying food intake in food restricted rats. Flupenthixol did not have any effect on food intake. With regard to motivation, which was tested in a straight alley, naloxone increased the latency to reach the food only in sated rats presented with palatable food. Flupenthixol did not modify the latency of any group. Conditioned locomotor activity to repeated food presentation, a measure of anticipation, is expressed only in food restricted rats. Naloxone did not modify anticipatory activity, whereas flupenthixol decreased it only in food restricted rats presented with palatable food. These results reinforce the idea that the opioid system regulates feeding through the modulation of the perceived palatability of food. The dopaminergic system seems to be more important for the regulation of anticipatory activity related to motivationally relevant stimuli.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Endogenous opioids and feeding behavior: a 30-year historical perspective.

This invited review, based on the receipt of the Third Gayle A. Olson and Richard D. Olson Prize for the publication of the outstanding behavioral article published in the journal Peptides in 2002, examines the 30-year historical perspective of the role of the endogenous opioid system in feeding behavior. The review focuses on the advances that this field has made over the past 30 years as a result of the timely discoveries that were made concerning this important neuropeptide system, and how these discoveries were quickly applied to the analysis of feeding behavior and attendant homeostatic processes. The discoveries of the opioid receptors and opioid peptides, and the establishment of their relevance to feeding behavior were pivotal in studies performed in the 1970s. The 1980s were characterized by the establishment of opioid receptor subtype agonists and antagonists and their relevance to the modulation of feeding behavior as well as by the use of general opioid antagonists in demonstrating the wide array of ingestive situations and paradigms involving the endogenous opioid system. The more recent work from the 1990s to the present, utilizes the advantages created by the cloning of the opioid receptor genes, the development of knockout and knockdown techniques, the systematic utilization of a systems neuroscience approach, and establishment of the reciprocity of how manipulations of opioid peptides and receptors affect feeding behavior with how feeding states affect levels of opioid peptides and receptors. The role of G-protein effector systems in opioid-mediated feeding responses, which was the subject of the prize-winning article, is then reviewed.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

Influence of anterior subdiaphragmatic vagotomy and TPN on rat feeding behavior.

Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) inhibits food intake and feeding behavior. Whether caloric sensory function of the liver contributes to this food intake and feeding behavior regulation via vagal-afferent innervation was tested after performing anterior hepatic vagotomy or sham operation in rats infused with a TPN solution providing 100% of daily energy needs, given continuously for 4 days. Food intake, meal number, size, duration, meal and intermeal sniffs, and eating activity were measured using an automated computerized rat eater meter (ACREM). TPN infusion resulted in a significant decrease of food intake and feeding indexes in both groups. The vagotomized rats showed a significantly higher food consumption, achieved by greater meal frequency, larger meal size, and longer meal duration. Thus, vagotomized rats consumed more than their controls by eating larger meals more often and of longer duration. Data suggest that anterior hepatic vagotomy interrupts hepatic caloric sensory feedback loop, diminishing inhibitory vagal effects on food intake with TPN, leading to an overall increase in food intake.

Afferent Pathways↗

PubMed2005

Estimates of genetic parameters for feed intake, feeding behavior, and daily gain in composite ram lambs.

Our objective was to estimate genetic parameters for feed intake, feeding behavior, and ADG in composite ram lambs ((1/2) Columbia, (1/4) Hampshire, (1/4) Suffolk). Data were collected from 1986 to 1997 on 1,239 ram lambs from approximately 11 to 17 wk of age at the U.S. Meat Animal Research Center near Clay Center, NE. Feeding equipment consisted of an elevated pen with an entrance chute that permitted access to the feeder by only one ram lamb at a time, with disappearance of feed measured by an electronic weighing system. Ram lambs were grouped 11 per pen from 1986 to 1989, and nine per pen from 1990 to 1997. Data were edited to exclude invalid feeding events, and approximately 80% of the data remained after edits were applied. Traits analyzed were daily feed intake (DFI), event feed intake (EFI), residual feed intake (RFI), daily feeding time (DFT), event feeding time (EFT), number of daily feeding events (DFE), and ADG. Feed intake traits of DFI and EFI had estimated heritabilities of 0.25 and 0.33, respectively, whereas estimated heritability of RFI was 0.11. Heritability estimates for feeding behavior traits, including DFT, EFT, and DFE, ranged from 0.29 to 0.36. Average daily gain had an estimated heritability of 0.26. Genetic correlations were positive between all pairs of traits, except for RFI and ADG, and that estimate was essentially zero. Phenotypic correlations were generally similar to genetic correlations. Genetic correlations were large (0.80) between DFI and ADG, intermediate between DFI and RFI (0.61) and between DFT and DFE (0.55), and low (0.17 to 0.31) for the other pairs of traits, with the exception of RFI and ADG (-0.03). Genetic correlations between behavioral traits were greater than correlations between behavioral traits and measures of feed intake or ADG; however, selection for ADG and/or feed intake would be expected to cause some changes in feeding behavior.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed2000

Analysis of the feeding behavior of pigs using different models.

Short-term feeding behavior is conventionally analysed using random process models. The assumption underlying these models have recently been questioned and this article describes the application of both random, and more biologically based, models to the feeding behavior of pigs. Feeder visits of 16 growing pigs, housed individually from 17 to 52 kg live weight, were recorded electronically over a continuous period of 35 days. Daily food intake increased linearly with time, but there was considerable individuality in the degree of order. Pigs made between 18.8 and 80.3 (mean 47.9) daily visits to the feeder. Intervals between visits could be described by two log-normal distributions. Two Gaussian density functions were fitted to the distribution of the log-transformed intervals. For the combined data from all animals the within- and between-meal intervals were 11.2 s and 100.1 min, respectively. A model with three Gaussian functions gave an improved fit to the interval distribution. The within and between meal intervals were then estimated to be 4.2 s and 93.9 min, respectively. The middle distribution of intervals ranged from 0.5 to 38.1 min. The intervals were also described by random process models; again, a three-process model gave an improved fit compared to a two-process model. The mean estimated number of meals per day from the three Gaussian model was 14.3, and from the three process random model, 16.3. A biological interpretation of the three types of interval suggests that: (1) pigs eat in meals separated by long intervals; (2) meals consist of clusters of eating bouts separated by shorter intervals, sometimes associated with drinking; (3) within each eating bout short intervals occur as pigs constantly move in and out of the feeder. It remains unclear what underlies the observed patterns of eating.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Aging does not influence feeding behavior in cats.

The aim of this investigation was to see whether aging influences feeding behavior in cats. Two studies were carried out. In the first study, a standard canned cat food was fed to six young adult and six senior cats for 10 d on an ad libitum basis. Feeding behavior was monitored during the final 5 d. In the second study, diets enriched with beef tallow, olive oil or sunflower oil were fed at an equivalent energy intake for 21 d. Feeding behavior was monitored during the final 5 d. The results of both studies indicated no significant differences between the young and old cats in the number of meals consumed, the amount consumed at each meal or the duration of each meal when fed either ad libitum or at equivalent energy intakes. Daily feeding patterns were similar for each of the 5 d for each cat, with cats tending to consume regular small meals throughout the day and night. The only significant differences noted were among the fat-enriched diets. The diet enriched with beef tallow had fewer refusals compared to the diets enriched with olive oil and sunflower oil, indicating a possible palatability differential. It was concluded that cats of all ages are habitual feeders with similar daily feeding patterns, which may be altered only with a change in diet. Given that no differences were seen between the young and senior cats, it cannot be assumed that feeding patterns are responsible for the previously observed age-related decreases in apparent digestibility.

Aging↗

PubMed1987

Feeding behavior characteristics of intact male lambs as affected by number of lambs in a pen with restricted access to the feed stall.

To investigate the effect of number of animals housed in a pen upon feed intake, 72 intact male lambs were randomly assigned to treatments consisting of 3, 7, 11 or 15 animals/pen in each of two trials. For each animal's feeding event, length of feeding (s) and feed consumption (g) were recorded through use of an automatic feeding system. This system allows one animal to feed at a time. Pens were treated as experimental units with observations repeated daily for 21 d. Response variables were feed consumption (g), time (s) and rate of feed consumed (g/s) per visit and feed consumption (g), average time (s) and number of visits per animal daily. Number of animals/pen was significant for most feeding behavior characteristics. As number of lambs within a pen increased, feed consumption/visit increased linearly in both trials. For Exp. 1, rate of feed consumption/visit increased at a decreasing rate, while in Exp. 2 only the linear effect of lamb numbers on this trait was significant. Daily feed consumption/lamb was greatest for intermediate lamb numbers, and the number of visits and time spent feeding/lamb decreased as the number of lambs within a pen increased. Results suggest that the feeding behavior of ram lambs with restricted access to a feeding stall can be modified by the number of lambs housed in a pen.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Nitric oxide mediates hyperphagia of obese Zucker rats: relation to specific changes in the microstructure of feeding behavior.

The presence of a nitric oxide synthetase (NOS) was demonstrated in the rat brain. It has been demonstrated recently that NOS-inhibitors reduce food intake in mammals and this suggest that nitric oxide (NO) might be a physiological mediator involved in the mechanisms controlling feeding behavior. Actually, there is no information about the acute central and peripheral effects of NOS-inhibitors on feeding behavior in obese and lean Zucker rats. That is why we investigated the acute dose-dependent activity of NG-Nitro-Arginine-Methyl-Ester (L-NAME) on food intake and feeding behavior in these rats. When given peripherally in the obese rats, L-NAME produced a dose-dependent decrease in food intake (p<0.001). The calculated MED and the ED 50 were 0.50 mg/kg IP and 3.46 mg/kg IP, respectively. These effects could not be reproduced in the lean Zucker rats whatever the dose used (p=0.59). The anorectic properties of L-NAME were very well translated into the microstructure of the feeding behavior. Time spent to eat (p<0.001), meal duration (p<0.01) and meal number (p<0.01) were reduced in the obese rats. Interestingly, L-NAME produced the same effects in the lean rats, but meal size increased in a compensatory manner. Central administration of L-NAME reproduced the same effects in the obese rats, but lean rats still remained insensitive. Central aminergic and/or peptidergic defects associated with the expression of hyperphagia might explain the differences observed between these lean and the obese animals. These results indicate a role of nitric oxide in the expression of hyperphagia and show that it might be a physiological mediator involved in the mechanisms controlling feeding behavior.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Measuring the feeding behavior of lactating dairy cows in early to peak lactation.

The objectives of this study were to: 1) objectively define meal criteria (minimum interval between meals) of free-stall housed cows fed via a feed alley, 2) determine which measures of feeding behavior were most repeatable, and 3) describe changes in the feeding behavior from early to peak lactation. An electronic monitoring system was used to record individual cow presence (hits; 6-s resolution) at the feed alley for 21 lactating cows for three 8-d periods: period 1, 35 +/- 16 (mean +/- SD), period 2, 57 +/- 16, and period 3, 94 +/- 16 DIM. A mixture distribution model was used to calculate the meal criterion (27.74 min) by fitting the log10 frequency distribution of the intervals between hits. The within-cow repeatability was highest for feeding activity (hits d(-1)) and intensity (hits per meal min), moderate for total daily mealtime (min d(-1)) and meal duration (min meal(-1)), and lowest for meal frequency (meals d(-1)). From periods 1 to 2, all cows showed increases in total daily mealtime, meal frequency, and meal duration; however, cows with lower meal frequencies and feeding intensity in period 1 showed the greatest increases. Cows with high feeding activity and intensity during period 2 showed proportionally greater increases during period 3. These results illustrate that some measures of feeding behavior are highly repeatable within cows, but variable between cows and across stages of lactation. Thus, tests of treatment effects on feeding behavior should be within cow and control for days in milk.

Animals↗