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At least 91 records · Page 5Linked to original sources
PubMed1995

Effects of goal-setting interventions on selected basketball skills: a single-subject design.

The purpose of this investigation was to examine the effects of a goal-setting intervention program on selected components of basketball performance over the course of a competitive season. A multiple-baseline, single-subject design was used with baseline observations on various performance components (e.g., turnovers, rebounds), collected for four elite college basketball players during their first eight games of the season. At the midseason break, these players selected one aspect of their play that they felt would benefit from improvement. A goal-setting program was designed based on the goal attainment scaling procedure recommended by Smith (1988), whereby subjects generated numerical targets for their chosen components. Performance components were then assessed for the next eight games as they had been in the preintervention phase. Following the intervention, 3 of the 4 subjects showed consistent improvements in their targeted areas of performance. Also, there were no outcome changes in the performance components that weren't targeted by the subjects. The findings suggest that future studies may benefit from achieving greater ecological validity and utilizing alternative designs to the traditional nomothetic approaches which may tend to mask positive intervention effects on certain individuals.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Theoretical aspects of goal-setting and motivation in rehabilitation.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this article is to provide rehabilitation theorists and researchers with an introduction to some key theories of goals and motivation from the field of social cognition and to argue for increased dialogue between the two disciplines. METHOD: The use of goals and goal-setting in rehabilitation is briefly surveyed and the somewhat ambivalent attitude toward the concept of motivation in the rehabilitation literature is highlighted. Three major contributors to the study of goals and motivation from the field of social cognition are introduced and their work summarized. They include: (i) Deci and Ryan's Self-Determination Model; (ii) Emmons' work on goals and personal strivings, and (iii) Karniol and Ross' discussion of temporal influences on goal-setting. RESULTS: It is argued that there is a need for a greater emphasis upon theory development in rehabilitation research and that closer collaboration between researchers in rehabilitation and social psychology offers considerable promise. Instances where the three theories from social cognition might have relevance to clinical rehabilitation settings are described. Some possible directions for research are also briefly sketched. CONCLUSION: Both rehabilitation and social cognition have much to gain from increased dialogue.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Examination of the Perceived Efficacy and Goal Setting System (PEGS) with children with disabilities, their parents, and teachers.

The Perceived Efficacy and Goal Setting System (PEGS) is an instrument and a process that enables children with disabilities to reflect on their ability to perform everyday occupations and to identify goals for occupational therapy intervention. In this study, 117 children with disabilities in grades 1-3 completed the PEGS with occupational therapists who work in school settings. Children from 6-9 years of age with a variety of disabilities were able to self-report perceptions of their effectiveness performing 24 activities that would be expected of them each day. Parents and teachers, who completed a parallel questionnaire, rated their abilities lower than the children did. The School Function Assessment, a measure of the amount and type of support required for school participation, had low correlations with the Parent and Teacher PEGS questionnaires and did not correlate with the Child PEGS. No differences in perceived efficacy were found for children across grades or gender; however, differences were found across types of disabilities. Children were able to use the perceived efficacy information to identify and prioritize goals for intervention and these goals remained stable 2 weeks later. Occupational therapists can use the PEGS within a client-centered practice to help the child set goals for therapy and to incorporate explicitly the perspectives of parents and teachers.

Child↗
PubMed2000

Creation of a client goal-setting framework.

During the past decade, there has been a noticeable shift in the philosophical approach to health care. This change in thinking, from problem-focused to goal-oriented and from discipline-specific to team driven, has been apparent in rehabilitation as well. The Spinal Cord Program at G. F. Strong Rehab Centre in Vancouver, Canada, has developed a goal-setting framework to define and meet clients' needs by promoting a partnership between the client and family and the clinical team. Donabedian's paradigm provides the model on which the interdisciplinary goal-setting framework is based. The purpose of the framework is to clearly outline clients' and staffs' expectations of the rehabilitation program, identify responsibilities, ensure accountability of clients and staff, and facilitate measurement of goal achievement. Evaluation of the framework indicates that most staff and clients believe the framework provides more structure and direction to the client's rehabilitation program than the previous approach; others believe the use of a goal checklist imposes too much structure and compromises the specificity of goals. This paper will discuss the design, implementation, and evaluation of the framework and recommendations for improvement.

British Columbia↗
PubMed1997

Assigned versus participative goal setting and response generalization: managing injury control among professional pizza deliverers.

Safety belt use, turn signal use, and intersection stopping were observed at 3 pizza delivery locations per driver's license plate numbers. After baseline observations, employees at 1 store participated in goal setting targeting complete stops. Employees at the other store were assigned a goal. Over 4 weeks, the group's percentages of complete intersection stopping were posted. Both intervention groups significantly increased their complete intersection stops during the intervention phase. The participative goal-setting group also showed significant increases in turn signal and safety belt use (nontargeted behaviors) concurrent with their increases in intersection stopping (targeted behaviors). Drivers decreased their turn signal and safety belt use concurrent with the assigned goal condition targeting complete stops.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Awareness and goal setting with the traumatically brain injured.

One of the most disabling effects of traumatic brain injury is limited awareness of cognitive, emotional and interpersonal functioning. For this reason it is often difficult for a traumatically brain-injured person to form realistic goals and appreciate the need for rehabilitation. A goal-setting process is outlined in which therapists play a supportive but nondirective role and goals are developed which incorporate information in self-awareness. The aim of this approach is to create goals which are realistic and increase the likelihood of maintenance following treatment. Specific strategies to incorporate patient awareness during goal setting are discussed.

Awareness↗
PubMed2003

Hierarchical representation of motives in goal setting.

The authors developed a framework for thinking about motives in goal setting. The reasons for choosing a particular goal are represented in a hierarchical network of motives. To uncover context-specific motives and their interconnections, the authors propose a procedure based on the elicitation of justifications for one's goal. The authors applied the procedure to the motivation of volunteering to join the Italian Army by officers (N = 151) and 3 groups of enlisted soldiers (Garibaldi Brigade, N = 141; Folgore Brigade, N = 144; and volunteers in training, N = 150). The resulting idiographic motives and linkages between motives were validated by regressing attitudes, intentions to reenlist, and commitment toward the army on motives and linkages between motives. A heuristic nomothetic summary of goals, arranged in an interconnected hierarchy, was derived.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Memory performance and beliefs as a function of goal setting and aging.

This research examined the impact of goals on memory and memory beliefs. Older and younger adults completed memory beliefs questionnaires and list recall at baseline. After additional recall trials, the questionnaires were repeated. In Experiment 1, participants were assigned to low challenge or high challenge goals. In Experiment 2, moderate challenge goals were compared to control. In both studies, participants were given a specific goal based on their own performance and received positive feedback for memory gains. Both older and younger adults responded to the goals, showing improved performance across trials, with little change in the control condition. Memory beliefs changed in the moderate and low challenge goal conditions, showing more striking changes for the older groups. These results confirmed that self-regulatory processes related to goal setting can have considerable impact on memory across the adult life span.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Home exercise in rheumatoid arthritis functional class II: goal setting versus pain attention.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of a 12-week home exercise and cognitive treatment program in functionally independent patients with rheumatoid arthritis. METHODS: Forty-two patients were assessed with the Arthritis Self-efficacy Scale, the Stanford Health Assessment Questionnaire, the Ritchie articular index, measurement of joint mobility, and registration of capacity and pain in functional tasks. The patients were then randomized to either a "goal-setting" subgroup, in which individual goals for the exercise were set and exercise encouraged despite pain, or to a "pain attention" subgroup, where advice to decrease exercise load in case of pain was given. All patients used the same home exercise program aiming at improved range of motion, muscle function and aerobic capacity. RESULTS: After the intervention period, exercise had conferred better self-efficacy for "other symptoms," increased capacity in most functional tasks, decreased activity induced pain, lowered Ritchie index, and increased joint mobility. Some improvements regarding pain were larger in the goal-setting subgroup. CONCLUSION: Home exercise influences self-efficacy for mood and fatigue, physical capacity, and pain. Additional cognitive treatment seems to positively influence the perception of pain.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Goal setting and attainment in Alzheimer's disease patients treated with donepezil.

OBJECTIVES: To understand the treatment goals of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients, carers, and physicians; to estimate whether clinically important goals are met during treatment with donepezil; and to compare a measure of goal attainment with standard measures used to evaluate AD treatment. METHODS: In a 12 month phase IV trial, 108 patients with mild to moderate AD, their primary carers, and treating physicians set goals assigned to five domains, using Goal Attainment Scaling (GAS) as the primary outcome. Goal attainment was assessed quarterly. GAS scores were correlated with standard outcomes, including the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive (ADAS-cog), and the Clinician's Interview-Based Impression of Change-Plus (CIBIC-plus). RESULTS: Physicians set fewer goals (342, mean (SD) per patient=3 (1)) than patients/carers (855, mean=9 (3)), particularly in leisure (20% by physicians compared with 76% by patients/carers), and social interaction (24% versus 49%). Physicians observed statistically significant improvement in global goal attainment for six months, and patients/carers for nine months. Patients/carers described consistent goal attainment, whereas physicians observed variable effects, such as decline in cognition but improved social interaction and behaviour. Physician global GAS scores correlated highly with the CIBIC-plus at weeks 12 (r= -0.82) and 52 (r=-0.80), but not with the ADAS-cog (r=0.12 and r=-0.45, respectively). Patient/carer global GAS scores correlated moderately with the physician's CIBIC-plus (week 12 r=-0.51; week 52 r=-0.56), and nominally with the ADAS-cog. CONCLUSIONS: Patients/carers and physicians differ in their expectations and impressions of treatment effects. Clinically important changes correlated only modestly with psychometric tests. Attainment of treatment goals does not accord with a simplistic model in which successful AD treatment means that all declines uniformly improve.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Relations among self-efficacy, goal setting, and metacognitive experiences in problem-solving.

This study examined the roles of metacognitive experiences in the self-regulation process before problem-solving. 260 Japanese undergraduate students participated. To investigate the role of metacognitive experiences, a structural equation model was constructed to examine the relations among Self-efficacy, Goal Setting, Metacognitive Experiences, and Performance. Analysis showed that Metacognitive Experiences mediated the influence of Self-efficacy on Goal Setting and Performance. In addition, these experiences were related to Performance to some extent. Finally, these results are discussed in relation to those obtained in previous studies.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Where are you going? The science of setting goals.

Picture this. You are at a workshop. Like most workshops, this one has interrupted your day and has taken you from more important tasks. Still, you are there. The presenter begins like this, "Good morning ladies and gentlemen Today, we will talk about setting goals!" You smirk and roll your eyes. "Been there, done that," you want to say. "I'm out of here!" You want to say. But you don't say; and you don't leave. So the presenter continues. "Here is a bow and arrow," he says. "Who wants to make a million dollars with it?" You are glad you stayed. You can use a bow and arrow and you can use a million dollars. You stand up, take the bow and arrow from the presenter's hand and say "I'm in! What do I have to do?" "It's easy," says the presenter. "Just draw the bow and hit the bull's eye with your arrow. If you do, I'll give you one million dollars!" Your heart pounds and your eyes scan the room. This should be easy, but it's not because you can't find the bull's eye. "Hurry up," says the presenter "You've only got 10 seconds. Hit the bull's eye." You look again. Everywhere. Still no luck. Still no bull's eye. Still no million dollars. "Three seconds!" says the presenter. You are tense. You scream, "There is no bull's eye! How can I hit what isn't there?" "You can't!" says the presenter triumphantly. You can't hit what isn't there. That is what setting goals is all about!" You don't want to leave anymore.

Decision Making, Organizational↗
PubMed1991

Patient goal setting as a method for program improvement/development in partial hospitalization programs.

Data were collected from a study of 49 patients in 1990 and 106 patients in 1991 admitted into Country View Treatment Center and Green Country Counseling Center. Country View is a 30-bed chemical dependency residential center operating under St. John Medical Center in Tulsa, Oklahoma. Green Country is an evening partial hospital chemical dependency program operating under St. John Medical Center in Tulsa, Oklahoma, The tools used in this study were the Country View Patient Self-Reporting Questionnaire, the global Rating Scale, and the Model of Recovering Alcoholics Behavior Stages and Goal Setting (Wing, 1990). These assessments were specifically designed to measure the patient's perceptions of goal setting and the patient's perspective on treatment outcome. The study outcome resulted in program improvement (Green Country evening partial hospital program) and the development of the Country View Substance Abuse Intermediate Link (SAIL) Program (day partial hospital).

Day Care, Medical↗
PubMed2006

The bases of goal setting in the self-regulation of hypertension.

We apply a new methodology to investigate goal setting by hypertensive patients that uncovers the reasons why people have a goal to manage hypertension or not (e.g. to reduce/maintain one's current blood pressure). The reasons are found to consist of superordinate goals in support of one's focal hypertension goal and the hierarchical mental network underlying the superordinate goals. We show that, not only do such superordinate goals influence patients' beliefs, feelings and decisions, but the relationships among superordinate goals are particularly efficacious in the formation of beliefs and attitudes, as well as intentions to self-regulate hypertension and actual efforts in doing so. Hypotheses were tested on a sample of 219 patients at a university-based hypertension clinic.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Disentangling achievement orientation and goal setting: effects on self-regulatory processes.

H. Heckhausen and J. Kuhl's (1985) goal typology provided the conceptual foundation for this research, which examined the independent and integrated effects of achievement orientation and goal-setting approaches on trainees' self-regulatory activity. Using a complex computer-based simulation, the authors examined the effects of 3 training design factors--goal frame, goal content, and goal proximity--cutting across these 2 theoretical domains on the nature, focus, and quality of the self-regulatory activities of 524 trainees. Results revealed that all 3 factors had a significant influence on self-regulation, with goal content exhibiting the greatest influence. In line with expectations, congruent learning frame and content compared with congruent performance frame and content was beneficial for trainees' self-regulatory activity, incongruent combinations of goal frame and content were better than congruent performance frames and content, and effects for the incongruent combinations cutting across the domains were asymmetrical. Theoretical extensions for further disentangling these distinct domains and training design implications are discussed.

Achievement↗
PubMed1998

Meaning and misunderstanding in occupational forms: a study of therapeutic goal setting.

OBJECTIVE: This study examined occupational therapists' use of the occupational form of goal setting as therapy and its impact on clients. METHOD: The study method was qualitative, using participant observation and interviewing as the main source of data. RESULTS: The findings illustrated that therapists work both to give substance to the occupational form and to create the context of an implied narrative that imbues it with particular meanings. Simultaneously, clients' experience of meaning is influenced by a personal volitional narrative. When the two narratives do not coincide, therapists' efforts to maintain the occupational form intensify as they encourage clients toward attitudes and performances that do not resonate with the clients' experience of reality. CONCLUSION: The findings underscore the importance of recognizing that occupational forms are embedded in social processes and perspectives that inevitably come into play when occupational forms are used as therapy.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Effects of public posting, goal setting, and oral feedback on the skills of female soccer players.

We evaluated the effects of public posting, goal setting, and oral feedback on the skills of 3 female high school soccer players during practice scrimmages. The dependent variables were the percentage of appropriate responses when the player (a) kept and maintained possession of the ball, (b) moved to an open position during a game restart (e.g., goal or corner kick), and (c) moved to an open position after passing the ball. We also assessed the extent to which changes in practice performances generalized to games. A social validity questionnaire was completed by both players and coaches to assess the acceptability of the intervention's goals, procedures, and outcomes. Results indicate that the intervention was effective in improving performances during practice scrimmages but produced limited generalization to game settings.

Adolescent↗