ACTIVITY OF GLYCOLYTIC ENZYMES IN A SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA OF A PATIENT TREATED BY REGIONAL PERFUSION WITH NITROGEN MUSTARD (NSC-762).
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Carcinoma, Squamous Cell↗
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Results for “GLYCEROLPHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE”
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Enzymes of glycerol metabolism in the storage tissues of Fatty seedlings.
Various enzymes of glycerol metabolism in the extracts of 5-day-old eastor bean (Ricinus communis L. var. Hale) endosperm and 4-day-old peanut (Archis hypogaea L.) cotyledon were studied. NAD-glycerol dehydrogenase and NAD-alpha-glycerolphosphate dehydrogenase were not detected. Glycerol kinase was detected in the soluble fractions and an alpha-glycerolphosphate oxidoreductase was found in the particulate fractions. The particulate fractions were separated into various organelle fractions by sucrose gradient centrifugation and the alpha-glycerolphosphate oxidoreductase was shown to be present in the mitochondria. The properties of the castor bean mitochondrial alpha-glycerolphosphate oxidoreductase resembled those of a similar enzyme present in the mitochondria of many animal tissues. A survey showed that the alpha-glycerolphosphate oxidoreductase was present in great amount only in the storage tissues of fatty seedlings but not in other nonfatty plant tissues. It is concluded that in the storage tissues of fatty seedlings, the soluble glycerol kinase and the mitochondrial cytochrome-linked alpha-glycerolphosphate oxidoreductase are the two enzymes responsible for the initial conversion of glycerol to hexose.
Journal Article↗
The hormonal regulation of gene expression of glial markers: glutamine synthetase and glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase in primary cultures of rat brain and in C6 cell line.
Increases in the mRNA levels of two neuroglial markers, glutamine synthetase (EC 6.3.1.2; GS) and glycerolphosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.8; GPDH), were observed in hydrocortisone-treated cultures of astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, respectively, and in C6 cells by Northern blot analysis and in situ hybridization. In vitro transcription assays demonstrated increased GS transcription in isolated nuclei from hydrocortisone (HC)-treated primary cultures of astrocytes and C6 cells, relative to untreated cells. This increased transcription is reflected in increased GS mRNA levels in the cytoplasm and increased levels of GS protein synthesis. Sodium butyrate (NaB) blocked the glucocorticoid-mediated increase in GS transcription in the primary cultures of astrocytes but not in C6 cells. From our earlier observations (Kumar et al: J Neurochem 43:1455-1463, 1984) we found NaB in combination with HC to increase the levels of GS mRNA and GS protein synthesis (Weingarten et al: FEBS Lett 126:289-291, 1981). We now report that NaB, alone or in combination with HC, does not increase the rate of transcription, suggesting that NaB plays a role in post-transcriptional regulation of GS in C6. In addition, we report the presence of two distinct sizes of GS mRNA, 2.9 and 1.8 kb, in the primary cultures of astrocytes and C6 cells.
Animals↗
Optimal response of key enzymes and uncoupling protein to cold in BAT depends on local T3 generation.
We have examined the activity of three lipogenic enzymes [malic enzyme (ME), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD), and acetyl coenzyme A (CoA) carboxylase], the activity of the mitochondrial FAD-dependent alpha-glycerolphosphate dehydrogenase (alpha-GPD), and the mitochondrial concentration of uncoupling protein (UCP) in brown adipose tissue (BAT) of euthyroid and hypothyroid rats, both at room temperature and in response to acute cold stress. These enzymes and UCP are important for the thermogenic response of BAT in adaptation to cold. The basal level of the lipogenic enzymes was normal or slightly elevated in hypothyroid rats maintained at 23 degrees C, but the levels of alpha-GPD and UCP were markedly reduced. Forty-eight hours at 4 degrees C resulted in an increase in the activity of G-6-PD, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, and alpha-GPD and in the concentration of UCP both in euthyroid and hypothyroid animals, but the levels reached were invariably less in hypothyroid animals, indicating that thyroid hormone is necessary for a full metabolic response of BAT under maximal demands. Of all variables measured, the most affected was UCP (only one-fifth of the response of euthyroid rats to cold) followed by alpha-GPD (approximately 50% the euthyroid response). The administration of replacement doses of triiodothyronine (T3) to hypothyroid rats for 5-7 days did not normalize any of the BAT responses, whereas the replacement of thyroxine (T4) for only 2 days sufficed to normalize them all. This effect of T4 was abolished by preventing its conversion to T3 with iopanoic acid.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Adipose Tissue, Brown↗
THE INTERMEDIARY CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM OF LUMBRICUS TERRESTRIS.
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Alcohol Oxidoreductases↗
[Study of the activity of membrane-bound leukocyte enzymes in chronic acrylonitrile poisoning in experimental studies and occupational environment].
It was established that acrylonitrile (AN) toxic action resulted in changes in the morphofunctional characteristics of white blood cells. Deviations were found in the activity of the marker enzymes of alkaline phosphatase neutrophil secretory granules and myeloperoxidase. Other changes were established in the markers of acid phosphatase lysosomes, the enzyme of plasma membrane--5 nucleotidase, in the endoplasm network of glucose-6-phosphatase, in succinate dehydrogenase mitochondria, and in alpha-glycerolphosphate dehydrogenase. Along with a considerably lowered succinate dehydrogenase activity, lymphocyte cell deformation against the activity of this enzyme was detected. The data obtained specified newly revealed changes in the blood at AN intoxication and indicated to innovated means of its prophylaxis.
Acrylonitrile↗
High glucose concentration and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase activity in human and rat fetal liver cultures.
In cultures of human and rat fetal liver, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase activity increases during the first 24 hr of culturing. This increase can be suppressed by adding cycloheximide to the culture medium or by adding a high glucose concentration. This, however, applies only to human fetal liver and to fetal liver from rats obtained just before term. In younger rat fetal liver, glucose, on the contrary, increases the activity of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase. A high glucose concentration in the medium also leads to higher citrate cleavage enzyme activity and to lower alpha-glycerolphosphate dehydrogenase (cytoplasmic) activity in rat fetal liver cultures.
Animals↗
THE LOCALIZATION OF ENZYMES WITHIN SKELETAL MUSCLE FIBERS USING THE TETRAZOLIUM TECHNIQUE.
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Animals↗
Effects of taper on endurance cycling capacity and single muscle fiber properties.
PURPOSE: It was hypothesized that metabolic adaptations in single muscle cells after a taper period are fiber type (I and II) specific and protocol regimen dependent. METHODS: After 7-wk intensive endurance training, 22 male cyclists (VO2max=4.42 +/- 0.40 L.min(-1)) were randomly assigned to one of three 7-d taper groups: the control group (CON, N=7) continued weekly training, the first experimental group (INT) maintained training intensity but reduced duration (N=7), and the second experimental group (DUR) maintained training duration but reduced exercise intensity (N=8). Each cyclist completed a simulated 40-km time trial (40TT) before and after tapering on a set of wind-loaded rollers using their own bicycle. Muscle biopsies were taken immediately before the 40TT both before and after tapering, and analyzed for mATPase, succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), cyctochrome oxidase (CYTOX), alpha-glycerolphosphate dehydrogenase (alpha-GPD), and beta-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase (beta-HOAD) in Type I and II fibers, separately, using quantitative histochemistry. RESULTS: The results showed significant (P< or =0.05) increases in SDH (Type I) and mATPase, CYTOX, beta-HOAD, and SDH (Type II fibers) in the INT group, and significant increases in CYTOX (Type I) and beta-HOAD (Type I and II fibers) in the DUR group. Regression analysis showed that the change (posttaper minus pretaper) in simulated 40-km endurance time was correlated with the change in CYTOX and SDH activity for all groups combined (r2=0.62-0.72). CONCLUSION: These results demonstrated that the metabolic properties of different fiber types are altered with tapering, that the type of taper protocol used influences their physiological adaptation, and that improvements in simulated 40-km endurance time were related to changes in metabolic properties of the muscle at the single fiber level.
Adult↗
Glycerol metabolism in Rhizobium.
Four strains of Rhizobium japonicum and one strain of R. trifolii were grown on glycerol and found to contain a soluble ATP-glycerol kinase and a particulate glycerolphosphate dehydrogenase. Both enzymes are induced by glycerol. The presence of NAD+-or NADP+-glycerol dehydrogenase was not detected in any of the strains. No significant differences were found in the glycerol metabolic pathway between fast-and slow-growing rhizobia.
Cell-Free System↗
New enzymatic findings in infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy.
Two siblings with infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy (INAD) exhibited highly increased activity of nonspecific esterase (resistant to physostigmine and sensitive to organophosphates) topically correlating with the morphological manifestations of the disease (spheroids), confined in those two particular cases to the central nervous system (CNS). This is demonstrated for the first time. NADH tetrazolium reductase was another enzyme noted with increased activity and similar topography. The lesions were devoid of any marked activity of typical mitochondrial (succinate and alpha-glycerolphosphate) dehydrogenases and lysosomal (acid phosphatase and beta-glucuronidase) enzymes. The diagnostic significance of monitoring non-specific esterase and NADH tetrazolium reductase activities in the diagnosis of INAD is discussed in particular.
Acid Phosphatase↗
Origin of leg musculature during Drosophila metamorphosis.
Pro- and mesothoracic leg imaginal disks of late third-instar larvae of genotypes affecting the electrophoretic mobilities of alpha-glycerolphosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.8) and arginine kinase (EC 2.7.3.3) were transplanted into host larvae of different genotypes. The metamorphosed implants were analyzed microscopically for the presence of musculature, histochemically for the distribution of enzyme activity, and electrophoretically for determination of the phenotypes of the two muscle-marker enzymes. The results permit the conclusion that leg imaginal disks contain muscle stem-cells.
Adipose Tissue↗
Improved insulin secretory function and reduced chemotactic properties after tissue culture of islets from type 1 diabetic patients.
BACKGROUND: Type 1 diabetes results from the destruction of pancreatic beta-cell as a consequence of an autoimmune process. To date, information on the properties of islets isolated from type 1 diabetic patients is very scant. METHODS: Some immunological and functional properties of islets prepared from the pancreas of type 1 diabetic patients were studied shortly after the isolation and after a period of culture in euglycemic condition. RESULTS: Compared to control islets, freshly prepared type 1 diabetic islets released a significantly higher amount of cytokines (pg/mL) into the culture medium (TNF-alpha: 112.9 +/- 5.6 vs 75.6 +/- 24.4; INF-gamma: 286.9 +/- 26.9 vs 58.6 +/- 6.2; IL-10: 41.8 +/- 4.3 vs 10.1 +/- 3.2; TGF-1 beta: 294.0 +/- 20.6 vs 45.1 +/- 3.5); had a significantly higher chemotactic index (1.9 +/- 0.2 vs 1.2 +/- 0.1); showed reduced insulin release (% of insulin content) in response to glucose (2.8 +/- 0.7 vs 5.3 +/- 1.9), arginine (3.0 +/- 0.6 vs 5.6 +/- 1.0), and glibenclamide (2.9 +/- 0.7 vs 5.4 +/- 0.9); and exhibited decreased glucose oxidation capability and diminished mRNA expression of glucokinase, aldolase, pyruvate kinase, and mitochondrial glycerolphosphate dehydrogenase. Ten days after isolation, a normalization of cytokine release (TNF-alpha: 55.7 +/- 2.3; INF-gamma: 53.9 +/- 4.3; IL-10: 8.6 +/- 0.7; TGF-1 beta: 60.7 +/- 12.4) and chemotactic index (1.3 +/- 0.2) were observed. Moreover, there was an improvement of insulin secretion (3.8 +/- 0.3, 4.7 +/- 0.6 and 3.5 +/- 0.2 respectively in response to glucose, arginine, and glibenclamide) and glucose oxidation, and a partial recovery of the measured mRNA expressions. CONCLUSIONS: These novel results, obtained with islets prepared from patients with type 1 diabetes, demonstrate that even after months after diabetes diagnosis, a period of culture of the islets in a more favorable environment has beneficial effects on the islet function.
Adolescent↗
Role of thyroid state on induction by ciprofibrate of laurate hydroxylase and peroxisomal enzymes in rat liver microsomes.
The effects of hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism upon liver microsomal omega-laurate hydroxylase activity (cytochrome P450 IV A1-dependent), peroxisome proliferation marker enzyme activities and acyl CoA oxidase (AOX) expression induced by ciprofibrate (2 mg/kg/day during 8 days) were studied in the male Wistar rat so as to clarify firstly the possible involvement of thyroid hormones in the modification of peroxisomal ciprofibrate-induced enzyme activities in relation to hepatic microsomal cytochrome P450 IV A1 induction, and secondly the possible direct effect of thyroid hormones on the gene expression of specific peroxisomal enzymes. No significant change was found in the ciprofibrate-induced omega-laurate hydroxylase activity in hypothyroid rats or in rats that had received a large dose of triiodothyronine (LT3), suggesting that the thyroid hormone does not interfere with the peroxisome proliferation process through such an indirect mechanism. The induction by ciprofibrate [2-(4-(2-2dichlorocyclopropyl)phenoxyl-2methyl-propion ic acid)] of mitochondrial alpha-glycerolphosphate dehydrogenase and microsomal bilirubin UDPGT was decreased about 3-fold and 1.5-fold, respectively, while the induction of peroxisomal AOX, carnitine acetyl transferase and enoyl CoA hydratase enzyme activities was decreased by 36%, 34% and 22% in thyroidectomized animals, as compared to euthyroid animals. However, no significant changes in the quantity of peroxisomal proteins and in the AOX mRNA level were noted. The administration of large doses of LT3 to normal rats decreased the peroxisomal ciprofibrate AOX enzyme induction with a marked concomitant decrease in the AOX mRNA level. This suggests that high doses of LT3 enhance the turnover of some specific mRNAs or down regulate the peroxisome proliferator receptor. Our results also do not exclude inhibition of catabolic activity towards AOX which depends on thyroid hormone.
Animals↗
The effect of lysophosphatidylcholine on the activity of various mitochondrial enzymes.
The influence of lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) on H(+)-ATPase, cytochrome oxidase (COX), glycerolphosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) and malate dehydrogenase (MDH) was followed. The activities of H(+)-ATPase and COX increased with increasing LPC concentration up to 0.5 mg/mg protein when maxima were achieved. This activatory effect is LPC-specific, because Lubrol-treated or frozen-thawed mitochondria showed lower activities of these enzymes. H(+)-ATPase was not influenced by higher concentration of LPC, while COX activity decreased with increasing amount of LPC. The activity of GPDH decreased at very low concentration of LPC and was not further modified at higher LPC concentration. In an attempt to find the concentration of LPC necessary for a complete permeabilization of inner mitochondrial membrane we followed the influence of lysolipid on the release of MDH activity from the mitochondrial matrix. The full activity of this enzyme was obtained with a concentration 0.75 mg LPC/mg protein indicating that mitochondria were completely broken. Our data indicate that LPC significantly affects activity of enzymes connected with mitochondrial membrane and can be useful for evaluation of the importance of phospholipid microenvironment for the enzyme function.
Adipose Tissue↗
Fat storage capacity in growth-selected and control mouse lines is associated with line-specific gene expression and plasma hormone levels.
OBJECTIVE: For a detailed understanding of the complex traits growth and fat storage, a dissection into single genetic entities is mandatory. Therefore, blood plasma concentrations of hormones and the expression of selected genes were measured in extremely differentiated mouse lines. Genes were selected as candidates which might influence the complex traits body weight and fat accumulation, and which are located in chromosomal regions recently identified to affect trait differences between the lines. SUBJECTS AND MEASUREMENTS: The mouse lines were selected for high body weight (DU6), high carcass protein content (DU6P) and unselected controls (DUKs). In the selected lines DU6 and DU6P, mean body weights at the age of six weeks were about twice as high as the DUKs, whereas total fat weight was increased 2.2-fold in DU6 mice compared to DU6P and 3.2-fold in comparison to DUKs. Blood plasma concentrations of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), growth hormone (GH), insulin and leptin, were measured in all lines at three weeks and at six weeks of age. Expression patterns of the genes encoding growth hormone (Gh), insulin-like growth factor 1 (Igf1), lipoprotein lipase (Lpl), glycerolphosphate dehydrogenase 1 (GDC-1), and adipocyte protein 2 (Ap2) were analyzed by Northern blot hybridization. RESULTS: In line DU6, highly significant increased concentrations of insulin and leptin were observed at six weeks of age; at this stage, IGF-1 concentrations were elevated in the two selected lines compared to controls with maximal concentrations of IGF-1 and GH in DU6P. The amount of mRNA for GH in the pituitary gland, for Igf1 in the liver and for LPL in epididymal fat tissue was significantly elevated in the two selected lines compared to controls at the age of three weeks, but not at six weeks. IGF-1 and GDC-1 mRNA concentrations were significantly higher in the DU6 mice than in the DU6P (P < 0.01) and the DUKs (P < 0.001) mice examined at both ages. CONCLUSIONS: The results prove line-specific concentrations of the analyzed hormones and the transcription amounts of Gh, Igf1, GDC-1 and Lpl. The measured differences are either direct genetic effects or secondary changes, resulting from different food consumption.
Adipocytes↗
[Aldolase and -glycerolphosphate and 3-phosphoglycerol aldehyde dehydrogenase activity of rabbit muscles in experimental atherosclerosis].
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Animals↗
Blood glucose partition and levels of glycolytic enzymes in erythrocytes and somatic tissues of penguins.
1. A comparative study was carried out on blood glucose partition and glucose metabolism of penguin erythrocytes and somatic tissues. Pygoscelidae penguins (Pygoscelis antarctica and P. papua) were used in these experiments. 2. Blood glucose partition was established by assaying whole blood and plasma glucose in several individuals of the gentoo and chinstrap penguins. 3. It was found that almost all the whole blood sugar is compartmentalized at the plasma site, the red blood cells being ineffective in regard to glucose metabolism. 4. Levels of hexokinase, phosphoglucose isomerase, phosphofructokinase, fructose bisphosphate aldolase, glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase, phosphoglycerate kinase, phosphopyruvate hydratase (enolase), pyruvate kinase, alpha-glycerolphosphate dehydrogenase and fructose bisphosphate phosphatase were estimated in the erythrocytes of both gentoo and chinstrap penguins, the same determinations being carried out also on the somatic tissues (leg muscle, breast muscle, heart muscle, liver and brain) of the gentoo.
Animals↗