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PubMed2001

WEB technology--the future of teleradiology?

With the widespread use of the Internet, standard browsers are widely available in radiological and clinical departments. So far the limited speed of the Internet has made teleradiology via the Internet too slow for practical use, but many hospital LANs are now connected to the World Wide Web through high speed access. The new JavaScript technology has made it possible to view examinations with web browsers as simple images instead of sending the full examination data. The full data from the examination remains on the server in the radiology department. If changes in window, level, size, zoom factor etc. are required, corrections are made locally in the web browser with JavaScript, and a new simple image is sent from the server. Web browser technology is now offered by most PACS companies and a new de facto standard for image viewing is emerging.

Forecasting↗
PubMed2003

Microarray technology--the future analyses tool in exercise physiology?

Microarray analysis offers a set of analytical platforms that provide rapid, affordable and substantial information at the DNA, RNA or protein level. It enables the analysis of thousands of genes simultaneously in a parallel manner across samples derived from various biological sources and treatment regimens. This development became possible as a result of the combination of three technological advances achieved at the beginning of the 1990's, namely parallelism, miniaturization and automation. In regular physical checkups the microarray technology could be used to supplement the current spectrum of tests and therefore enhance the quality of the data obtained. Arrays for analyses of RNA expression will allow gene expression profiling also in exercise physiology. DNA chips may also be used for genetic screening and diagnostics to analyze polymorphisms and mutations which may underlie genetic diseases or interindividual variations between subjects. Using microarrays in exercise physiology will provide new insights into the complex molecular mechanisms of the exercise-induced stress response, adaptation to training and modulation of immune function. Gene expression profiling and genetic screening will probably help to characterize and predict the individually variable response to and efficiency of training.

Exercise↗
PubMed2001

Microarray technology: the future of blood testing?

The increasing pace of development in molecular biological techniques during the last 10-15 years has had a direct effect on mass testing and diagnostic applications, including blood screening. Nucleic acid amplification techniques (NAT), usually based on the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), have been successfully applied to blood grouping and implemented recently in screening of blood donations for hepatitis C virus (HCV). The majority of microarray technologies involve an amplification step, yet the main benefits of this technology come from simultaneous analysis of thousands of analytes. Microarrays were developed to utilize the huge amount of information provided by genome projects, but they have clear potential in mass screening and diagnostics. The application of microarray technology may revolutionize blood testing, providing for the first time the prospect of an integrated platform for comprehensive donor and donation testing, replacing multiple individual assays. Design features of a blood-testing chip and various technologies with potential application in this field are discussed in this review.

Bacteremia↗
PubMed2006

Metabolomics: current technologies and future trends.

The ability to sequence whole genomes has taught us that our knowledge with respect to gene function is rather limited with typically 30-40% of open reading frames having no known function. Thus, within the life sciences there is a need for determination of the biological function of these so-called orphan genes, some of which may be molecular targets for therapeutic intervention. The search for specific mRNA, proteins, or metabolites that can serve as diagnostic markers has also increased, as has the fact that these biomarkers may be useful in following and predicting disease progression or response to therapy. Functional analyses have become increasingly popular. They include investigations at the level of gene expression (transcriptomics), protein translation (proteomics) and more recently the metabolite network (metabolomics). This article provides an overview of metabolomics and discusses its complementary role with transcriptomics and proteomics, and within system biology. It highlights how metabolome analyses are conducted and how the highly complex data that are generated are analysed. Non-invasive footprinting analysis is also discussed as this has many applications to in vitro cell systems. Finally, for studying biotic or abiotic stresses on animals, plants or microbes, we believe that metabolomics could very easily be applied to large populations, because this approach tends to be of higher throughput and generally lower cost than transcriptomics and proteomics, whilst also providing indications of which area of metabolism may be affected by external perturbation.

Biomarkers↗
PubMed1994

Thioredoxin: a multifunctional regulatory protein with a bright future in technology and medicine.

Thioredoxins are proteins, typically with a molecular mass of 12 kDa, that are widely, if not universally, distributed in the animal, plant, and bacterial kingdoms. Thioredoxins undergo reversible redox change through a disulfide group (S-S-->2 SH). Two cellular reductants--reduced ferredoxin and NADPH--supply the equivalents for reduction via different enzymes. The nature of the reductant serves as a basis for distinguishing and naming the two thioredoxin systems, which are discussed below in relation to their possible application in technology and medicine. Most of the discussion is referenced by general reviews. In the section dealing with animal cells, however, much of the material is quite recent. Thus, there, and elsewhere to a lesser extent, previously uncited studies are assigned specific references.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

[Endomicroscopy--technology with future].

Endomicroscopy becomes possible due to the integration of a miniaturized confocal microscope in the distal tip of a conventional endoscope. Endomicroscopy enables subsurface analysis of the gut mucosa and in vivo histology during ongoing endoscopy in full resolution by point scanning laser fluorescence analysis. Cellular, vascular and connective structures can be seen in detail. Graduation of cellular changes with endomicroscopy allows an immediate in-vivo diagnosis of different gastrointestinal diseases. The diagnostic spectrum of confocal endomicroscopy is currently expanding from screening and surveillance for colorectal cancer towards Barrett's esophagus, Helicobacter pylori associated gastritis and early gastric cancer. The new detailed images seen with confocal laser endomicroscopy are unequivocally the beginning of a new era where this optical development will allow a unique look on cellular structures and functions at and below the surface of the gut.

Biotechnology↗
PubMed1992

An evaluation of the role of epidemiology in assessing current and future disinfection technologies for drinking water.

Six members of the International Society for Environmental Epidemiology provide a discussion of the presentations of the authors of six studies dealing with the potential chronic disease side effects of water disinfection. This symposium, which was jointly sponsored by the Society and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) also involved state epidemiologists and engineers from state drinking water programs. This article summarizes the results of the studies and the comments about them. There was a general consensus that the recent EPA sponsored studies of cancer endpoints have strengthened the evidence linking bladder cancer with long term exposure to chlorinated drinking water. The evidence for links with colon cancer is not convincing and that for serum lipid changes is quite weak. Any risks, if real, are low when compared to the risk of infection from not disinfecting water. This is particularly true for small water systems where chlorination may be the only practical option.

Chloramines↗
PubMed1987

The impact of motor vehicle control technologies on future photochemical ozone formation in the United Kingdom.

Legislation to control motor vehicle exhaust emissions has been introduced in the United Kingdom in stages since the early 1970s. Recently, a further step has been taken towards reducing future exhaust emissions of carbon monoxide, unburnt hydrocarbons and oxides of nitrogen in the 'Luxembourg agreement' (Lubinska, 1985). In this paper, the possible impact of these proposed controls on photochemical air pollution formation in the United Kingdom is investigated, including an evaluation of the relative merits of the two principal emission control options for petrol-driven cars: 'Lean Burn' engines and 'Catalyst' exhaust gas treatment.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1992

New technologies and future applications of surgical lasers. The right tool for the right job.

The real future of surgical lasers, and indeed of surgery itself, will depend on the integration of the surgeon into a system incorporating real-time tissue sensors, computer-directed robotic manipulation, and laser-tissue interactions that are customized to the clinical task. The human surgeon will operate as the central judgmental element in this mechanized and semiautomated laser surgical system. Only then will we really be able to make use of the subtle and varied laser-tissue effects now being discovered.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Emerging technology and future developments in flow cytometry.

The authors' view of the future of flow cytometry is based on a belief that the single most important aspect flow cytometry offers to the investigator is high-speed interrogation of correlated measurements on a cell-by-cell basis. Over the next several years, an enormous increase in the capabilities of cytometry in general, and flow cytometry in particular, is likely to occur. A brief description of some of those capabilities is the subject of this article.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMed2004

Microfabricated electrophoresis systems for DNA sequencing and genotyping applications: current technology and future directions.

Many routine genomic-analysis assays rely on gel electrophoresis to perform size-selective fractionation of DNA fragments in the size range below 1 kb in length. Over the past decade, impressive progress has been made towards the development of microfabricated electrophoresis systems to conduct these assays in a microfluidic lab-on-a-chip format. Since these devices are inexpensive, require only nanolitre sample volumes, and do not rely on the availability of a pre-existing laboratory infrastructure, they are readily deployable in remote field locations for use in a variety of medical and biosensing applications. The design and construction of microfabricated electrophoresis devices poses a variety of challenges, including the need to achieve high-resolution separations over distances of a few centimetres or less, and the need to easily interface with additional microfluidic components to produce self-contained integrated DNA-analysis systems. In this paper, we review recent efforts to develop devices to satisfy these requirements and live up to the promise of fulfilling the growing need for inexpensive portable genomic-analysis equipment.

DNA↗
PubMed1986

The impact of pending technologies on a universal connector standard.

Standardization of pacemaker lead connectors promises to aid clinical practice. In the past, clinician concern for continued innovation has moderated calls for standardization. Today, connector standards are under consideration in the International Pacemaker Standards Working Group. Reliability, compatibility with existing implanted leads, and interchangeability between bipolar and unipolar leads are among the clinical concerns the standard process must address. Pending technologies will limit the future utility of the standard or be impeded by its regulatory imposition. Well-informed decision making in the standards process combined with a practical appraisal of the impact on future technology will help assure that, in balance, a net benefit to clinical practice results from connector standardization. The issues warrant broad review and discussion among individuals and groups interested in pacing.

Biomedical Engineering↗