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At least 91 records · Page 5Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

Functional anatomy of the human cochlear nerve and its role in microvascular decompressions for tinnitus.

OBJECTIVE: The functional anatomy (i.e., tonotopy) of the human cochlear nerve is unknown. A better understanding of the tonotopy of the central nervous system segment of the cochlear nerve and of the pathophysiology of tinnitus might help to ameliorate the disappointing results obtained with microvascular decompressions in patients with tinnitus. METHODS: We assume that vascular compression of the cochlear nerve can induce a frequency-specific form of hearing loss and that when the nerve is successfully decompressed, this hearing loss can recuperate. Thirty-one patients underwent a microvascular decompression of the vestibulocochlear nerve for vertigo or tinnitus. Preoperative audiograms were subtracted from postoperative audiograms, regardless of the surgical result with regard to the tinnitus and vertigo, because the hearing improvement could be the only sign of the vascular compression. The frequency of maximal improvement was then correlated to the site of vascular compression. A tonotopy of the cochlear nerve was thus obtained. RESULTS: A total of 18 correlations can be made between the site of compression and postoperative maximal hearing improvement frequency when 5-dB hearing improvement is used as threshold, 13 when 10-dB improvement is used as threshold. A clear distribution can be seen, with clustering of low frequencies at the posterior and inferior side of the cochlear nerve, close to the brainstem, and close to the root exit zone of the facial nerve. High frequencies are distributed closer to the internal acoustic meatus and more superiorly along the posterior aspect of the cochlear nerve. CONCLUSION: The tonotopic organization of the cisternal segment of the cochlear nerve has an oblique rotatory structure as a result of the rotatory course of the cochlear nerve in the posterior fossa. Knowledge of this tonotopic organization of the auditory nerve in its cisternal course might benefit surgeons who perform microvascular decompression operations for the vestibulocochlear compression syndrome, especially in the treatment of unilateral severe tinnitus.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

The functional anatomy of clubfoot.

The authors have studied anatomical specimens and findings at time of surgery to determine the functional anatomy of clubfoot. The importance of the midtarsal joints (especially of the talonavicular joint) is emphasized as well as the importance of the tibialis posterior. The findings of the authors concerning the function of these elements have allowed them to develop a new approach to the treatment of clubfoot.

Child↗
PubMed1999

Functional anatomy and neural regulation of the lower urinary tract in female dogs: a review.

A review of the literature of the functional anatomy and neural regulation of the lower urinary tract is presented. The two main functions of the lower urinary tract are the storage and the periodic elimination of urine. The smooth muscle of the bladder exhibits intermittent contractions as the bladder adapts its capacity to increasing volumes and it exhibits sustained contractions associated with relaxation of the external sphincter to effect micturition. During storage, tension receptors in the bladder wall initiate external sphincter contraction (somatic), internal sphincter contraction (sympathetic), detrusor inhibition, and parasympathetic ganglion inhibition (sympathetic). The storage phase can be switched to the micturition phase either voluntarily or involuntarily. Neuroanatomical and electrophysiological studies reveal that medial and lateral cell groups in the dorsolateral pons may be regarded as micturition and storage control centres, respectively.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Functional anatomy of dominance for speech comprehension in left handers vs right handers.

In order to study the functional anatomy of hemispheric dominance for language comprehension we compared the patterns of activations and deactivations with PET and H(2)15O during a story-listening task in two groups of normal volunteers selected on the basis of their handedness. The reference task was a silent rest. The results showed asymmetrical temporal activations favoring the left hemisphere in right handers (RH) together with Broca's area and medial frontal activations. A rightward lateralization of deactivations located in the parietal and inferior temporal gyrus was also observed. In left handers (LH) the temporal activations were more symmetrical as were the parietal and inferior frontal deactivations. Broca's area and medial frontal gyrus activations were present in LH. The direct comparison of RH and LH activations revealed larger activations in the left superior temporal, in particular in the left planum temporale and temporal pole of RH, while LH activated an additional right middle temporal region. Individual analysis of LH differences images superimposed on individual MRI planes demonstrated an important variability of functional dominance, with two LH leftward lateralized, two symmetrical, and one showing a rightward lateralization of temporal activations. There was no relationship between functional dominance and handedness scores. These results are in accordance with data from aphasiology that suggest a greater participation of the right hemisphere in language processing in LH. In addition, the presence of bilateral deactivations of the dorsal route could support the assumption that LH ambilaterality concerns, in addition to language, other cognitive functions such as visuospatial processing.

Attention↗
PubMed2006

[Functional anatomy of the lymphatic drainage of the breast: contribution of sentinel lymph node biopsy].

OBJECTIVE: To make a development on the recent data of the literature concerning the functional anatomy of the lymphatic drainage of the breast, observed during interventions of sentinel lymph node biopsy; to compare the descriptive anatomy taking into consideration these new results. METHODS: The population of our descriptive anatomical study is made-up of five patients. All the patients underwent a radical mastectomy during which, an injection of 2 ml of patented blue, realized at the periareolar area allowed to observe the glandular lymphatic vessels. Bibliographic researches were undertaken on Internet site of the National Library of Medicine and on Internet site of the library of anatomy (Faculté de médecine des Saints-Pères Paris). RESULTS: Lymphatic anatomy of the breast was described since more than one century starting from works undertaken on anatomical subjects. Recent works, completed during sentinel lymph node biopsy, enriched these descriptive data of new functional anatomical data on the lymphatic drainage of the breast. Thus, the superficial ways of lymphatic drainage already described by Sappey, drain the surface glandular parenchyma until in the axillary lymph node. A deep plexux described more recently by Hidden drain the deep glandular parenchyma until in the internal mammary lymph nodes and the axillary lymph nodes. The results of our in vivo study corroborated the descriptive and functional data ever known. CONCLUSION: Thanks to the sentinel lymph node biopsy technique, the descriptive anatomy described since 1885, grows rich by new functional data which make it possible on the one hand, to understand at best the descriptive anatomy, and on the other hand, to apprehend the lymphonodal metastatic risk in breast cancer. These recent data are of an interest real, as well anatomical as therapeutic, and constitute a interesting research orientation.

Axilla↗
PubMed1997

The functional anatomy of the urethra: role of the pubourethral ligaments.

OBJECTIVE: This clinical study examines and defines the functional anatomy of the urethra as it relates to the Valsalva and Kegel maneuvers and to urethral stability. STUDY DESIGN: Dissection of embalmed cadavers and examination of 60 patients were performed to study adjunct structures in urethral stability. Provocative maneuvers (Valsalva and Kegel) were used in all 60 patients. Urethral prolapse was graded with use of the international Continence-Society classification. RESULTS: Cadaveric dissection confirmed the structural anatomy of the pubourethral muscles and ligaments. Physical examination in 30 patients revealed a lack of urethral stability in all patients with stress urinary incontinence. In 30 patients acting as normal controls, no urinary incontinence was present, and all maintained urethral stability with provocation. The urethrovesical junction was mobile in all patients in performing a Valsalva maneuver. CONCLUSION: Intact pubourethral ligamentous and muscular attachments aid in stabilizing the urethra to its normal anatomic position. This helps maintain continence.

Female↗
PubMed1987

Functional anatomy of the alar ligaments.

Nineteen upper cervical spine specimens were dissected to examine the macroscopic and functional anatomy of alar ligaments. They are on both sides, symmetrically placed, approximately 10-13 mm long and elliptical in cross-section 3 X 6 mm in diameter. The fiber orientation is dependent on the height of dens axis, mostly in the cranial caudal direction. In 12 specimens there was a ligamentous connection between dens and lateral mass of the atlas as a part of the alar ligament. In 2 specimens anterior atlanto-dental ligament was identified. The computerized tomographic (CT) images can clearly show alar ligaments in axial, coronal, and sagittal planes. The ligaments limit the axial rotation in the occipito-atlanto-axial complex (to the right by left alar and vice versa) as well as in side bending. The ligament is most stretched, and consequently most vulnerable, when the head is rotated and in addition flexed. This mechanism, common in whiplash injuries, could lead to irreversible overstretching or rupture of the ligaments especially as the ligaments consist of mainly collagen fibers.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Functional anatomy of the respiratory muscles.

To keep arterial blood gases within acceptable limits, air must be moved rhythmically in and out of the lungs. Such a displacement is accomplished through the expansion/deflation of the chest wall, which results normally from the action of a number of skeletal muscles. To understand how this vital pump works, it is necessary to have a clear understanding of the anatomy and the function of these muscles.

Humans↗
PubMed2001

The functional anatomy of the female pelvic floor and stress continence control system.

This paper provides an overview of the functional anatomy of the structures responsible for controlling urinary continence under stress. The stress continence control system can be divided into two parts: the system responsible for bladder neck support, and the system responsible for sphincteric closure. Age- and injury-related changes in each of these systems are discussed. Understanding the pathophysiology of incontinence on the anatomical level will help to lead to identification of specific defects, thereby allowing better individualized treatment for the incontinent patient.

Female↗
PubMed1985

Functional anatomy of the hand and arm.

The physician entrusted with the management of the injured hand must possess knowledge of the functional anatomy of the upper limb. Necessary also is the ability to correlate the surface topography, underlying soft tissues, and the x-ray image as well as the results of individual tests for the functional integrity of skin, vessels, muscle-tendon units, skeleton, joints, and nerves.

Arm↗
PubMed2001

Functional anatomy of speech perception and speech production: psycholinguistic implications.

This paper presents evidence for a new model of the functional anatomy of speech/language (Hickok & Poeppel, 2000) which has, at its core, three central claims: (1) Neural systems supporting the perception of sublexical aspects of speech are essentially bilaterally organized in posterior superior temporal lobe regions; (2) neural systems supporting the production of phonemic aspects of speech comprise a network of predominately left hemisphere systems which includes not only frontal regions, but also superior temporal lobe regions; and (3) the neural systems supporting speech perception and production partially overlap in left superior temporal lobe. This model, which postulates nonidentical but partially overlapping systems involved in the perception and production of speech, explains why psycho- and neurolinguistic evidence is mixed regarding the question of whether input and output phonological systems involve a common network or distinct networks.

Brain↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Cervical spine functional anatomy and the biomechanics of injury due to compressive loading.

OBJECTIVE: To provide a foundation of knowledge concerning the functional anatomy, kinematic response, and mechanisms involved in axial-compression cervical spine injury as they relate to sport injury. DATA SOURCES: We conducted literature searches through the Index Medicus, SPORT Discus, and PubMed databases and the Library of Congress from 1975-2003 using the key phrases cervical spine injury, biomechanics of cervical spine, football spinal injuries, kinematics of the cervical spine, and axial load. DATA SYNTHESIS: Research on normal kinematics and minor and major injury mechanisms to the cervical spine reveals the complex nature of movement in this segment. The movement into a single plane is not the product of equal and summative movement between and among all cervical vertebrae. Instead, individual vertebrae may experience a reversal of motion while traveling through a single plane of movement. Furthermore, vertebral movement in 1 plane often requires contributed movement in 1 or 2 other planes. Injury mechanisms are even more complex. The reaction of the cervical spine to an axial-load impact has been investigated using cadaver specimens and demonstrates a buckling effect. Impact location and head orientation affect the degree and level of resultant injury. CONCLUSIONS/RECOMMENDATIONS: As with any joint of the body, our understanding of the mechanisms of cervical spine injury will ultimately serve to reduce their occurrence and increase the likelihood of recognition and immediate care. However, the cervical spine is unique in its normal kinematics compared with joints of the extremities. Injury biomechanics in the cervical spine are complex, and much can still be learned about mechanisms of the cervical spine injury specific to sports.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1991

Functional anatomy of the shoulder: first reliefs with polyarticular goniometer.

The aim of this study is to explain the basic principles of functional anatomy of the shoulder, and to give further data on the maximum mobility of the upper limb. The measurement of the articular movements was performed using a new model of polyarticular goniometer. The discussion of these results gives way to further possibilities of research, which are useful for the functional evaluation of the athlete in sports medicine.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Functional anatomy of a prelearned sequence of horizontal saccades in humans.

We have used positron emission tomography (PET) to study the functional anatomy of the repetition of a prelearned sequence of horizontal saccadic eye movements. Five subjects had to memorize a sequence of six successive horizontal saccades. The subjects were scanned in total darkness under three different conditions: at rest, during the execution of self-paced horizontal saccades, and while repeating a prelearned saccades sequence. The repetition of the prelearned saccades sequence led to specific normalized regional cerebral blood flow (NrCBF) increases at the depth of the superior frontal sulcus as well as at the rostral part of the supplementary motor area, whereas at the parietal level an important activation was observed in the intraparietal sulcus extending up to the precuneus. In addition, it was noticed that compared with the resting control condition, both oculomotor tasks activated a common set of cortical and subcortical areas. At the cortical level, this network was composed of the frontal eye fields, the supplementary eye fields, the median part of the cingulate gyrus, and the insula. At the subcortical level, the lenticular nucleus and the thalamus as well as the cerebellar vermis were activated consistently. A direct comparison of our results with those of other PET studies on spatial vision suggest that the dorsal visuospatial pathway could be extended toward the frontal premotor region. In such a scheme, visuospatial information computed in the intraparietal sulcus would be transmitted to the frontal premotor cortex to optimize a spatial-oriented behavior. This is consistent with the early proposal that perceptual and intentional components of spatial information are mediated through superior parietal and frontal areas, respectively.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

An approach to the functional anatomy of the sacroiliac joints in vivo.

This first part of this paper is a review of the literature on the functional anatomy of the sacroiliac joint followed by a preliminary biomechanical study of the fresh post mortem pelvis. The latter was done in order to determine the coefficients of the screw matrix and the position of the instantaneous centers of rotation during the symmetrical movements of nutation and contranutation simulated in the biomechanics laboratory. The main part of this work deals with the spatial analysis in vivo of the relative displacements of the iliac bones with respect to the sacrum in the course of dissymmetrical movements of the pelvis. In the different phases of movement, the roentgenographic observation of the position of the bony components with respect to a three-dimensional orthonormal reference system required the use of material based on the principles of photogrammetry. This technique was used to achieve spatial reconstruction of the data recovered from a series of orthogonal x-ray films of the sacroiliac joints. Data retrieval was carried out on a digital table linked to a computer with a graphic terminal so that the information could be displayed in the form of rectangular coordinates of defined points on the bone. Owing to the limited amplitude of articular displacement, a statistical study was required to retrieve the coordinates from the projection of these points on the X-ray film with an estimated threshold of significance of 0.1 and an error of +/- 0.1 mm.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Structural and functional anatomy of the abdominal wall.

Multiple options exist for managing complex abdominal wall defects. These options range from the use of autologous tissue with rearrangement procedures to the use of prosthetic or bioprosthetic materials. All options rely on a thorough understanding of the structural and functional anatomy of the abdominal wall and the relationship of varying anatomical structures to provide the optimal reconstructive procedure. A successful reconstruction is achieved when the structural anatomy is integrated with understanding the dynamic function of the abdominal wall.

Abdominal Wall↗
PubMed2004

Interactive web-based programs to teach functional anatomy: the pterygopalatine fossa.

Certain areas of the body contain structures that are difficult to envision in their proper spatial orientations and whose functions are complex and difficult to grasp. This is especially true in the head, where many structures are relatively small and inaccessible. To address this problem, we are designing Web-based programs that consist of high-resolution interactive bitmap illustrations, prepared using Adobe Photoshop, and vector-based animations, prepared via Macromedia Flash. Flash action script language is used for the animations. We have used this approach to prepare a program on the pterygopalatine fossa, an important neurovascular junction in the deep face that is especially difficult to approach by dissection and to depict in static images in an atlas. The program can be viewed online at http://cds.osr.columbia.edu/anatomy/ppfossa/. A table of contents simplifies navigation through the program and a menu enables the user to identify each of the vascular and neuronal components and either to insert or to remove each from its position in the fossa. The functional anatomy of the nerves in the fossa is animated. For example, users can activate and subsequently follow action potentials as they course along axons to their targets. This high degree of interactivity helps promote learning.

Anatomy, Cross-Sectional↗