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PubMed1973

Hemagglutination-inhibition test in rhinovirus infections of volunteers.

The hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test for antirhinovirus antibody was carried out on paired sera from volunteers inoculated with rhinovirus type 3 or type 4 (RV4). The HI test gave results which paralleled the neutralization test and was at least as sensitive as a microneutralization method for detection of serotype-specific antibody. Although high levels of HI antibody in the serum were associated with protection from infection, in the case of RV4 low serum HI antibody levels did not necessarily imply susceptibility to challenge with small doses of virus. HI activity could be measured in concentrated nasal-washing fluids, and this antibody also seemed relevant to protection against infection.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1972

Modified hemagglutination-inhibition test for rubella employing human group O erythrocytes.

A hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test for rubella is described which utilizes human group O, rather than 1-day-old chick, erythrocytes. The test was found to be as sensitive and reproducible for detection of rubella antibody as HI tests employing chick erythrocytes. Advantages to the use of human erythrocytes are (i) they are more available, (ii) it is unnecessary to absorb natural agglutinins from human test sera, and (iii) heparin-MnCl(2)-treated sera do not agglutinate human erythrocytes, as is sometimes the case with chick erythrocytes. Factors influencing the reliability of the test are discussed.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Preparation of Newcastle disease virus hemagglutination-inhibition test antigen.

A method of preparing antigen for Newcastle hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) tests is described; polyethylene glycol precipitation is used for the virus concentration. The virus was inactivated with either formalin or beta-propiolactone. Glycerin was used to stabilize the hemagglutinin activity of the antigen. The stability, uninfectivity, and slow eluting features of the antigen should aid in obtaining accurate HI results without the risks inherent in the use of live virus.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Comparison of measles antihemolysin test, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and hemagglutination inhibition test with neutralization test for determination of immune status.

Sera were collected from 238 high-school students in Prince Edward Island for the determination of immune status before an anticipated measles outbreak. In addition, history of vaccination status and measles infection was obtained. In the subsequent outbreak, 28 students did contract measles. Specificity for hemagglutination inhibition (HI), antihemolysin (AH), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was 100%, compared with the neutralization test. Corresponding sensitivity values for the tests were 66.0% (HI), 99.5% (AH), and 99.0% (ELISA). Predictive values for susceptibility were 26.9% (HI), 77.8% (AH), 75.7% (ELISA), 80% (neutralization), and 41.4% as determined by history of infection or vaccination. The predictive value for immunity as determined by history of previous infection or vaccination was 91.8%, compared with 100% for the four serological tests. No false-positive results were seen with any of these tests. Compared with the neutralization test, the HI test had 69 false-negative results, the AH had 1, and the ELISA test had 2. The AH and ELISA tests provided sensitive and specific alternatives to the commonly used HI test for immune status determination.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Comparison of the hemagglutination-inhibition test with the constant-virus diluting-serum microneutralization test for detecting antibody to avian infectious bronchitis virus.

An evaluation was made of the hemagglutination-inhibition test and the constant-virus diluting-serum microneutralization test, two serological techniques that are used in detecting antibodies to avian infectious bronchitis. The repeatabilities and sensitivities of both tests were similar. Both tests compared favorably when testing high-titered antisera, but antibody titers detected varied when low-titered sera were used.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Diagnosis of pregnancy in marmosets: hemagglutination inhibition test and radioimmunoassay for urinary chorionic gonadotropin.

The Subhuman Primate Pregnancy Test kit was used for diagnosis of pregnancy in 17 marmosets. This hemagglutination inhibition test for urinary chorionic gonadotropin accurately indicated conception by positive responses in 72 and 76 specimens collected between the 4th and 10th wk following the estimated time of fertilization. The rate of false positive results did not exceed 1%. A radioimmunoassay system was used to quantify chorionic gonadotropin concentrations in urine. Detectable levels were present by the 2nd week of pregnancy. Peak chorionic gonadotropin levels were found between the 7th to 9th wk after conception. Chorionic gonadotropin excretion rates declined to undetectable levels during the final month of gestation.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Removal of nonspecific hemagglutination inhibitors, immunoglobulin G, and immunoglobulin A with streptococcal cells and its application to the rubella hemagglutination inhibition test.

A streptococcus, AW 43 strain, was found to bind nonspecific serum inhibitors of rubella virus hemagglutination (HA). This was demonstrated by titration of nonspecific HA inhibitors and by immunoelectrophoresis. Absorption of sera with the mixture of AW 43 cells, which bind IgA in addition to nonspecific HA inhibitors, and AR 1 cells, another strain of streptococci which bind IgG, removed nonspecific HA inhibitors, IgG, and IgA simultaneously, leaving behind IgM and a trace of IgA. Pretreatment of sera with those streptococcal cells prior to the rubella hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test enabled to circumvent kaolin treatment of sera, which partially removes IgM antibodies, and to determine exclusively the early-appearing antibodies. The rise and fall of the HI antibodies thus determined correlated well with that of the IgM antibodies determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Thus, this modified rubella HI test may be useful for serodiagnosis of recent rubella virus infection.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed1983

Antigenic hemagglutination inhibition test in examining of the culture supernatants of Clostridium botulinum types A, B, E, and F and some related bacterial species.

The hemagglutination inhibition test with using lyophilized preparations of the double botulinal indicator system (antigen sensitized erythrocytes and type-specific homologous antitoxic globulin) was used to the identification of the Cl. botulinum types A, B, E and F culture supernatants and the supernatants of other related bacteria. In the examined indicator hemagglutination system, the type-specific results were obtained in spite of the existence of antigenic cross-reactivity known inside the genus Clostridium. Absence hemagglutination inhibition reaction of the botulinal indicator system with cultured supernatants of the protein A - positive Staph. aureus strains was discussed.

Antigens, Bacterial↗
PubMed1971

Automation of a hemagglutination-inhibition test for parainfluenza 3 antibodies in bovine sera.

An automated hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test for the "shipping fever" strain (SF-4) of parainfluenza 3 antibody in bovine sera was developed and compared to manual tube and microtiter test procedures. The automated system operating at 60 samples per hr provided the most test results per specified time period, and the manual tube test provided the least. The manual microtiter test and the automated system at 40 samples per hr, falling between the two above procedures, were comparable in the number of sera that could be titrated in 1 day by one technician. There was little difference between automated and manual test reproducibility when measured at the twofold titer one-dilution difference level. However, the automated system titrated a higher number of sera at the same titer on repeat runs than either of the manual test procedures. The automated one-quartile difference reproducibility (each twofold dilution subdivided into 4 units-"quartiles") was equal to the manual test one-dilution difference reproducibility. The standard deviation of the per cent variation from the mean of paired serum titers for 40-sample-per-hr runs ranged from +/-3.49 to +/-5.36%. The manual and automated systems were of comparable sensitivity in their detection of negative sera.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

[Determination of fibrin-fibrinogen degradation products in the serum of newborn infants using a standardized hemagglutination inhibition test (the FDP kit)].

By means of the standardised hemagglutination inhibition immunoassay "FDP-Kit" the serum-concentration of fibrin-fibrinogen-split products (FSP) was measured in the cord blood of 36 healthy mature newborns and in the venous blood of 91 mature and immature healthy newborns within the first 5 days of life. The mean values and the values of the upper 95%-confidence limit were calculated. Furthermore determinations were done in the venous blood of 42 diseased newborns (bacterial infections, hyaline membranes, haemorrhage, postpartal shock) was examined. FSP-serum-concentrations higher than 11 micrograms/ml were observed only in ill newborns, concentrations higher than 20 micrograms/ml are reliably pathological values.

Bacterial Infections↗
PubMed1975

Influence of albumin on rubella virus hemagglutination and the hemagglutination-inhibition test.

The HEPES-saline-albumin-gelatin (HSAG) diluent found optimal for agglutination of fowl erythrocytes by rubella virus antigen is also optimal for agglutination of trypsin-treated human group O cells. Albumins from different commercial sources, however, can have varying inhibitory effects on rubella hemagglutination titers. This can have a significant effect on the hemagglutination-inhibition test since antibody titers measured by this procedure are related to the amount of antigen used.

Animals↗