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Results for “Gastrointestinal Transit”

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At least 91 records · Page 5Linked to original sources

PubMed2000

Inhibitory effect of intracerebroventricularly-administered [D-Arg(2), beta-Ala(4)]-dermorphin (1-4) on gastrointestinal transit.

The inhibitory effect of intracerebroventricularly-administered [D-Arg(2), beta-Ala(4)]-dermorphin (1-4) (TAPA), a highly selective mu(1)-opioid receptor agonist, on mouse gastrointestinal transit was compared with that of morphine and [D-Ala(2), N-methyl-Phe(4), Gly(5)-ol]-enkephalin (DAMGO). When administered intracerebroventricularly 5 min before the oral injection of charcoal meal, TAPA (10-100 pmol), morphine (0.25-4 nmol), and DAMGO (20-80 pmol) dose-dependently inhibited gastrointestinal transit of charcoal. The inhibitory effect of each mu-opioid receptor agonist was completely antagonized by naloxone, a nonselective opioid receptor antagonist. The inhibitory effects of morphine and DAMGO were significantly antagonized by both beta-funaltrexamine, a selective mu-opioid receptor antagonist, and naloxonazine, a selective mu(1)-opioid receptor antagonist. In contrast, the inhibitory effect of TAPA was not affected at all by beta-funaltrexamine, naloxonazine, nor-binaltorphimine (a selective kappa-opioid receptor antagonist), or naltrindole (a selective delta-opioid receptor antagonist). These results suggest that the inhibitory effect of TAPA on gastrointestinal transit may be mediated through an opioid receptor mechanism different from that of morphine and DAMGO.

Analgesics↗

PubMed1981

Comparison of dye and pellet gastrointestinal transit time during controlled diets differing in protein and fiber levels.

The purpose of this experiment was to compare repeated measurements of the gastrointestinal transit times of simultaneously ingested dye and radiopaque pellets. Pellet transit was calculated as the time required for 80% of the dose to excreted and as mean transit time (MTT-S). comparisons were made in seven healthy women during three controlled diet periods, two containing different levels of protein and the third added fiber (16 g refined cellulose). Each experimental period was about on month. Dietary protein level or phases of the menstrual cycle had no significant effect on gastrointestinal transit time. Cellulose consumption also did not significantly affect transit time, but it did reduce the variability between repeated 80% transit determinations in four subjects, between MTT-S in three subjects, and between dye in two subjects. The two different measures of pellet transit, 80% pellets and MTT-S, and the dye were significantly correlated, although the correlations were generally stronger during the cellulose diet period. These results suggest that the menstrual cycle, refined cellulose, and dietary protein level have limited effects on gastrointestinal transit time and that measurement of transit as passage of 80% pellets and MTT-S are comparable.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

Inhibition of tetrahydroisoxazolo-pyridin-3-ol and muscimol and its mechanism on gastrointestinal transit in mice.

The effect of tetrahydroisoxazolo-pyridin-3-ol (THIP) and muscimol on gastrointestinal transit and a possible mechanism for this effect were studied using the charcoal meal test in mice. These agents inhibited transit dose relatedly. The inhibitory effect was completely reversed by yohimbine and phentolamine. A minor degree of antagonism by bicuculline was observed. There were an additive response in morphine-pretreated animals and partial antagonism in naloxone-pretreated animals. Propranolol failed to modify the inhibitory effect. The findings suggest a predominantly alpha 2-receptor-mediated inhibitory effect on gastrointestinal transit for THIP and muscimol which possibly also utilizes opioid pathways. However, it appears that beta-adrenergic and GABAergic systems might not contribute to this effect.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

Neurohumoral pathways mediating stress-induced changes in rat gastrointestinal transit.

Pharmacologic and surgical procedures were used to define the neurohumoral pathways that mediate stress-induced changes in gastrointestinal transit in the rat. Physical restraint (a validated stressor) resulted in significant inhibition of gastric emptying and small bowel transit but in stimulation of large bowel transit. Most importantly, the results indicate that stress-induced changes in gastrointestinal transit in rats are differentially mediated by sympathetic and parasympathetic efferents of the autononic nervous system and, in part, by opiate pathways but not by the pituitary and adrenal glands. Stress-induced inhibition of gastric emptying is mediated by noradrenergic efferents, whereas stress-induced changes in small and large bowel transit are predominantly mediated by vagal, parasympathetic efferents.

Adrenalectomy↗

PubMed1991

Scintigraphic determination of gastrointestinal transit times. A comparison with breath hydrogen and radiologic methods.

A scintigraphic method for determination of gastrointestinal transit times was compared with the breath hydrogen test and a multiple-bolus, single-radiograph technique. A close temporal association was found between the caecal appearance of radioactivity and the onset of breath hydrogen excretion in eight healthy subjects. Neither mean small-intestinal nor mean orocaecal transit times of the radiolabelled marker were correlated with the magnitude of hydrogen peak, hydrogen peak time, or the area under hydrogen curve. No correlation was noted between whole-gut transit time of the radiolabelled marker and mean whole-gut transit time calculated from a 6-day administration of the radiopaque marker in 16 healthy subjects. The stool weight was inversely correlated with the mean colonic (r = -0.46, p = 0.009) and the mean whole-gut (r = -0.45, p = 0.011) transit times of the radiolabelled marker. In conclusion, inadequate delineation of the caecal region seems to be an unimportant drawback of the scintigraphic measurements, whereas day-to-day variation in gastrointestinal transit rates may influence the reliability of the assessments. Probably, quantitative transit data cannot be obtained from the breath hydrogen concentration profiles.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Effects of several endothelin receptor antagonists on gastrointestinal transit of guinea pigs.

This study was undertaken to investigate the effects of endothelin(A) receptor antagonist (ET(A)-RA) BQ485; ET(B)-RA BQ788, and nonselective ET(A/B)-RA Bosentan on the gastrointestinal transit of guinea pigs. We further analyzed the distribution of ET-R subtypes on smooth muscle cells (SMC) of the gastrointestinal tract to investigate their direct involvement on SMC in gastrointestinal tract transit. A guinea pig model was used to measure intestinal transit. The effects of Bosentan (100 mg/kg, per os), BQ485 (1 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) and BQ788 (1 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) on transit in stomach, small intestine, and colon were evaluated. We separated SMC from stomach, small intestine, cecum, and colon by collagenase and analyzed the distribution of ET-R subtypes in each part by binding assay. Gastric transit and colon transit were significantly inhibited by BQ485, BQ788, and Bosentan. Small intestinal transit was not affected by any of these agents. ET(A)-R and ET(B)-R were widely distributed on SMC of stomach, small intestine, cecum, and colon. The ratio of ET(A)-R to ET(B)-R was 1:3 in stomach, small intestine, and cecum, but was 1:10 in colon. The ratio of the total number of ET-R on SMC of stomach, small intestine, cecum, and colon was 1:3:9:1. These results indicate that both ET(A)-R and ET(B)-R are strongly involved in the transit in the stomach and colon. However, the discrepancy between the effects of the various ET-R antagonists on gastrointestinal transit and the distribution of ET-R on SMC of the gastrointestinal tract suggests that ET-R on SMC of the gastrointestinal tract is not directly involved in gastrointestinal transit.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Gastrointestinal transit of solid-liquid meal in chronic alcoholics.

Gastric emptying, mouth-to-cecum transit, and whole-gut transit of a solid-liquid meal were measured in 46 chronic alcoholics and in 30 control subjects by using scintigraphic techniques, hydrogen breath test, and stool markers. In the alcoholics various parameters such as ethanol consumption, gastrointestinal symptoms, and alcoholic neuropathy were determined and related to gastrointestinal transit times. Although there was no significant overall difference of gastric emptying, abnormally delayed gastric emptying was detected in 23.9% of the alcoholics but no control subject (P less than 0.005). Mouth-to-cecum transit was significantly prolonged in the alcoholics (P less than 0.001) with 14 alcoholics (37.8%) disclosing delayed mouth-to-cecum transit. No significant differences between both groups were detected concerning whole gut transit. In the alcoholics there was a significant correlation of dyspeptic symptoms with delayed gastric emptying (P less than 0.006), and alcoholics with diarrhea had an accelerated mouth-to-cecum transit as compared to those without diarrhea (P less than 0.05). Neither the presence of autonomic or peripheral neuropathy nor the presence of liver cirrhosis or ascites was significantly related to gastrointestinal transit times. However, the daily ethanol ingestion significantly correlated with gastric emptying (P less than 0.005). It is concluded, therefore, that in chronic alcoholics the small intestine and the stomach are most likely to be affected by gastrointestinal transit disorders and that these transit abnormalities are potentially related to toxic damage of gastrointestinal smooth muscle.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Variability of gastrointestinal transit in healthy women and men.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Measurements of gastrointestinal transit are made in clinical and research gastroenterology, yet their intrinsic variability is not well characterised. In particular, an influence of hormones on transit has been proposed as the basis for gastrointestinal symptoms that vary with the menstrual cycle. Our aims were to quantify individual differences in transit during the menstrual cycle in healthy women and to compare these with the intrinsic variability in healthy men. METHODS: On two occasions, whole gut transit was assessed scintigraphically and colonic transit quantified by radio-opaque markers. Thirty two healthy volunteers (12 women, 20 men) were studied, women during the follicular and luteal phases, men twice within a similar four week period. Diets and exercise were standardised prior to and during both studies. RESULTS: Colonic transit was significantly faster in men, and postlag gastric emptying was also more rapid; other indices of regional transit were not different between the sexes. Total colonic transit time was equally well reflected by the scintigraphic and radio-opaque marker methods. Important intraindividual differences were noted in both sexes. The variances in our samples predicted an 80% chance of detecting (with 95% confidence) a mean effect of menstrual hormones on transit that was in the same range as the intrinsic variation in men. CONCLUSIONS: Colonic transit was faster in men than in women. Although group means in the two studies were almost identical, single assessments of transit in subjects sometimes exhibited considerable variability, implying broad biological variations. Given this intrinsic variability, the influence of menstrual hormones on gastrointestinal transit must be small and of doubtful clinical significance.

Adult↗

PubMed1988

Beta-adrenoceptor blockade does not modify gastrointestinal transit time in healthy volunteers.

The effect of non-selective beta-adrenoceptor blockade on gastrointestinal transit time (GITT) was measured in 20 healthy volunteers with a radiographic method. By means of double-blind, crossover technique, each subject was studied during treatment with 80 mg oral propranolol or placebo twice daily for 7 days. The number of radiopaque markers retained in the alimentary tract did not differ significantly between the placebo and the propranolol periods. The mean GITT for placebo was 78 h and for propranolol 77 h. During propranolol treatment the heart rate and blood pressure were significantly decreased. It is concluded that non-selective beta-adrenoceptor blockade does not influence human gastrointestinal transit time under unstrained conditions.

Adult↗

PubMed1988

Effect of cisapride on the post-cholecystectomy upper gastrointestinal transit time.

For the evaluation of postoperative upper gastrointestinal transit, the breath hydrogen test is a convenient method, which is simple but more reliable than the recording of clinical parameters such as bowel sounds. The test was used to study the effect of cisapride on the postoperative mouth-to-caecum transit time. Twenty patients undergoing cholecystectomy were tested pre-operatively and on the first postoperative day after having received either 10 mg of cisapride i.v. or matching placebo under double-blind conditions. The median preoperative transit time in the placebo group was 45 min, and the median postoperative transit time at least 3 h longer. The postoperative transit time after cisapride dosing was still longer than before the operation but was significantly (p = 0.02) reduced as compared with that after placebo administration.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Effect of Schistosoma mansoni infection on physiological gastrointestinal transit and contractility.

The work aimed to study the effect of Schistosoma mansoni (S. mansoni) on gastrointestinal transit and contractility of the colonic muscles of two subgroups of experimental mice, infected by 50 & 200 cercaria/mouse respevtively, at 8th & 12th week postinfection (PI). In addition, the histopathologic changes in the colon, and the immunological changes of the host were studied at different durations. At 8th weeks PI, in both subgroups, gastrointestinal transit was statistically significant decreased, in concurrent with statistically significant increase in the colonic muscle contractility compared to the controls. The colon was inflamed as shown by mucosal inflammatory infiltrates, with large size and number of schistosomal granulomas. The serum antigen was absent, while the serum antibody was detectable at low titre. At 12th weeks PI, there was a more statistically significant decrease in gastro-intestinal transit, and increase in the colonic muscle contractility. The colon was still inflamed, but the granulomas were reduced in size and in number, with increase in the fibrocytes density. These alterations coincided with absence of serum antigen and increase in the antibody titre. All changes were more pronounced in the 2nd group of mice (200 ceraria/mouse) than the 1st one (50 cercaria/mouse). So, intestinal schistosomiasis is associated with great structural, functional and immunological changes, related to the time course and the infection intensity which may be involved in the pathogenesis and clinical manifestations of the disease.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

Effects of Giardia lamblia infection on gastrointestinal transit and contractility in Mongolian gerbils.

To determine if Giardia lamblia infection is associated with altered gastrointestinal transit and smooth muscle contractile function, Mongolian gerbils were infected orogastrically with 2 x 10(5) trophozoites (infected) or vehicle (uninfected controls). At the time of peak colonization, control and infected animals were infused either orogastrically or intraduodenally with 51Cr. Gastric emptying of isotope and intestinal transit (measured by the geometric center of distribution of intestinal 51Cr transit) were significantly (P < 0.05) greater in the infected compared to control animals in both the fasted and the fed states. Then, to determine whether Giardia lamblia has an effect on the contractility of longitudinal and circular smooth muscle, isometric tension of jejunal segments was recorded. The development of active tension with stretch and the dose-response curve to bethanechol were significantly increased in the longitudinal muscle of infected animals compared to controls. However, the circular smooth muscle did not show a similar increase in contractility. These findings suggest that an altered gastrointestinal transit and smooth muscle contractility may be involved in the pathophysiology of giardiasis.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Effect of cafeteria diet on the gastrointestinal transit and emptying in the rat.

1. When gastrointestinal transit and emptying of intraluminal contents were studied using a radioactive tracer marker [( 14C]PEG-4000), the fastest gastric transit and the slowest overall transit time were observed in female Wistar rats (1-3 months old) after they were fed a cafeteria diet (a hypercaloric diet). 2. The small intestine length of cafeteria fed rats was higher than lean rats, whereas the stomach and large bowel length showed no difference between cafeteria and lean rats. 3. A state of mild obesity was obtained after rats were fed a cafeteria diet. This obesity was demonstrated by the highest body weight and the highest gain of white adipose tissue in rats fed a cafeteria diet.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Effects of fluvoxamine on morphine-induced inhibition of gastrointestinal transit, antinociception and hyperlocomotion in mice.

In the present study, the effects of fluvoxamine on the inhibition of gastrointestinal transit, antinociception and hyperlocomotion induced by morphine were investigated in mice. Treatment with morphine (10 mg/kg, subcutaneously (s.c.)) inhibited gastrointestinal transit and hyperlocomotion. These effects were attenuated by fluvoxamine in a dose-dependent manner. On the other hand, morphine (1 mg/kg, s.c.)-induced antinociception was significantly potentiated by fluvoxamine. These results suggest that fluvoxamine combined with morphine may be useful for the treatment of not only depression but also pain in cancer patients without constipation or activation of the mesolimbic dopaminergic system. However, further understanding and clinical studies will be required to confirm this possibility.

Analgesics, Opioid↗

PubMed1995

An overview of the effects of dietary fiber on gastrointestinal transit.

This article is a review of the effects that ingested dietary fiber has on gastrointestinal transit time. The various phases of gastrointestinal motility are considered, and the effect of fiber on these various components is explored. Fiber affects each phase of gastrointestinal motility differently; however, the most dramatic effect on decreased transit time and frequency of bowel movements result from the variations it causes in colonic transit time. The mechanisms of defecation in children and the ways in which fiber affects the frequency of bowel movements are emphasized. All types of fiber do not affect gastrointestinal transit in a similar manner, and different preparations of the same fiber either may delay or may increase the time of intestinal transit. In general, fiber is found to increase the frequency of bowel movements and may prove to be of considerable benefit in treating constipation, a common childhood disorder.

Child↗

PubMed1989

Gastrointestinal transit of Sinemet CR in healthy volunteers.

The gastrointestinal transit and systemic absorption of Sinemet CR (50/200) and standard Sinemet (25/100) have been studied in fasting and "fed" healthy human subjects. Both formulations were labeled with a gamma-emitting radionuclide, and their gastric emptying, colon arrival, and in vivo dissolution profiles were monitored using gamma scintigraphy. The standard dosage forms were found to disperse soon after administration and to empty rapidly from both the fasting and the "fed" stomach. The erosion of the controlled-release (CR) system was independent of food. Dosing after a light breakfast altered the gastric emptying profile of the CR formulation and led to significant differences in the plasma levels of levodopa.

Antiparkinson Agents↗

PubMed2000

Acceleration of gastrointestinal transit by momordin Ic in mice: possible involvement of 5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT(2) receptors and prostaglandins.

Possible involvement of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), 5-HT receptors and prostaglandins in the acceleration of gastrointestinal transit by momordin Ic was investigated in mice. Accelerative effect of momordin Ic (25 mg/kg, p.o.) on gastrointestinal transit was attenuated by pretreatment with a bolus of DL-p-chlorophenylalanine methyl ester (an inhibitor of 5-HT synthesizing enzyme), but not repeated pretreatment with DL-p-chlorophenylalanine methyl ester. Furthermore, cyproheptadine (a nonselective 5-HT(2) receptor antagonist), ritanserin (a 5-HT(2A/2B/2C) receptor antagonist) and clozapine (a 5-HT(2A/2C) receptor antagonist) also attenuated the effect of momordin Ic, but methiothepin (a 5-HT(1) receptor antagonist), MDL 72222 (3-tropanyl-3,5-dichlorobenzoate) and metoclopramide (5-HT(3) receptor antagonists), tropisetron (a 5-HT(3/4) receptor antagonist), ketanserin and haloperidol (5-HT(2A) receptor antagonists) did not. These results suggested a possible involvement of endogenous 5-HT and 5-HT(2B/2C) over 5-HT(2A) receptors. Attenuation by pretreatment with indomethacin (an inhibitor of prostaglandins synthesis) suggested involvement of prostaglandins. It is postulated that momordin Ic accelerates gastrointestinal transit partially by stimulating synthesis of 5-HT to act through 5-HT(2), possibly 5-HT(2C) and/or 5-HT(2B) receptors, which, in turn, increases synthesis of prostaglandins.

Animals↗

PubMed1982

Morphine-receptor dissociation constant and the stimulus-effect relation for inhibition of gastrointestinal transit in the rat.

The dissociation constant (KA) of morphine for its receptors was determined by the method of partial irreversible blockade of the receptor population using inhibition of gastrointestinal transit of a forced charcoal meal as the pharmacological endpoint. The anti-motility effect of morphine was antagonized when rats were pretreated with buprenorphine (0.3 mg/kg s.c.), a narcotic antagonist analgesic, 30 min before morphine and the extent of gastrointestinal transit was estimated a further 45 min later. With this schedule of drug administration, the agonist action of buprenorphine is minimal and its antagonist action predominates. The value of KA was (1.1 +/- 0.2) x 10(-5) mol/kg, a value close to that previously reported (2.9 x 10(-5) mol/kg) by us with these compounds in the rat tail flick test. The value of [A50], found here was 2.15 x 10(-6) mol/kg, approximately 1/5 of that of KA. Also, the stimulus-effect relation of the tissue, defined in Stephenson's theory, was plotted and found to be nonlinear. This result, when coupled with the inequality of KA and [A50], argues against the application of classical drug-receptor theory to this system. The apparent agreement between KA values for antinociception and inhibition of gastrointestinal transit is interesting, but does not necessarily prove equivalent receptors mediating the two different effects.

Animals↗