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At least 91 records · Page 5Linked to original sources
PubMed1994

[Siebold's mydriatic eyedrops].

I discovered two prescriptions of mydriatic eye drops that seemed to be written by Von Siebold. One prescription (prescription 1) belongs to the Siebold Memorial Hall in Nagasaki City, and the other (prescription 2) to the Municipal Museum in Ohzu City in Ehime Prefecture. Prescription 2 does not bear Siebold's signature but can be considered to have been written by him based on handwriting analysis. The major drugs in these prescriptions are Ex Belladonna and Ex Hyoscyamus. However, both prescriptions seem to have been written not only for mydriasis but also for antiphlogistic, analgesic and anticonvulsant effects in patients with eye disease. Based on the notes of the JP III and JP V, the mydriatics used by Siebold in operations such as for cataract were Ex Belladonna and Ex Hyoscyamus at a concentration of about 1%. Prescription 1. For a male with eye disease. Ex Belladonna 0.65 g; Laudanum 20 drops; Barium chloride 1.3 g; Rose water or chamomile water 124.4 g. Administer 3 times/day. Von Siebold (signature). Prescription 2. For Soya's daughter in Narutaki. Ex Hyoscyamus 0.39 g; Rose water 62.2 g. Administer some drops twice/day.

Eye Diseases↗
PubMed1994

Solanaceae as medicinal plants in Israel.

In a recent survey, 106 local healers in Israel were interviewed concerning the use of Solanaceae as medicinal plants. The main findings reveal that: (a) only four species (Lycium europeaum, Solanum nigrum, Hyoscyamus aureus, Hyoscyamus albus) are extensively used today; (b) the use of some traditional plants has been almost abandoned (Datura spp., Mandragora autumnalis, Withania somnifera); (c) today all the plants are applied externally, they are rarely used as narcotics; (d) most use of these plants is local, only in a few cases is a uniform use found throughout the whole country, and in all ethnic groups; (e) the extensive distribution of modern, safe narcotics, sedatives and anaesthetics has reduced the use of the Solanaceae for these purposes.

Ethnicity↗
PubMed1996

Identifying functional domains within terpene cyclases using a domain-swapping strategy.

Cyclic terpenes and terpenoids are found throughout nature. They comprise an especially important class of compounds from plants that mediate plant- environment interactions, and they serve as pharmaceutical agents with antimicrobial and anti-tumor activities. Molecular comparisons of several terpene cyclases, the key enzymes responsible for the multistep cyclization of C10, C15, and C20 allylic diphosphate substrates, have revealed a striking level of sequence similarity and conservation of exon position and size within the genes. Functional domains responsible for a terminal enzymatic step were identified by swapping regions approximating exons between a Nicotiana tabacum 5-epi-aristolochene synthase (TEAS) gene and a Hyoscyamus muticus vetispiradiene synthase (HVS) gene and by characterization of the resulting chimeric enzymes expressed in bacteria. While exon 4 of the TEAS gene conferred specificity for the predominant reaction products of the tobacco enzyme, exon 6 of the HVS gene conferred specificity for the predominant reaction products of the Hyoscyamus enzyme. Combining these two functional domains of the TEAS and HVS genes resulted in a novel enzyme capable of synthesizing reaction products reflective of both parent enzymes. The relative ratio of the TEAS and HVS reaction products was also influenced by the source of exon 5 present in the new chimeric enzymes. The association of catalytic activities with conserved but separate exonic domains suggests a general means for generating additional novel terpene cyclases.

Alkyl and Aryl Transferases↗
PubMed2005

Enhanced secretion of tropane alkaloids in Nicotiana tabacum hairy roots expressing heterologous hyoscyamine-6beta-hydroxylase.

Hyoscyamine-6beta-hydroxylase (H6H; EC 1.14.11.11) catalyses oxidative reactions in the biosynthetic pathway leading from hyoscyamine to the more pharmaceutically valuable tropane alkaloid scopolamine. The h6h gene encoding H6H from Hyoscyamus niger was introduced, under the control of the CaMV 35S promoter, into non-hyoscyamine-producing Nicotiana tabacum and hyoscyamine-producing Hyoscyamus muticus. The transformation was performed using a binary vector system based on Agrobacterium rhizogenes. Production of scopolamine in hairy roots was clearly correlated with the 35S-h6h transcript expression. The engineered N. tabacum and H. muticus hairy roots were studied for the production of scopolamine and other tropane and nicotine alkaloids after feeding the cultures with exogenous hyoscyamine. N. tabacum hairy roots carrying the 35S-h6h transgene showed a more efficient uptake of hyoscyamine from the culture medium and a higher rate of bioconversion of hyoscyamine to scopolamine than those of H. muticus. In particular, the secretion of scopolamine in N. tabacum hairy roots was remarkably high, up to 85% of the total scopolamine being released to the culture medium. Exogenous hyoscyamine also caused changes in nicotine alkaloid accumulation in N. tabacum hairy roots.

Alkaloids↗
PubMed1986

Hyoscyamine 6beta-hydroxylase, a 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase, in alkaloid-producing root cultures.

Root cultures of various solanaceous plants grow well in vitro and produce large amounts of tropane alkaloids. Enzyme activity that converts hyoscyamine to 6beta-hydroxyhyoscyamine is present in cell-free extracts from cultured roots of Hyoscyamus niger L. The enzyme hyoscyamine 6beta-hydroxylase was purified 3.3-fold and characterized. The hydroxylation reaction has absolute requirements for hyoscyamine, 2-oxoglutarate, Fe(2+) ions and molecular oxygen, and ascorbate stimulates this reaction. Only the l-isomer of hyoscyamine serves as a substrate; d-hyoscyamine is nearly inactive. Comparisons were made with a number of root, shoot, and callus cultures of the Atropa, Datura, Duboisia, Hyoscyamus, and Nicotiana species for the presence of the hydroxylase activity. Decarboxylation of 2-oxoglutarate during the conversion reaction was studied using [1-(14)C]-2-oxoglutarate. A 1:1 stoichiometry was shown between the hyoscyamine-dependent formation of CO(2) from 2-oxoglutarate and the hydroxylation of hyoscyamine. Therefore, the enzyme can be classified as a 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase (EC 1.14.11.-). Both the supply of hyoscyamine and the hydroxylase activity determine the amounts of 6beta-hydroxyhyoscyamine and scopolamine produced in alkaloid-producing cultures.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1991

Hyoscyamine 6 beta-hydroxylase, an enzyme involved in tropane alkaloid biosynthesis, is localized at the pericycle of the root.

Hyoscyamine 6 beta-hydroxylase (H6H; EC 1.14.11.11) catalyzes the first reaction in the biosynthetic pathway from hyoscyamine to scopolamine in several solanaceous plants. Four monoclonal antibodies were raised against H6H purified from cultured roots of Hyoscyamus niger. The IgG1 antibody mAb5 inhibited H6H activities present in cell-free extracts of H. niger roots and specifically recognized 38-40-kDa proteins from six different scopolamine-producing plant species in Western blot analysis after sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The other three monoclonal antibodies all recognized SDS-denatured H6H protein from Hyoscyamus species, but did not bind to native H6H. Western blot analysis of protein extracts from various tissues of H. niger using these antibodies showed that H6H is abundant in cultured roots, present in plant roots, but absent in leaf, stem, calyx, cultured cells, and cultured shoots. Immunohistochemical studies using monoclonal antibody and immunogold-silver enhancement detected H6H only in the pericycle cells of the young root in several scopolamine-producing plants. Mature roots that underwent secondary growth and lacked the pericycle did not react with the antibody. This pericycle-specific localization of scopolamine biosynthesis provides an anatomical explanation for the tissue-specific biosynthesis of tropane alkaloids and may be important for translocation of tropane alkaloids from the root to the aerial parts.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMed2005

Extraction of atropine by ultrasounds in different solvent systems.

The use of ultrasounds for extraction of atropine from Egyptian henbane (Hyoscyamus muticus) has been studied. The kinetic of extraction using various solvent systems was carried out. The results obtained have shown that the most efficient system of solvents was CH3OH/CH3CN (80:20). The amount of atropine was calculated by HPLC.

Atropine↗
PubMed2006

Biotransformation of hyoscyamine into scopolamine in transgenic tobacco cell cultures.

Hyoscyamine-6beta-hydroxylase (H6H) catalyses the conversion of hyoscyamine into its epoxide scopolamine, a compound with a higher added value in the pharmaceutical market than hyoscyamine. We report the establishment of tobacco cell cultures carrying the Hyoscyamus muticus h6h gene under the control of the promoter CAMV 35S. The cell cultures were derived from hairy roots obtained via genetically modified Agrobacterium rhizogenes carrying the pRi and pLAL21 plasmids. The cultures were fed with hyoscyamine, and 4 weeks later the amount of scopolamine produced was quantified by HPLC. The transgenic cell suspension cultures showed a considerable capacity for the bioconversion of hyoscyamine into scopolamine, and released it to the culture medium. Although the scale-up from shake-flask to bioreactor culture usually results in reduced productivities, our transgenic cells grown in a 5-L turbine stirred tank reactor in a batch mode significantly increased the scopolamine accumulation.

Atropine↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Intoxication with henbane].

Henbane, Hyoscyamus niger, is a hallucinogenic plant, widely spread and easy accessible, which contains anticholinergic substances. Ingestion, intentional or accidental, can provoke serious worsening of psychophysical state and can cause even death. Intoxication resembles the one with atropine. Symptoms like mydriasis, tachycardia, arrhythmia, agitation, convulsion and coma can appear. Diagnosis is made by clinical symptomatology and history. Therapeutic acts include stomach lavage, supportive therapy and physostigmine as a specific antidote. Prognosis is usually good.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Characterization of fluid-flow resistance in root cultures with a convective flow tubular bioreactor

Agrobacterium transformed root cultures of Hyoscyamus muticus were grown in a recirculating 2 L tubular bioreactor system. Performance of this convective flow reactor (CFR) was compared to a bubble column (BC) reactor of the same geometry: replicated CFR experiments produced an average tissue concentration of 556 +/- 4 grams fresh weight per liter in 30 d whereas the bubble column produced only 328 +/- 5 grams per liter corresponding to 25.3 +/- 0.0 and 14.3 +/- 0.5 grams dry weight per liter, respectively. Because media nutrient levels were maintained sufficiently high to saturate growth rate, the improved performance of the CFR is attributed to enhanced convective mass transfer. The pressure drops observed for flow through roots grown within the reactors were more than an order of magnitude higher than previously obtained by placing roots grown in shake culture into defined geometries. The experimentally observed flow resistance was much higher than would be predicted from correlations using the root diameter as the characteristic diameter for flow resistance. Several lines of evidence suggest that root hairs are a substantial contributor to the observed high flow resistance in these transformed root cultures. Pressure drop increased nonlinearly with velocity which could not be adequately described by a modified form of the Ergun equation. Kyan et al's (1970) equation, although predicting such curvature, relies almost exclusively on an empirical packing deflection term to describe the hydrodynamic behavior. Implications of these results to the design of submerged reactor systems for root culture are discussed. Copyright 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2000

Inhibitory role of root hairs on transport within root culture bioreactors.

An experimental system was developed to produce root cultures of Hyoscyamus muticus with and without the profuse root hairs. Growth in the presence of 7.6 microM pyrene butyric acid (PBA) and 2.2 mM phosphate virtually eliminated root hairs, whereas growth rate, general morphology and nutrient yields remained unchanged in well-mixed flask culture. These root cultures were used to demonstrate decreased flow resistance in a tubular reactor as a result of root hair removal. To assess the impact on bioreactor performance, hairy and hairless root cultures were grown in a highly characterized 15-L bubble column bioreactor. In the absence of root hairs, the mixing was greatly enhanced; mixing times became shorter for the hairless culture at roughly 100 g (fresh weight)/L. By the end of the 3-week culture period, the mixing time of the hairy culture was 29 times longer than that of the hairless culture. The growth rate of the hairless culture in the bioreactor was as much as 2.4 times greater than growth of the hairy culture under the same conditions. The improved reactor performance was reflected in greater biomass accumulation and respiratory activity. These results show that the root hairs-which facilitate nutrient uptake in a static soil environment-are detrimental to growth in a liquid environment as an effect of their stagnating fluid flow and limiting oxygen availability.

Biological Transport↗
PubMed1980

Rhizosphere fungi of five plants in Egypt.

75 species which belong to 25 genera were collected during this investigation. All of these fungi were previously isolated from Egyptian soils and other sources. The total count and the number of genera and species in the rhizosphere soil of the 5 plants were regularly higher than in non-rhizosphere soil. The composition of the rhizosphere fungus flora was considerably influenced by the type and the age of the plant. The most prevalent fungi in the rhizosphere of the test plants after 45, 90, and 150 days were as follows: in Helianthus annuus, Stachybotrys atra and Aspergillus niger; in Chrysanthemum coronarium, Cladosporium herbarum, A. sydowii and Penicillium funiculosum; in Nigella sativa, Fusarium moniliforme and A. sydowii; in Datura innoxia, A. fumigatus and A. terreus; in Hyoscyamus muticus, C. herbarum and A. sydowii; and in soil, P. funiculosum, A. terreus and A. niger. The counts of total fungi and most of the common fungal species, except in the case of Datura innoxia, reached their maxima after 90 days and sharply declined after 150 days.

Egypt↗
PubMed1976

Determination of hyoscyamine in BPC mixtures.

The hyoscyamine contents of four BPC mixtures (containing either belladonna or hyoscyamus tincture) were determined using the acid-dye technique. A sample size of 10 ml was required. The mean percentage recovery of hyoscyamine ranged from 99.73 to 101.03 from three mixtures; from the magnesium trisilicate and belladonna mixture, it was 94.8. The effects of pH and adsorption on the extraction of the alkaloid-dye complex from the mixtures examined are discussed.

Aluminum Hydroxide↗