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PubMed2005

[Treatment of chronic bovine endometritis and factors for treatment success].

In a controlled field trial, 178 dairy cows with chronic endometritis and at least 21 days in lactation were randomly assigned to four different treatment groups: prostaglandin F2alpha intramuscularly (PG, 5 mg dinoprost (5 ml Dinolytic), n = 51), intrauterine antibiotics (AB; 400 mg ampicillin + 800 oxacillin (20 ml Totocillin), n = 49), intrauterine antiseptics (AS; 100 ml 4% Lotagen, n = 50); control (C, no initial treatment, n = 28). Before treatment, uterine swabs for bacteriologic examination and blood samples for determination of serum progesterone concentrations were collected. Two weeks following the first treatment, cows were reexamined. In case no clinical cure was diagnosed, treatment was repeated and control cows were treated for the first time with one of the three treatments mentioned above. The four treatment groups did not differ with respect to the clinical cure or reproductive performance. Therefore, factors that might have an influence on clinical cure and fertility were evaluated. With increasing duration of lactation, the clinical cure after a single treatment increased significantly over all treatment groups from 59.5% (treatment before day 42 postpartum) to 79.6% (treatment following day 42 postpartum) (P < 0.05). Within the PG group, a statistically significantly higher cure rate after a single treatment and first service conception rate and a lower pregnancy index were obtained when the treatment was performed following day 42 postpartum (P < 0.05). This was not the case in the other treatment groups. A retarded involution of the uterus based on the size had a negative effect on clinical cure over all groups (first treatment clinical cure: 68.2% (small uteri) vs 44.4% (large uteri); P < 0.05). Within groups, this effect was also detected, but only as a trend (P > 0.05). Isolation of Arcanobacterium (A.) pyogenes negatively influenced first treatment clinical cure over all treatment groups (79.0% vs 31.5%) and within treatment groups (P < 0.05). In the AB group, the pregnancy index, days open and the interval from first insemination to conception increased compared with the other treatment groups, when A. pyogenes was detected. Isolation of unspecific bacteria and the presence or absence of a corpus luteum only had minor effects over all and within the PG, AS and C group. Within the AB group, presence of luteal tissue was connected with a higher pregnancy index and increased days open and interval from first insemination to conception (P < 0.05). A multivariate analysis revealed that the presence of A. pyogenes and no initial treatment (control group) had a statistically significant independent and negative influence on the first treatment clinical cure. Ill-smelling vaginal discharge and no treatment had a negative independent effect on first service conception rate. Furthermore, days open were negatively influenced by the interval from calving to first examination and the presence of ill-smelling vaginal discharge. In conclusion, under the conditions of this field study, it seems preferrable to treat chronic endometritis. However, under the condition of a herd health program with continuous observation of sick and healthy animals, a wait-and-see attitude might also be justified.

Ampicillin↗

PubMed2005

The biologic error in gestational length related to the use of the first day of last menstrual period as a proxy for the start of pregnancy.

OBJECTIVE: In a large unselected population of normal spontaneous pregnancies, to estimate the biologic variation of the interval from the first day of the last menstrual period to start of pregnancy, and the biologic variation of gestational length to delivery; and to estimate the random error of routine ultrasound assessment of gestational age in mid-second trimester. STUDY DESIGN: Cohort study of 11,238 singleton pregnancies, with spontaneous onset of labour and reliable last menstrual period. The day of delivery was predicted with two independent methods: According to the rule of Nägele and based on ultrasound examination in gestational weeks 17-19. For both methods, the mean difference between observed and predicted day of delivery was calculated. The variances of the differences were combined to estimate the variances of the two partitions of pregnancy. RESULTS: The biologic variation of the time from last menstrual period to pregnancy start was estimated to 7.0 days (standard deviation), and the standard deviation of the time to spontaneous delivery was estimated to 12.4 days. The estimate of the standard deviation of the random error of ultrasound assessed foetal age was 5.2 days. CONCLUSION: Even when the last menstrual period is reliable, the biologic variation of the time from last menstrual period to the real start of pregnancy is substantial, and must be taken into account. Reliable information about the first day of the last menstrual period is not equivalent with reliable information about the start of pregnancy.

Cohort Studies↗

PubMed1986

Changes in the frequency of genital herpes recurrences as a function of time.

To obtain objective information regarding changes in the frequency of recurrent genital Herpes simplex infections, the data from two consecutive pregnancies in 22 women with culture-proved genital Herpes simplex infections were reviewed. The pregnancies studied were separated by a mean of 2.0 years. When only culture-proved recurrences were considered, nine women had fewer recurrences in their second pregnancy than in their first, four had more recurrences in their second than in their first, and nine had the same number of recurrences in both pregnancies. The mean interval between culture-proved recurrences was 58.5 +/- 36.1 (SD) days in first pregnancies and 51.7 +/- 28.6 days in second pregnancies. Mean duration of viral shedding during 14 recurrences in first pregnancies was 4.6 +/- 3.4 days, and 3.2 +/- 2.2 days in 14 recurrences in second pregnancies (differences not significant by Mann-Whitney). Cervical Herpes simplex shedding in asymptomatic women occurred in four of 200 (2.0%) of first pregnancy cultures and zero of 167 second pregnancy cultures (NS). During culture-positive recurrent vulvar infections, 18 of 55 (32.7%) cervical cultures in first pregnancies were positive compared with four of 50 (8%) cervical cultures in second pregnancies (P less than .025). Route of delivery was very similar in the first and second pregnancies with vaginal delivery in 63.6% of first pregnancies and 72.7% of second pregnancies. Overall there was no appreciable difference in the frequency or severity of recurrent genital Herpes simplex infections over time, but more data are needed.

Cervix Uteri↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Relation between number of immobile spermatozoa and pregnancies obtained during a twenty-year follow-up period immobile spermatozoa and fertility.

The clinical fertility of 1077 men examined with semen analysis including detection of number of immobile spermatozoa during the years 1950-52 was studied twenty years later with a questionnaire replied by 785 (72.9%). There was a significant relation (p less than 0.01) between decreasing number of immobile spermatozoa and increasing chance of getting living children, but no relation to abortions and pathological pregnancies. Furthermore, decreasing number of immobile spermatozoa was correlated to shorter time-interval between attempt to impregnate and first pregnancy obtained (p less than 0.01). Mean values for those obtaining living children was 34.7% immobile spermatozoa compared with 38.2% for those not doing so. Over 80% immobile spermatozoa, fertility was considerably reduced, and the borderline between normal and reduced male fertility should therefore be defined to 80% immobile spermatozoa.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗

PubMed1996

Seasonal variation in the time to pregnancy: avoiding bias by using the date of onset.

To study seasonality in human fecundability, measured indirectly by time to the first pregnancy, we used data from 18,970 French-Canadian women who married for the first time during the 17th or 18th century. The time to pregnancy was approximated by the interval between marriage and first birth minus 38 weeks. We used the week of marriage and the week of conception as references to study seasonality. We found a minor seasonal pattern in time to pregnancy when using the week of marriage as a reference. The proportions of women with a short time to pregnancy were highest during December-January and June-July, indicating that these may be the most fecund periods. In contrast, we found an obvious seasonal pattern when using the date of conception as a reference. This pattern can be largely explained by a strong seasonal pattern in pregnancy planning (in this case, in marriages). When studying seasonal variation in the time to pregnancy, the date of onset of the time to pregnancy should be used as reference, not the date of conception. Otherwise, results will be biased owing to seasonality in pregnancy planning. The same is true for studies on seasonally bound exposures in relation to time to pregnancy.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1995

Dinoprostone priming of the cervix prior to termination of midgestation pregnancy with sulprostone.

OBJECTIVE: To determine if cervical ripening with the prostaglandin E2 analogue dinoprostone effectively shortens the induction-to-delivery interval in midpregnancy terminations with sulprostone. STUDY DESIGN: We retrospectively studied 100 women admitted for pregnancy termination at midgestation because of fetal anomalies between September 1989 and January 1993. Three regimens were used: 27 women received intramuscular sulprostone only, 29 women received intravenous sulprostone only, and 44 women received intravenous sulprostone after cervical priming with dinoprostone. Wilcoxon's rank sum test was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Dinoprostone priming did not significantly reduce the induction-to-delivery interval in either parous or nulliparous women. However, when divided into first and subsequent pregnancies, we found that primigravidae, but not multigravidae, had an induction-to-delivery interval that was significantly shorter by approximately 10.5 h when pretreated with dinoprostone. CONCLUSION: Dinoprostone priming of the cervix prior to termination of midgestation pregnancy with sulprostone (Nalador) effectively shortens the induction-to-delivery interval in women in their first pregnancy.

Abortifacient Agents, Nonsteroidal↗

PubMed2000

Plasma fatty acids, prostaglandin F2alpha metabolite, and reproductive response in postpartum heifers fed rumen bypass fat.

An experiment was conducted to determine whether feeding rumen-protected fatty acids (FA) to postpartum heifers would increase plasma concentrations of linoleic acid and PGF2, metabolite (PGFM), shorten the interval from calving to first increase in plasma concentrations of progesterone (P4), and increase pregnancy rate relative to controls. Hereford x Angus heifers (346 kg) were assigned randomly to treatments containing either lipid or barley supplemented diets for the first 30 d postpartum. Lipid was .23 kg.heifer(-1).d(-1) of calcium salts of FA (CSFA; n = 20), and an isocaloric amount of barley served as the control (n = 19). Supplements, with .23 kg of barley as a vehicle, and a basal diet of meadow and alfalfa hays were pen fed to heifers (5/pen). Heifers were bled on alternate days (d1 to 30) and twice weekly (d 30 to 2 wk after first estrus) for RIA of plasma PGFM and P4, respectively. Weight percentage of major FA in plasma on d1 and 7 was determined with gas chromatography. First behavioral estrus was detected by use of intact bulls and confirmed by an increase in plasma P4. On d 7, but not d 1, plasma from heifers fed CSFA had altered proportions of major FA (P < .01), including an increase in linoleic acid compared with those of controls (29.1 vs 25.6% of total FA; SE = .75; P < .01). Analysis of variance of contrast variables revealed an effect of treatment on direction of change in PGFM from d 3 to 5 (P < .01). By d 7 and on d 9, plasma concentrations of PGFM were greater in heifers fed CSFA than in controls (P = .02 and P = .06, respectively). There was no difference in plasma concentration of PGFM between treatments on d 1, 3, 5, 11, 13, and 15 postpartum (P = .80, .17, .52, .82, .46, and .77, respectively). Days to first estrus with ovulation, pregnancy rate, and calving interval were not affected by treatments (P = .58, .52, and .24, respectively). Although supplemental lipid fed to primiparous beef heifers increased plasma levels of linoleic acid and production of PGFM in the early postpartum period, it did not improve the fertility of these heifers in the subsequent breeding season.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

Multiple sexual partners and mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate risk factors for mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1, particularly sexual behavior before and during pregnancy. DESIGN AND METHODS: This study is part of a prospective cohort study in Butare, Rwanda, of 318 HIV-1-seropositive and 309 HIV-1-seronegative women enrolled during pregnancy and followed for a mean duration of 21 months (range, 8-34 months). Clinical follow-up of the mother-infant pairs was performed at 6-week intervals during the first year of life and at 4-month intervals thereafter. Detailed sexual history interviews were conducted during pregnancy and at the first postnatal visit. RESULTS: Of 184 singleton infants born to HIV-1-infected mothers who survived the neonatal period, 32 (17%) children were classified as HIV-1-infected, 130 (71%) as not infected, and 22 (12%) died with indeterminate HIV-1 infection status. The vertical transmission rate was estimated to be between 20 and 29%. Unprotected sexual intercourse with increased number of partners during the past 5 years was strongly associated with mother-to-child transmission (P < 0.001), even after adjustment for maternal CD4/CD8 ratio, parity, history of sexually transmitted diseases, and evidence of genital infection during pregnancy. In a multivariate analysis, excluding children with indeterminate HIV-1 status, odds ratios for vertical transmission were 2.6 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.0-6.9] for maternal CD4/CD8 ratio < 0.5 and 3.6 (95% CI, 1.1-11.8) for more than three sexual partners versus a single partner. Women with more than one sexual partner during the first trimester of pregnancy were at particularly high risk of transmitting the virus. CONCLUSION: Unprotected sexual intercourse with multiple partners before and during pregnancy in a population with high HIV-1 seroprevalence may well increase the likelihood of HIV-1 transmission from an infected mother to her child.

CD4-CD8 Ratio↗

PubMed2006

Recurrence of spontaneous versus medically indicated preterm birth.

OBJECTIVE: Despite the increased tendency of preterm birth to recur, little is known with regard to recurrence risks for spontaneous and medically indicated preterm birth as well as recurrence risks in relation to severity of preterm birth. We examined the recurrence of spontaneous and medically indicated preterm birth. STUDY DESIGN: A population-based, retrospective cohort study of births in Missouri (1989 to 1997) was carried out with analyses restricted to women who delivered their first 2 consecutive singleton live births (n = 154,809). Women who experienced spontaneous onset of labor and subsequently delivered preterm (less than 35 weeks) were classified as spontaneous preterm birth. Medically indicated preterm birth included women who delivered preterm through a labor induction or a prelabor cesarean delivery. Risk and odds ratio of preterm birth recurrence were derived from fitting multivariate conditional logistic regression models after adjusting for potential confounders. RESULTS: If the first pregnancy resulted in a spontaneous preterm birth, then affected women were more likely to deliver preterm spontaneously (adjusted odds ratio 3.6, 95% confidence interval 3.2, 4.0) and also as a medically indicated preterm birth (odds ratio 2.5, 95% confidence interval 2.1, 3.0) in the second birth. Similarly, if the first pregnancy resulted in a medically indicated preterm birth, affected women were 10.6-fold (95% confidence interval 10.1, 12.4) more likely to deliver preterm because of medical indications in the second pregnancy as well as preterm spontaneously (odds ratio 1.6, 95% confidence interval 1.3, 2.1). The greatest risk of recurrence of preterm birth in the second pregnancy tended to occur around the same gestational age as preterm birth in the first pregnancy, regardless of the clinical subtype. CONCLUSION: The observation that spontaneous preterm birth is not only associated with increased recurrence of spontaneous but also medically indicated preterm birth and vice versa, suggests that the 2 clinical subtypes may share common etiologies.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Pilot study on the use of sublingual misoprostol in termination of pregnancy up to 7 weeks gestation.

BACKGROUND: This study was conducted to assess the efficacy and incidence of side effects of a regimen of repeated doses of 400 microg sublingual misoprostol for termination of pregnancy of <7 weeks gestation. METHOD: Fifty women were given 400 microg sublingual misoprostol every 3 h for three doses. Two additional doses were given if necessary. RESULTS: Forty-three women (86%) had a complete abortion. Two women (4%) had incomplete abortion and 5 (10%) had an ongoing pregnancy. The median interval between the first dose of misoprostol and the passage of tissue mass was 14.1 h (3.25-561.6 h). The median duration of vaginal bleeding was 20 days (8-85 days). Side effects were mild and there was no significant drop in hemoglobin level. CONCLUSIONS: Our preliminary results on sublingual misoprostol show that it is a promising method for medical termination of pregnancy of <7 weeks. It may be used as an alternative for women who do not want surgical evacuation and who live in an area where mifepristone is not available.

Abortifacient Agents, Nonsteroidal↗

PubMed2005

Anthropometry of fetal growth in rural Malawi in relation to maternal malaria and HIV status.

OBJECTIVE: To describe fetal growth centiles in relation to maternal malaria and HIV status, using cross sectional measurements at birth. DESIGN: A cross sectional study of pregnant women and their babies. Data on maternal socioeconomic status and current pregnancy, including HIV status and newborn anthropometry, were collected. Malaria parasitaemia was assessed in maternal peripheral and placental blood, fetal haemoglobin was measured in cord blood, and maternal HIV status was determined. SETTING: Two district hospitals in rural southern Malawi, between March 1993 and July 1994. OUTCOME VARIABLES: Newborn weight, length, Rohrer's ponderal index. RESULTS: Maternal HIV (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 1.76 (95% confidence interval 1.04 to 2.98)) and first pregnancy (AOR 1.83 (1.10 to 3.05)) were independently associated with low weight for age. Placental or peripheral parasitaemia at delivery (AOR 1.73 (1.02 to 2.88)) and primigravidae (AOR 2.13 (1.27 to 3.59)) were independently associated with low length for age. Maternal malaria at delivery and primiparity were associated with reduced newborn weight and length but not with disproportionate growth. Maternal HIV infection was associated only with reduced birth weight. The malaria and parity effect occurred throughout gestational weeks 30-40, but the HIV effect primarily after 38 weeks gestation. CONCLUSION: Fetal growth retardation in weight and length commonly occurs in this highly malarious area and is present from 30 weeks gestation. A maternal HIV effect on fetal weight occurred after 38 weeks gestation.

Birth Weight↗

PubMed1981

Pre-mating injection of an analogue of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and pregnancy rates to first insemination.

Two hundred and ninety two dairy cows received a subcutaneous injection of a 2.5 ml solution containing 10 microg GnRH-analogue (Receptal, Hoechst A.G.) 0-6 hours before insemination, while 284 cows acting as controls were injected with 2.5 ml of sterile pyrogen-free water at the same time. The two groups, the treated and the control, were formed by matching (pairing) each oestrous cow with another on the basis of interval from calving to first mating, condition score, and age on the day of first mating after calving. The cows were in 3 factory supply dairy herds, which were visited daily during the first 3 weeks of the mating season. All the cows presented for mating each day were inseminated by the same technician using 0.5 ml of ambient-temperature semen containing 2 million spermatozoa per insemination. The semen used on any particular day originated from one ejaculate of one bull (same batch number). The cows were manually examined for pregnancy 2 to 3 months after their first insemination. A similar response was seen in all three herds irrespective of the interval from calving to mating. First mating pregnancy rates were 9.3% higher in the Receptal-treated cows than in the control group (P = 0.025). It is suggested that Receptal may have a beneficial effect on the pregnancy rate of cows that have recently ovulated as well as on those having delayed ovulation.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

Pregnant again? Psychosocial predictors of short-interval repeat pregnancy among adolescent mothers in Mexico City.

Which adolescent mothers are most likely to become pregnant soon after their first delivery? This study identifies and explores selected background, pregnancy, and postpartum predictors of short-interval repeat pregnancy among urban Mexican adolescents who were single when they conceived their first pregnancy. Of 137 adolescents followed until their second postpartum year, 26 had short-interval repeat pregnancies. These pregnancies were most likely to occur if the teenager was married or in consensual union by 5 months postpartum, was not using an IUD, and had a mother who had been an adolescent mother. Being married or in consensual union postpartum was, in turn, predicted by positive reactions of the adolescent and her partner during the first pregnancy. Nonuse of IUD was more likely if the adolescent had left school prior to pregnancy, did not receive support from her partner during the first pregnancy, and had not obtained an IUD before hospital discharge after first delivery. Adolescents whose mothers had been teen mothers came from more disadvantaged families.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1998

Influence of pregnancy on the risk for cardiac events in patients with hereditary long QT syndrome. LQTS Investigators.

BACKGROUND: The effects of pregnancy on women with the hereditary long QT syndrome are currently unknown. The appropriate medical management of pregnant patients with the long QT syndrome has not been established. METHODS AND RESULTS: The study was a retrospective analysis of the 422 women (111 probands affected with the long QT syndrome and 311 first-degree relatives) enrolled in the long QT syndrome registry who had one or more pregnancies. The first-degree relatives were classified as affected (QTc >0.47), borderline (QTc=0.45 to 0.47), and unaffected (QTc <0.45). Cardiac events were defined as the combined incidence of long QT syndrome-related death, aborted cardiac arrest, and syncope. The incidence of cardiac events was compared during equal prepregnancy, pregnancy, and postpartum intervals (40 weeks each). Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed by use of a mixed-effects model to identify independent predictors of cardiac events among probands. The pregnancy and postpartum intervals were not associated with cardiac events among first-degree relatives. The postpartum interval was independently associated with cardiac events among probands (odds ratio [OR], 40.8; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.1 to 540; P=.01); the pregnancy interval was not associated with cardiac events. Treatment with beta-adrenergic blockers was independently associated with a decrease in the risk for cardiac events among probands (OR, 0.023; 95% CI, 0.001 to 0.44; P=.01). CONCLUSIONS: The postpartum interval is associated with a significant increase in risk for cardiac events among probands with the long QT syndrome but not among first-degree relatives. Prophylactic treatment with beta-adrenergic blockers should be continued during the pregnancy and postpartum intervals in probands with the long QT syndrome.

Abortion, Induced↗

PubMed1989

Diagnosis of pregnancy and prediction of fetal age in red deer by real-time ultrasonic scanning.

Sixteen pregnant red deer hinds were scanned using real-time ultra sound at regular intervals during the first 150 days of pregnancy. In the early stages of pregnancy, an intra-rectal linear array transducer was used but later in pregnancy the hinds were scanned externally with a sector scanner. Pregnancy was determined from 30 days of gestation by intra-rectal scanning, and from 50 days by external scanning. With advancing age the size of the fetus increased, and linear regressions of size on age gave residual standard deviations of 0.508 days for head diameter and 0.506 days for trunk diameter. It is concluded that this technique can be used to determine pregnancy with a high degree of accuracy from 30 days of gestation and to predict calving date from fetal measurements within the range 1.5 cm to 7 cm for head diameter or 0.5 cm to 8 cm for trunk diameter, corresponding to a fetal age range of 35 to 150 days.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Environmental effects on progesterone profile measures of dairy cow fertility.

Environmental effects on fertility measures early in lactation, such as the interval from calving to first luteal activity (CLA), proportion of samples with luteal activity during the first 60 days after calving (PLA) and interval to first ovulatory oestrus (OOE) were studied. In addition, traditional measurements of fertility, such as pregnancy to first insemination, number of inseminations per service period and interval from first to last insemination were studied as well as associations between the early and late measurements. Data were collected from an experimental herd during 15 years and included 1106 post-partum periods from 191 Swedish Holsteins and 325 Swedish Red and White dairy cows. Individual milk progesterone samples were taken twice a week until cyclicity and thereafter less frequently. First parity cows had 14.8 and 18.1 days longer CLA (LS-means difference) than second parity cows and older cows, respectively. Moreover, CLA was 10.5 days longer for cows that calved during the winter season compared with the summer season and 7.5 days longer for cows in tie-stalls than cows in loose-housing system. Cows treated for mastitis and lameness had 8.4 and 18.0 days longer CLA, respectively, compared with healthy cows. OOE was affected in the same way as CLA by the different environmental factors. PLA was a good indicator of CLA, and there was a high correlation (-0.69) between these two measurements. Treatment for lameness had a significant influence on all late fertility measurements, whereas housing was significant only for pregnancy to first insemination. All fertility traits were unfavourably associated with increased milk production. Regression of late fertility measurements on early fertility measurements had only a minor association with conception at first AI and interval from first to last AI for cows with conventional calving intervals, i.e. a 22 days later, CLA increased the interval from first to last insemination by 3.4 days. Early measurements had repeatabilities of 0.14-0.16, indicating a higher influence by the cow itself compared with late measurements, which had repeatabilities of 0.09-0.10. Our study shows that early fertility measurements have a possibility to be used in breeding for better fertility. To improve the early fertility of the cow, there are a number of important factors that have to be taken into account.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Does inadequate prenatal care contribute to growth retardation among second-born African-American babies?

The authors evaluated the relation between adequacy of prenatal care and risk of delivery of full term small-for-gestational-age (SGA) infants. Data were derived from maternally linked birth certificates for 6,325 African-American women whose first two pregnancies ended in singleton, full term live births in Georgia from 1989 through 1992. The authors used stratified analysis to assess the effect of prenatal care on the risk of having an SGA baby in the second pregnancy among women with and without an SGA baby in their first pregnancy. The group of women with a history of SGA birth may be more likely to include persons for whom SGA delivery is related to factors, such as genetics, that are not amenable to intervention by prenatal care. Inadequate prenatal care was not associated with the risk of SGA delivery among women who had previously delivered an SGA baby. In unadjusted analyses, inadequate prenatal care was associated with an increased risk of delivering a full term SGA baby in the second pregnancy among women whose first baby was not SGA (risk ratio = 1.28; 95% confidence interval: 1.05, 1.55). The association did not persist when data were adjusted for confounding variables (odds ratio = 1.11; 95% confidence interval: 0.89, 1.38). Regardless of outcome in the first pregnancy, adequate prenatal care did not reduce the risk of full term SGA birth among second pregnancies in this population.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1994

Reproductive performance of dairy cows following treatment with fenprostalene, dinoprost, or cloprostenol between 24 and 31 Days post partum: a field trial.

Three hundred and one Holstein cows (n=301), calving at a commercial free-stall dairy farm, were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 prostaglandin treatment groups or a placebo group. The placebos were packaged 3 ways to mimic the 3 commercial prostaglandin preparations. Group 1 received 1 mg fenprostalene and 1.6 mg oxytetracycline; Group 2 received the fenprostalene placebo (2 ml polyethylene glycol and 1.6 mg oxytetracycline); while Group 3 was given 25 mg dinoprost. Group 4, the dinoprost placebo received 5 ml saline; Group 5 received 500 microg cloprostenol; and Group 6 the cloprostenol placebo received 2 ml saline. The treatments were administered between Days 24 and 31 post partum. Double blind techniques were used in administering treatments and in assessing the response to treatment. There were no significant differences among treatment groups with respect to incidence of retained fetal membranes, endometritis, pyometra, anestrus, number of services per pregnancy, calving-to-first estrus interval, services per conception, number of prostaglandin treatments other than those administered between Days 24 and 31 post partum, the percentage culled for reproductive reasons and all factors combined. Cows receiving fenprostalene, dinoprost or cloprostenol had a decreased calving-to-conception interval compared with that of the controls (P = 0.05). It is concluded that, in the herd studied, treatment with any of the 3 commercially available prostaglandin products between Days 24 and 31 post partum was beneficial for reproductive performance.

Journal Article↗