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PubMed1994

Evidence for an abnormal profile of interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-5, and gamma-interferon (gamma-IFN) in peripheral blood T cells from patients with allergic eosinophilic gastroenteritis.

Allergic eosinophilic gastroenteritis is characterized by elevated total IgE, specific IgE to food antigens, and eosinophilia of tissue and blood. Because the lymphokines IL-4, IL-5, and gamma-interferon, regulate IgE synthesis, and eosinophilopoiesis in vitro, we examined whether there is an imbalance in their production in allergic eosinophilic gastroenteritis. To explore this hypothesis, three adult patients with allergic eosinophilic gastroenteritis were studied. Flow cytometric studies of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from these patients did not reveal evidence of T cell activation or disturbance of T cell numbers or subsets. T cells were capable of normal mitogenic activation in vitro. IL-4 and IL-5 production were markedly elevated with mitogenic stimulation. Most IL-4 and IL-5 production was by CD4+ T cells. Synthesis of IL-5 by CD4+ T lymphocytes in three patients and CD8+ T lymphocytes in two patients occurred in the absence of mitogen. Mitogen-stimulated GM-CSF and gamma-interferon synthesis by CD4+ T cells was normal. Lymphokine mRNA in total cellular RNA derived from endoscopic biopsies was examined by reverse transcription/polymerase chain reaction. Mucosal biopsies from control subjects and most biopsies from allergic eosinophilic gastroenteritis patients contained less than 10(-8) micrograms IL-5 mRNA/1 microgram total cellular mRNA. gamma-Interferon mRNA was not detected by reverse transcription/polymerase chain reaction in biopsies from patients with allergic eosinophilic gastroenteritis but was present in controls. These lymphokine abnormalities are consistent with the elevated IgE and eosinophilia seen in allergic eosinophilic gastroenteritis and suggest that strategies targeting T lymphocytes may be efficacious in treatment of this disease.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1994

Epidemic Escherichia coli O157:H7 gastroenteritis and hemolytic-uremic syndrome in a Canadian inuit community: intestinal illness in family members as a risk factor.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate risk factors for childhood hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS) and gastroenteritis during an epidemic of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection. DESIGN: Case-control study. SETTING: Remote Inuit community of Arviat in northern Canada. PARTICIPANTS: Of the 565 Arviat residents less than 15 years of age, 19 had HUS and 65 more had E. coli O157:H7 gastroenteritis. The 19 children with HUS were compared with 19 age- and gender-matched children with uncomplicated E. coli O157:H7 gastroenteritis, and both HUS and gastroenteritis patients were compared with 19 healthy control subjects. INTERVENTIONS: Questionnaire administered face-to-face to parents of participants in the home. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Rates of exposure to foods, travel, sources of water, and gastrointestinal illness in family members. RESULTS: Patients with HUS and those with uncomplicated E. coli O157:H7 gastroenteritis differed only on measures of clinical severity. In the 7 days before the onset of gastrointestinal symptoms, children with HUS and those with uncomplicated gastroenteritis were more likely to have been exposed to a family member with diarrhea than were the healthy control subjects (odds ratio = 9 for HUS vs healthy control subjects; 95% confidence interval 2 to 43; p < 0.01). Undercooked ground meat and foods traditionally consumed by the Inuit were not implicated as risk factors in E. coli O157:H7 infection. CONCLUSIONS: These findings emphasize the potential for extensive intrafamilial transmission of verotoxin-producing E. coli once infection is introduced into certain communities.

Case-Control Studies↗

PubMed2004

Association of Laribacter hongkongensis in community-acquired gastroenteritis with travel and eating fish: a multicentre case-control study.

BACKGROUND: Laribacter hongkongensis has been recovered from several patients with gastroenteritis. However, the causative role of this organism in human gastroenteritis is still unproven, and sources of the bacterium are unknown. We undertook a multicentre case-control study to investigate the association of L hongkongensis with gastroenteritis. METHODS: Faecal samples from patients with community-acquired gastroenteritis and controls were cultured for L hongkongensis. Targeted food surveillance was done to identify potential sources of this bacterium. All isolates of this organism from patients and food items were characterised by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and ribotyping. FINDINGS: During a 4-month period, L hongkongensis was recovered from 17 of 3788 patients with community-acquired gastroenteritis, but was absent in 1894 controls (p=0.001). Those who were culture-positive for this bacterium had a recent history of travel (ten [59%] patients vs two [6%] of 34 matched controls, p<0.0001), of fish consumption (16 [94%] vs 19 [56%], p=0.009), and of eating minced freshwater fish meat (five [29%] vs one [3%], p=0.012). We recovered 25 L hongkongensis isolates from intestinal samples of freshwater fish and two from minced freshwater fish meat. Bacteria with the same pulsed-field gel electrophoretic pattern and ribotype were recovered from one patient and a sample of minced freshwater fish meat, which was from the same retail market recently visited by the patient. We did not see this particular combination of electrophoretic pattern and ribotype in any other isolates. INTERPRETATION: L hongkongensis is associated with community-acquired gastroenteritis and traveller's diarrhoea. However, its causative role has not been shown. Freshwater fish is one source of this bacterium.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Rotavirus detection and characterisation in outbreaks of gastroenteritis in aged-care facilities.

BACKGROUND: Although rotavirus is a major cause of gastroenteritis in children, its role in adult gastroenteritis and the sensitivity of different methods for its detection in specimens collected from adults are less well understood. OBJECTIVES: (1) To examine the frequency and seasonality of rotavirus-associated gastroenteritis outbreaks in aged-care facilities in Victoria, Australia. (2) To determine rotavirus type in these outbreaks. (3) To determine whether other enteropathogenic agents are present in specimens from these outbreaks. (4) To examine the sensitivity of different methods (electron microscopy (EM), reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and latex agglutination (LA)) for the detection of rotavirus in specimens from adults. STUDY DESIGN: Specimens from gastroenteritis outbreaks in aged-care facilities forwarded to this laboratory for the years 1997-2000 were tested for enteropathogenic agents by various methods. Epidemiological, clinical and seasonal data from the rotavirus-positive outbreaks were analysed. RESULTS: Rotavirus was detected by EM in 18 out of 29 individuals associated with seven out of 53 (13%) gastroenteritis outbreaks in aged-care facilities; norovirus was detected in 22 outbreaks (42%) and astrovirus in one outbreak (2%). No mixed viral infection was found in any outbreak. All rotaviruses were typed as Group A by RT-PCR. The rotaviruses in the seven outbreaks were G-typed as follows: G2 (three outbreaks), G4 (two outbreaks), G1 (one outbreak) and G9 (one outbreak). The rotavirus-associated outbreaks were concentrated in mid-winter to mid-spring. The relative sensitivities of the Group A rotavirus detection methods (for the 29 specimens tested) were EM (18), first-round RT-PCR (11), second-round PCR (19), EIA-visual (19), EIA-photometric (19) and LA (13). CONCLUSIONS: In Victoria, Australia, outbreaks of gastroenteritis associated with rotavirus are quite common in aged-care facilities. They involve Group A rotavirus and have a winter/spring seasonality. G-types G1, G2, G4 and G9 were all detected. EIA, second-round PCR and EM proved sensitive methods for rotavirus detection whereas first-round RT-PCR and LA did not.

Aged↗

PubMed2000

A population-based longitudinal study on the incidence and disease burden of gastroenteritis and Campylobacter and Salmonella infection in four regions of The Netherlands.

The aim of this study was to estimate the incidence of gastroenteritis and Campylobacter and Salmonella infection in the Dutch population, the disease burden, and the percentage of patients with gastroenteritis that consults a general practitioner. A sample of 6243 persons was invited to participate in the study, i.e. completing a questionnaire and submitting stool samples. The follow-up period was 17 weeks. In total, 2206 persons participated (= 35%), contributing 660 person years. The incidence (standardised by age and gender) of first episodes of gastroenteritis was 45 per 100 person years. Among patients with gastroenteritis, Salmonella and Campylobacter were cultured in 1.6 and 4.5%, respectively. The standardised incidence of first Campylobacter infections was 9 per 100 person years, of first Salmonella infections 4 per 100 person years. For 22% of the episodes of gastroenteritis, a general practitioner was consulted (either by phone or by practice visit). For 52% of the episodes, medicine were used. For 34% of the episodes, absence from school was reported and for 15%, absence from work was reported. Despite of possible biases, we can conclude that the incidence of gastroenteritis is very high and causes considerable use of medication, consultation of general practitioners and absence from work and school.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1977

Clinical immunity in acute gastroenteritis caused by Norwalk agent.

To examine immunity in viral gastroenteritis, we challenged and then rechallenged 12 volunteers with Norwalk agent and evaluated symptoms, jejunal biopsies and serum antibody. With the first challenge, gastroenteritis developed in six volunteers but not in the others. When rechallenged 27 to 42 months later, the six who became ill initially again had gastroenteritis with jejunal lesions; in the six previously immune volunteers illness or jejunal lesions did not develop. Four of five ill volunteers had increases in serum antibody to Norwalk agent after both challenges. Serum antibody did not increase in three immune volunteers after either challenge. Four volunteers who had twice become ill underwent a third challenge four to eight weeks after their second illness. In one gastroenteritis developed; in three, it did not. These findings indicate two forms of immunity for viral gastroenteritis, one of short and the other of long duration. Factors other than serum antibody appear important in immunity to Norwalk gastroenteritis.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed2002

Epidemiology of acute viral gastroenteritis in children hospitalized in Rouen, France.

This study assessed the epidemiologic characteristics of acute viral gastroenteritis in hospitalized children. A stool sample obtained from each child was analyzed for the presence of astrovirus, calicivirus, rotavirus, adenovirus, enterovirus, and digestive bacteria. Of the 438 stool samples obtained, 138 tested positive for > or =1 pathogen during the winters of 1997-1998 and 1998-1999 (P<.001). Virologic tests revealed rotavirus in 17.3% of samples, calicivirus in 7.3%, astrovirus in 6.8%, adenovirus in 0.7%, and > or =1 virus in 5.4%. Median age was higher for patients with rotavirus gastroenteritis than it was for those with astrovirus or calicivirus gastroenteritis (P=.014). Mean duration of hospitalization was statistically significantly lower for children with rotavirus gastroenteritis (P=.022), despite the more-frequent dehydration observed among children with rotavirus versus those with astrovirus or calicivirus gastroenteritis (P=.007). In contrast, enteral rehydration was more rapidly achieved in patients with gastroenteritis due to rotavirus.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed2000

Investigation of concurrent outbreaks of gastroenteritis and typhoid fever following a party on a floating restaurant, France, March 1998.

A retrospective cohort study was carried out to investigate concurrent outbreaks of gastroenteritis and typhoid fever that occurred among guests of a supper on a floating restaurant in France in March 1998. A total of 133 guests (attack rate = 90%) reported gastroenteritis within 12 days of the supper. Twenty-seven guests developed typhoid fever (attack rate = 18%) of whom 15 were confirmed by stool or blood culture. All patients with typhoid fever had had an initial gastroenteritis. The results suggest that the same food items served during the supper, chicken and rice, were the vehicles of both gastroenteritis and typhoid fever, but the authors could not determine the specific source of infection. Initial gastroenteritis has been described as a clinical manifestation of typhoid fever but whether or not these two syndromes (gastroenteritis and typhoid fever) were due to the same etiology remains unclear in this outbreak.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1984

The Pima Infant Feeding Study: breast feeding and gastroenteritis in the first year of life.

In 1978, a retrospective study of infant feeding was conducted among 257 Pima Indian women of reproductive age, who were residing on the Gila River Reservation, Arizona. With data on infant feeding patterns from 683 infants born 1950-1977 to the Pima Indian women, infants were classified into one of five feeding groups based on the duration breast-fed and time of introduction and duration bottle-fed. History of severe diarrhea/diarrhea with dehydration/diarrhea and vomiting was abstracted from the infant's medical record and classified as a case of gastroenteritis. The risk of developing a first such episode during the first year of life was compared between the exclusively bottle-fed and each of the other four feeding groups. The odds ratio of gastroenteritis during the first year was significantly less than unity for infants exclusively breast-fed for four months before adjustment (odds ratio = 0.49) and after adjustment for adverse social conditions and seasonality (odds ratio = 0.51). Similarly, univariate analysis and multiple logistic regression analysis of gastroenteritis from birth through four months revealed estimates of the odds ratio that were significantly less than unity for infants exclusively breast-fed for four months (odds ratio = 0.33 and 0.30, respectively). Although a trend of decreasing gastroenteritis with increasing breast feeding was noted across all other feeding groups, the rates of first episodes of gastroenteritis did not significantly differ among all other feeding groups and the bottle-fed. Thus, exclusive breast feeding for four months is associated with reduced risk of early first episodes of gastroenteritis among infants in a less developed community in the United States.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Hospitalizations associated with rotavirus gastroenteritis in the United States, 1993-2002.

BACKGROUND: In the United States, rotavirus gastroenteritis remains a common disease of children that results in many hospitalizations, clinic visits and medical costs. It is a common cause of morbidity and is associated with a high economic burden in developing countries. Prevention of hospitalizations is the primary target of rotavirus vaccines. METHODS: To update estimates of rotavirus hospitalization rates in the United States, we conducted a retrospective analysis of 10 years of national hospitalization data associated with gastroenteritis and used both direct and indirect methods to estimate the percentage of cases associated with rotavirus gastroenteritis. RESULTS: During 1993-2002, an average of 18% of all hospitalizations with gastroenteritis among children <5 years old were associated with rotavirus infection as determined by the rotavirus-specific International Classification of Diseases, 9th revision, Clinical Modification code. The annual proportion of rotavirus-associated hospitalizations increased from 15% in 1993-1995 to 21% in 2000-2002. Hospitalizations associated with rotavirus and those associated with nonspecific gastroenteritis had a marked winter-time seasonality and similar age distribution, which peaked among children between 3 and 24 months old. Using indirect estimation methods, 58,000 to 70,000 rotavirus-associated hospitalizations were estimated to occur each year in the United States. CONCLUSIONS: Rotavirus gastroenteritis remains an important cause of hospitalizations in the United States, and the rate has not declined from 1993 through 2002.

Age Distribution↗

PubMed2003

Is irritable bowel syndrome more common in patients presenting with bacterial gastroenteritis? A community-based, case-control study.

OBJECTIVE: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) has been reported to follow infectious diarrhea. Food-borne infections affect 76 million people in the United States and 9.4 million in England per year; of these, only a small percentage of patients see their doctor, and even fewer will have stool culture confirmation. We hypothesized that patients who present to their doctor with gastroenteritis and have positive stool samples may be different from the normal population with regard to their pre-existing bowel symptoms. Our aim was to determine if patients with bacterial gastroenteritis were more likely to have prior IBS, functional dyspepsia, or functional diarrhea, compared with a control population. METHODS: Between January, 2000 and January, 2001, subjects with stool positive bacterial gastroenteritis and control subjects from the same primary care practice were invited to participate. The main outcome measure was the presence of IBS, functional dyspepsia, or functional diarrhea diagnosed using self-report Rome II modular questionnaires. RESULTS: A total of 217 people with recent bacterial gastroenteritis and 265 community controls consented to participate in the study. Of these, 89/217 cases and 46/265 controls had one of the functional GI disorders (OR = 3.3; 95% CI = 2.17-5.00). IBS was present in 67 cases (31%) and 26 controls (10%) (OR = 4.1; 95% CI = 2.49-6.72). There was no statistically significant difference in the presence of prior functional dyspepsia or functional diarrhea. CONCLUSIONS: IBS is more frequent before diagnosis in people with bacterial gastroenteritis presenting to their primary care physician than in community controls. Studies that examine the rate of IBS after bacterial gastroenteritis need to carefully exclude people with prior IBS in a systematic way.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Nitric oxide synthesis in patients with infective gastroenteritis.

BACKGROUND: There is evidence that endogenous nitrate synthesis is notably increased in patients with infective gastroenteritis. AIMS: To determine whether this is due to nitric oxide (NO) production via the L-arginine/NO pathway. METHODS: Seven male patients with community acquired bacterial gastroenteritis and 15 healthy male volunteers participated in this study. All patients had stool culture positive infective gastroenteritis. A bolus of 200 mg L-[(15)N](2)-arginine was administered intravenously after an overnight fast. Urine was collected for the next 36 hours. Urinary [(15)N:(14)N]nitrate ratio was assessed by dry combustion in an isotope ratio mass spectrometer. RESULTS: Mean 36 hour total urinary nitrate excretion in the gastroenteritis group was 5157 (577) micromol compared with 2594 (234) micromol in the control group (p<0.001). Thirty six hour urinary [(15)N]nitrate excretion was considerably higher in the gastroenteritis group compared with the control group (13782 (1665) versus 1698 (98) etamol; p<0.001). These values represent 1.129 (0.139)% and 0.138 (0.007)% of [(15)N]nitrogen administered (p<0.001), respectively. Corrected 36 hour urinary [(15)N]nitrate excretion for urinary creatinine was also significantly higher in the patient compared with the control group (1934 (221) versus 303 (35) etamol/mmol; p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Results show notably enhanced nitrate synthesis due to increased activity of the L-arginine/NO pathway in patients with infective gastroenteritis.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Pancreatic hyperamylasemia during acute gastroenteritis: incidence and clinical relevance.

BACKGROUND: Many case reports of acute pancreatitis have been reported but, up to now, pancreatic abnormalities during acute gastroenteritis have not been studied prospectively. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the incidence and the clinical significance of hyperamylasemia in 507 consecutive adult patients with acute gastroenteritis. METHODS: The clinical significance of hyperamylasemia, related predisposing factors and severity of gastroenteritis were assessed. RESULTS: Hyperamylasemia was detected in 10.2 % of patients studied. Although amylasemia was found over four times the normal values in three cases, the clinical features of acute pancreatitis were recorded in only one case (0.1%). Hyperamylasemia was more likely (17%) where a microorganism could be identified in the stools (p < 0.01). Among patients with positive stool samples, Salmonella spp. and in particular S. enteritidis, was the microorganism most frequently associated with hyperamylasemia [17/84 (20.2 %) and 10/45 (22.2%), respectively], followed by Rotavirus, Clostridium difficile and Campylobacter spp. Patients with hyperamylasemia had more severe gastroenteritis with an increased incidence of fever (80 % vs 50.6 %, O.R. 3.0; P < 0.01), dehydration (18% vs 8.5%; O.R. 2.5; P < 0.05), and a higher mean number of evacuations per day (9.2 vs 7.5; P < 0.05) than those with amylasemia in the normal range. Hyperamylasemia was significantly associated with cholelithiasis, (30.0 % vs 10.7%, O.R. 3.5; P < 0.01) and chronic gastritis or duodenal ulceration (22.0 % vs 10.2%, O.R. 2.4, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Hyperamylasemia is relatively frequent, and is associated with severe gastroenteritis. However, acute pancreatitis in the setting of acute gastroenteritis, is a rare event.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed1975

Pharmacokinetics and efficacy of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in the treatment of gastroenteritis in children.

In vitro studies indicates that the constitutents of the drug combination co-trimoxazole are synergistic against Salmonella and effective against shigella isolated from children ill with gastroenteritis. The drug is well absorbed in children with gastroenteritis due to a variety of causes and is distributed, excreted and metabolized in a manner similar to that seen in normal adult volunteers. The drug is tolerated well by children with gastroenteritis even in very high dosages. Despite its in vitro and pharmacokinetic advantages, co-trimoxazole was not any more efficient than any other durg or no therapy in the treatment of salmonella gastroenteritis; it seems to have a role, however, in the treatment of typhoid fever and may be life-saving in patients infected with ampicillin- and chloramphenical-resistant strains. It is also effective in the treatment of shigella gastroenteritis and is recommended where ampicillin-resistant strains are encountered. Its potential usefulenss for the treatment of other bacterial causes of gastroenteritis in children must be evaluated by further controlled therapeutic trials.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed2004

Emergence of G9 serotype rotavirus as a major cause of infectious gastroenteritis in southern Taiwan.

Infectious gastroenteritis is a common illness in children. This study investigated the etiology and clinical manifestations of hospitalized children with symptoms of infectious gastroenteritis in southern Taiwan. We studied 467 consecutive patients with infectious gastroenteritis aged from 2 days to 10 years hospitalized from April 2001 to March 2002. Rotavirus was the most common etiology (57%) of infectious gastroenteritis in these patients. Bacterial infection was noted in 57 cases (12%). Rotavirus was found in 92% of nosocomial infectious gastroenteritis (p < or = 0.001). Bloody stool was a presentation of bacterial infection in 74% of cases and rotavirus gastroenteritis in 8% of cases (p < or = 0.001). The G serotype of rotavirus was identified in 87 patients. Serotype G1 was the most common (51%), followed by G9 (31%). The emergence of serotype G9 strains in rotavirus infection has not been previously reported from Taiwan. Incorporation of G9 rotavirus into vaccines should be considered.

Child↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Campylobacter gastroenteritis in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection].

BACKGROUND: Campylobacter bacteria are frequent, and usually slight causes of diarrhea in a normal host while in an immunosuppressed host the diarrhea may lead to severe pictures. The aim of this study was to analyze the clinical features of gastroenteritis by Campylobacter spp. in hospitalized seronegative patients and in those with HIV infection. METHODS: A retrospective study of the cases of gastroenteritis by Campylobacter spp. in adult patients admitted in the authors' hospital from January 1988 to July 1993 was carried out. RESULTS: Of the 20 patients studied with gastroenteritis by Campylobacter spp., 13 (65%) had HIV infection. The mean age of the patients was 38 years (range: 18-68 years) with 70% of the cases being males. Seventy seven percent of the HIV positive patients showed diagnostic criteria for AIDS while 71% of the seronegative patients showed a base disease and/or received steroid therapy. The length of the diarrhea was greater in the patients with HIV infection on comparison with the seronegative patients (25 vs. 6 days). The diarrhea persisted for more than 2 weeks in more than half of the cases of seropositive patients. Fever continued a mean of 24 days in the HIV positive patients as compared with only 5 days in the HIV negative cases. Most of the former patients were treated with erythromycin with good response. Gastroenteritis recurred in one patient and another patient with HIV infection presented a pseudoappendicular picture. No case of bacteremia was detected in either the seropositive or seronegative patients. Campylobacter jejuni was isolated in most of the cases with a high percentage of resistence to quinolone drugs. The mean CD4 lymphocyte count in HIV positive patients was 131/mm3 (range: 1-774). Mean survival following diagnosis of gastroenteritis by Campylobacter spp. was 8.9 months (range: 1-17) in the patients with AIDS. CONCLUSIONS: Gastroenteritis by Campylobacter spp. in hospitalized patients was related with immunosuppressive states. A clinical profile of prolonged febrile diarrhea was common in HIV positive patients and was associated with a low number of CD4 lymphocytes, advanced HIV infection and short survival.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

PubMed1997

Acute gastroenteritis diagnostic practices of New Zealand general practitioners.

AIMS: A sample of New Zealand general practitioners was surveyed to determine the laboratory referral practices of general practitioners for patients with acute gastroenteritis, with particular reference to viral gastroenteritis. METHODS: A mail questionnaire was sent to 209 general practitioners throughout New Zealand. RESULTS: The most important criteria for laboratory referral of a diarrhoeal specimen were prolonged duration of illness, presence of blood in the stool, a recent history of overseas travel, tramping or camping, shellfish consumption, or if the patient worked in the food, child care, or health care industries. Most general practitioners reported that they would refer diarrhoeal specimens from less than 25% of their patients with acute gastroenteritis. Requests for testing for viruses other than rotavirus were rare. CONCLUSION: The viral agents causing acute gastroenteritis were less likely to receive laboratory confirmation than other causes of gastroenteritis. On the basis of current laboratory investigation practices of general practitioners, foodborne viral gastroenteritis outbreaks are unlikely to be identified as such in New Zealand.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed1987

[Etiological study of viral gastroenteritis in swine].

Studied were the etiology and spread of nonbacterial gastroenteritis in pigs over a period of five years. Ascertained were cases of diarrhea caused by the virus of transmissive gastroenteritis, epizootic diarrhea, and rotaviruses. The transmissive gastroenteritis virus was found in 14.1 per cent of the investigated material, mostly in the winter months (67.8 per cent), which was 65.6 per cent of the positive cases. The number of cases and that of the farms involved abruptly rose in the last two years of the investigated period when as many as 73.4 per cent of the positive findings were recorded. Thirty to 37.7 per cent of the studied farms proved to be infected. Enzootic diarrhea was recorded on seven out of the 12 studied farms, whereas 30 to 50 per cent of the sampled material was positive. The serologic study of reconvalescent blood sera of pigs from three infected farms revealed that 90 up to 100 per cent of them contained antibodies. In a great part of the sera (from 15 to 68.9 per cent) there were transmissive gastroenteritis antibodies as well. In 6.8 per cent of the Investigated samples and on 30 per cent of the farms there were also findings of rotaviruses. Cases of rotavirus gastroenteritis were recorded the year round with a rising trend in the cold months. Antibodies to these viruses were established on a large scale--from 58.13 to 100 per cent. There were also mixed infections--corona- and rotaviruses or viruses and bacteria.

Animals↗