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PubMed2002

New triterpene aldehydes, lucialdehydes A-C, from Ganoderma lucidum and their cytotoxicity against murine and human tumor cells.

Three new lanostante-type triterpene aldehydes, named lucialdehydes A-C (1-3), were isolated from the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma lucidum, together with ganodermanonol (4), ganodermadiol (5), ganodermanondiol (6), ganodermanontriol (7), ganoderic acid A (8), ganoderic acid B8 (9), and ganoderic acid C1 (10). The structures of the new triterpenes were determined as (24E)-3 beta-hydroxy-5 alpha-lanosta-7,9(11),24-trien-26-al (1), (24E)-3,7-dioxo-5 alpha-lanosta-8,24-dien-26-al (2), and (24E)-3 beta-hydroxy-7-oxo-5 alpha-lanosta-8,24-dien-26-al (3), respectively, by spectroscopic means. The cytotoxicity of the compounds isolated from the ganoderma mushroom was tested in vitro against Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC), T-47D, Sarcoma 180, and Meth-A tumor cell lines. Lucialdehydes B, C (2, 3), ganodermanonol (4) and ganodermanondiol (6) showed cytotoxic effects on tested tumor cells. Of the compounds, lucialdehyde C (3) exhibited the most potent cytotoxicity against LLC, T-47D, Sarcoma 180, and Meth-A tumor cells with ED(50) values of 10.7, 4.7, 7.1, and 3.8 microg/ml, respectively.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

Ganoderma tsugae mycelium enhances splenic natural killer cell activity and serum interferon production in mice.

Effects of the water-soluble extract of Ganoderma tsugae mycelium (GT), its alcohol-insoluble subfraction (GTI), and its alcohol-soluble subfraction (GTS) on splenic natural killer (NK) cell activity and serum interferon (IFN) production were assessed in mice. Intraperitoneal administration of GT (4-200 mg/kg) or GTI (1-50 mg/kg), but not GTS, augmented the NK cytotoxic activity in a dose-dependent manner in C3H/HeN mice. This augmentation of splenic NK cytolytic activity was not mouse-strain-dependent. The serum IFN titers of mice were also elevated after i.p.-doses of GTI. The GTI-induced serum IFN was reduced by either IFN-(alpha+beta) antiserum or IFN-gamma monoclonal antibody in vitro. The treatment with antiserum neutralizing IFN-(alpha+beta) resulted in a 70% reduction of GTI-induced IFN, while monoclonal antibody against mouse IFN-gamma, moderately neutralized the GTI-induced IFN (50%). These results demonstrated that both the splenic NK activity and serum IFN [IFN-(alpha+beta) and IFN-gamma] titers are elevated by Ganoderma tsugae mycelium extracts in mice.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

Antitumor active polysaccharides from the Chinese mushroom Songshan lingzhi, the fruiting body of Ganoderma tsugae.

A systematic method of extraction, fractionation, and purification of polysaccharides from Songshan Lingzhi (Ganoderma tsugae) with antitumor activity was established. Seven glycans with strong antitumor activities were obtained from 14 water-soluble, and 15 water-insoluble fractions: FIo-a, FA-1, FII-1, FIII-2, and FIII-2-a, -b, and -c. FIo-a and FA-1 were protein-containing glucogalactans associated with mannose and fucose. FII-1 was a (1-->3)-beta-D-glucan having a lower protein content. The water-insoluble fractions FIII-2-a, -b, and -c were extracted with alkali, and were found to be protein-containing (1-->3)-beta-D-glucans showing the strongest activity. Chemical properties and structure of each antitumor polysaccharide were compared with three fungi of the Ganoderma family, Kofukitake (G. applanatum), Mannentake (G. lucidum), and Songshan Lingzhi (G. tsugae).

Amino Acids↗

PubMed1999

Basidiocarp and mycelium morphology of Ganoderma lucidum Karst. Strains isolated in Hungary.

Morphological, anatomical and cultural characteristics of 14 Ganoderma lucidum (Fr.) Karst strains isolated in Hungary have been investigated. Macroscopically the basidiocarps of the Hungarian strains are absolutely identical with those of described previously about the Ganoderma lucidum species-complex. Microscopic features of the fruitbodies and basidiospores showed some differences from the typical G. lucidum species. Pilocystidia, forming a homogeneous layer on the surface of the pileus, have smooth heads without protrusions and stalks not ramifying. Cell wall pillar density and width of the basidiospores also differ from that of regarded to be characteristic to G. lucidum. Although according to several authors chlamydospore formation is a characteristic feature of G. lucidum it has not been observed in mycelial cultures of the Hungarian strains. Antagonistic reactions between the Hungarian and Far Eastern G. lucidum isolates were mostly similar to the interspecific reactions between the two species G. lucidum and G. applanatum and corresponded only in a few cases to the interactions within one species. Our results suggest that the Hungarian strains significantly differ from the Far Eastern strains. To determine the taxonomic degree of this divergence genetical examinations should be carried out.

Microscopy, Electron, Scanning↗

PubMed2004

Cellular and physiological effects of Ganoderma lucidum (Reishi).

In Asia, a variety of dietary products have been used for centuries as popular remedies to prevent or treat different diseases. A large number of herbs and extracts from medicinal mushrooms are used for the treatment of diseases. Mushrooms such as Ganoderma lucidum (Reishi), Lentinus edodes (Shiitake), Grifola frondosa (Maitake), Hericium erinaceum (Yamabushitake), and Inonotus obliquus (Chaga) have been collected and consumed in China, Korea, and Japan for centuries. Until recently, these mushrooms were largely unknown in the West and were considered 'fungi' without any nutritional value. However, most mushrooms are rich in vitamins, fiber, and amino acids and low in fat, cholesterol, and calories. These mushrooms contain a large variety of biologically active polysaccharides with immunostimulatory properties, which contribute to their anticancer effects. Furthermore, other bioactive substances, including triterpenes, proteins, lipids, cerebrosides, and phenols, have been identified and characterized in medicinal mushrooms. This review summarizes the biological effects of Ganoderma lucidum upon specific signaling molecules and pathways, which are responsible for its therapeutic effects.

Agaricales↗

PubMed2006

In vitro and in vivo protective effects of proteoglycan isolated from mycelia of Ganoderma lucidum on carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury.

AIM: To investigate the possible mechanism of the protective effects of a bioactive fraction,Ganoderma lucidum proteoglycan (GLPG) isolated from Ganoderma lucidum mycelia, against carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury. METHODS: A liver injury model was induced by carbon tetrachloride. Cytotoxicity was measured by MTT assay. The activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were determined with an automatic multifunction-biochemical analyzer and the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD)and TNF-alpha were determined following the instructions of SOD kit and TNF radioimmunoassay kit. Liver sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H and E) for histological evaluation and examined under light microscope. RESULTS: We found that GLPG can alleviate the L-02 liver cells injury induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) through the measurements of ALT and AST activities and the administration of GLPG to L-02 cells did not display any toxicity. Furthermore, histological analysis of mice liver injury induced by CCl4 with or without GLPG pretreatment indicated that GLPG can significantly suppress the toxicity induced by CCl4 in mice liver. We also found that GLPG reduced TNF-alpha level induced by CCl4 in the plasma of mice, whereas increased SOD activity in the rat serum. CONCLUSION: GLPG has hepatic protective activity against CCl4-induced injury both in vitro and in vivo. The possible anti-hepatotoxic mechanisms may be related to the suppression of TNF-alpha level and the free radical scavenging activity.

Alanine Transaminase↗

PubMed2005

Possible mechanism underlying the antiherpetic activity of a proteoglycan isolated from the mycelia of Ganoderma lucidum in vitro.

GLPG (Ganoderma lucidum proteoglycan) was a bioactive fraction obtained by the liquid fermentation of the mycelia of Ganoderma lucidum, EtOH precipitation, and DEAE-cellulose column chromatography.GLPG was a proteoglycan with a carbohydrate: protein ratio of 10.4: 1. Its antiviral activities against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2) were investigated using a cytopathic inhibition assay. GLPG inhibited cell death in a dose-dependent manner in HSV-infected cells. In addition, it had no cytotoxic effect even at 2 mg/ml. In order to study the mode of action of the antiviral activity of GLPG, cells were treated with GLPG before, during, and after infection, and viral titer in the supernatant of cell culture 48 h post-infection was determined using a TCID((50)) assay. The antiviral effects of GLPG were more remarkable before viral treatment than after treatment. Although the precise mechanism has yet to be defined, our work suggests that GLPG inhibits viral replication by interfering with the early events of viral adsorption and entry into target cells. Thus, this proteoglycan appears to be a candidate anti-HSV agent.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

[Assay of trace elements and heavy metals in different growth stages of Ganoderma lucidum].

The trace elements and heavy metals in the different growth stages of Ganoderma lucidum were analyzed by ICP-MS, AFS and AAS. The fermented mycelia, fruiting bodies and spore contained all kinds of detected trace elements and heavy metals, the contents of which were higher in spore. The content of Se was same in different growth stages. Ganoderma lucidum had the ability of bio-enrichment of Ge.

Fruit↗

PubMed2003

[Clinical observation on treatment of Russula subnigricans poisoning patients by Ganoderma lucidum decoction].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of Ganoderma lucidum decoction in treating Russula subnigricans poisoning (RSP) patients. METHODS: The 14 patients of RSP in the treated group were treated with GLD (GLD, one dose was prepared by 100 g of Ganoderma lucidum decocted with water to 600 ml), on the base of conventional treatment, and 11 patients received conventional therapy in the previous year were taken as control. The clinical efficacy and parameters in them were compared, including the urine N-acetyl-D-glucosaminidase (NAG, which reflects the injury of kidney), the red blood cell and protein in urine, the alanine transaminase (ALT, which reflects the injury of liver), and the aspartate aminotransferase (AST, which reflects the injury of heart). RESULTS: A better clinical cure-markedly improving rate was showed in the treated group as compared with the control group, P < 0.01. In the treated group, red blood cell in urine disappeared after 24 hrs treatment in the majority of patients, urinary protein reduced obviously and the other three parameters reached the peak at the 3rd day then lowered gradually. In the control group, all the parameters increased continuously. Comparison between the parameters at corresponding time in the two groups showed significant difference (P < 0.01), those in the treated group were markedly lower than those in the control group respectively. CONCLUSION: GLD has good effect in treating RSP, could obviously lower the fatat rate of RSP.

Acetylglucosaminidase↗

PubMed2003

Comparison of the effects of polysaccharides from wood-cultured and bag-cultured Ganoderma lucidum on murine spleen lymphocyte proliferation in vitro.

AIM: To compare the influences of wood-cultured Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides (Gl-PS-WC) and bag-cultured Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides (Gl-PS-BC) on the proliferation activities of murine spleen lymphocytes in vitro, and investigate whether Gl-PS-BC can be substituted for Gl-PS-WC. METHODS: Mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) reaction, lymphocyte proliferation induced by concanavalin A (Con A, 1 mg.L-1) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 5 mg.L-1), MLC reactions inhibited by immunosuppressive drugs, cyclosporine A (CsA, 0.1 mg.L-1), mitomycin (Mit C, 0.1 mg.L-1), or antitumor drug, etoposide (VP-16, 0.1 mg.L-1), were detected in the presence or absence of Gl-PS-WC and Gl-PS-BC in the concentration range of 0.2-12.8 mg.L-1. RESULTS: Two kinds of polysaccharides were shown to promote MLC in the range of 0.2-12.8 mg.L-1, increase lymphocyte proliferation induced by Con A or LPS and antagonize the inhibitory effects of CsA, Mit C or VP-16 on MLC. No significant difference was observed between these two kinds of polysaccharides in selected concentrations. CONCLUSION: Gl-PS-WC and Gl-PS-BC showed similar effects on the proliferation activities of murine spleen lymphocytes in vitro.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Treatment of glomerular endothelial dysfunction in steroid-resistant nephrosis with Ganoderma lucidum, vitamins C, E and vasodilators.

Glomerular endothelial dysfunction is believed to be responsible for the proteinuria and nephronal damage, namely tubulointerstitial fibrosis and glomerulosclerosis, observed in severe nephrosis such as focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. A dysfunctioning glomerular endothelium is likely to be induced by oxidative stress and oxidized LDL as well as altered immunocirculatory balance with a defective anti-inflammatory pathway. A defective release of vasodilator inconjunction with enhanced production of angiotensin II induces hemodynamic maladjustment by preferential constriction at the efferent arteriole. Such a hemodynamic maladjustment exerts two significant hemodynamic impacts. Close to the efferent constriction, it induces intraglomerular hypertension and glomerulosclerosis. Far from the efferent constriction, it reduces peritubular capillary flow, which eventually leads to tubulointerstitial fibrosis. Treatment with a vasodilator improves the hemodynamic maladjustment but does not completely suppress proteinuria. A successful suppression of proteinuria is accomplished by using Ganoderma lucidum and vitamins C and E. The beneficial effect of Ganoderma lucidum appears to be multifactorial, including the modulation of immunocirculatory balance, antilipid, vasodilator, antiplatelet and improved hemorheology. Together with vitamins C and E, this helps to neutralize oxidative stress and suppress the toxic effect to the glomerular endothelial function.

Adrenal Cortex Hormones↗

PubMed2004

Ganoderma lucidum suppresses endothelial cell cytotoxicity and proteinuria in persistent proteinuric focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) nephrosis.

A persistent proteinuria is commonly observed in nephrotic patient with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) under treatment with prednisolone+/-cyclophosphamide or with vasodilators (ACEI+AII receptor antagonist, calcium channel blocker and antiplatelet agent). Fourteen such patients with persistent proteinuria were subject to be treated with Ganoderma lucidum. Initial study revealed an enhanced endothelial cell cytotoxicity induced by patient's serum, and an altered immunocirculatory balance with predominant proinflammatory cytokine TNF alpha activity in the presence of defective anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10. Treatment with Ganoderma lucidum suppressed endothelial cell cytotoxicity, restored immunocirculatory balance and successfully suppressed proteinuria in all of these 14 patients.

Anti-Inflammatory Agents↗

PubMed2005

[Chemistry of polysaccharide Lzps-1 from Ganoderma lucidum spore and anti-tumor activity of its total polysaccharides].

AIM: To study the structure and anti-tumor activity of polysaccharide from Ganoderma lucidum spore treated with microwave. METHODS: DEAE-cellulose and Sephadex G-50 column chromatography were used to isolate and purify the polysaccharide whose structure was characterized by using chemical and spectral methods. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: One polysaccharide, named Lzps-1 was obtained from the water extract, with its molecular weight estimated by HPGPC to be 8000. Its structure was investigated to be glucan. The total polysaccharides, Lzps processed antitumor activity against sarcoma 180 and Lewis lung cancer in mice and enhanced the NK cell activity. Lzps-1 is obtained for the first time from Ganoderma spore Lzps has anti-tumor activity.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

[In vitro inhibitory efects on HBsAg and HBeAg secretion of 3 new components produced by Ganoderma lucidum in the medium contained Radix sophorae flavescentis extract].

In order to enhance the medical effects of Ganoderma lucidum submergedly cultured broth, the aqueous extract of Radix sophorae flavescentis, a traditional Chinese medicine, was added into the cultivation medium of G. lucidum. The organic acids were extracted with ethanol, chloroform, 5% NaHCO3 and chloroform in turn from the cultured broth of Ganoderma lucidum which cultivation medium contained Radix sophorae flavescentis extract. Six new components were separated from the organic acids with preparative HPLC. Their inhibitory effects on HBsAg and HBeAg secretion of HBV DNA transferred HepG2 cell (2.2.15 cell) were investigated. The results indicate that 3 components of the six have significant inhibitory effects on the antigen secretion.

Antiviral Agents↗

PubMed1991

[Studies on the triterpenoid constituents of the spores from Ganoderma lucidum karst].

Five compounds were isolated from the ether soluble fraction of the spores of Ganoderma lucidum. On the basis of their chemical properties and spectral data (MS, UV, IR, 1H and 13CNMR), they were identified as 3,7,11,12,15,23-hexaoxo-5 alpha-lanosta-8-en-26-oic acid (I), 3 beta,7 beta-dihydroxy-11,15,23-trioxo-5 alpha-lanosta-8-en-26-oic acid (II), 7 beta-hydroxy-3,11,15,23-tetraoxo-5 alpha-lanosta-8-en-26-oic acid (III), 3,7,11,15,23-pentaoxo-5 alpha-lanosta-8-en-26-oic acid (IV), 24,25,26-trihydroxy-5 alpha-lanosta-7,9 (11)-dien-3-one (V), Compound I is a new natural product, named ganosporeric acid A. Compounds II, III, IV and V were obtained for the first time from the spores of Ganoderma lucidum.

Drugs, Chinese Herbal↗

PubMed1990

[Synthesis of ganoderma alkaloid A and B].

Ganoderma alkaloid A (IA, 1-isopentyl-2-formyl-5-hydroxymethylpyrrole) and B (IB, 1-phenylethyl-2-formyl-5-hydroxymethylpyrrole) were discovered in the hypha of deep fermented Ganoderma capense. Both are new pyrrole alkaloids. In order to provide samples for bioassay, we completed the synthesis of these new alkaloids and their acetyl derivatives. The route of synthesis included six steps. The whole yields were 20.7% for IA and 24.7% for IB. Synthetic IA and IB were found to be identical with the natural compounds by comparison of spectral data. IA and IB showed some antiinflammatory activity in animal experiments.

Alkaloids↗

PubMed1994

Some characteristics and partial purification of the Ganoderma lucidum cellulase system.

The extracellular cellulase system of the white-rotting basidiomycete Ganoderma lucidum was characterised while growing in cellulose-containing shaken liquid culture. The protein content of the culture filtrate reached its maximum after 36 days and cellulase activity at about 60 days. Different cellulase activities (endoglucanase, cellobiohydrolase and beta-glucosidase) were determined in a range of pH extending from 6 to 2. All of the three enzyme activities have at least three peaks between pH 6 and 2, although optimum points of the different enzymes are slightly different, showing that the enzyme complex consists of a number of enzymes and isozymes. Partial purification of the enzyme complex was carried out by DEAE-cellulose column chromatography. Using 0-3 M linear urea gradient, protein was eluted in one sharp peak corresponding mainly to beta-glucosidase activity. Comparing crude extracellular protein with that of purified by the column using PAGE indicated that this method was suitable for the separation and partial purification of one type of Ganoderma cellulases.

Basidiomycota↗

PubMed2005

Inhibitory effects of Ganoderma applanatum on rat lens aldose reductase and sorbitol accumulation in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat tissues.

Aldose reductase, the key enzyme of the polyol pathway, is known to play important roles in diabetic complications. Therefore, inhibitors of aldose reductase would be potential agents for the prevention of diabetic complications. To evaluate the inhibitory potential of aldose reductase from Ganoderma applanatum (Polyporaceae), methanol (MeOH) and water extracts were tested for their effects on rat lens aldose reductase (RLAR). The effects of both extracts on streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes in rats were also investigated. The MeOH extract exhibited a potent rat lens aldose reductase (RLAR) inhibition in vitro, and showed a significant inhibition, of not only serum glucose concentrations, but also of sorbitol accumulations in the lens, red blood cells (RBC) and sciatic nerves in STZ-induced diabetic rats. Associated with a reduction in serum glucose concentration in STZ-induced diabetic rats, this extract was found to cause a significant glucose tolerance effect. These results suggested that G. applanatum might possess constituents with antidiabetic and inhibitory effects on diabetic complications.

Aldehyde Reductase↗