PubMed Health⌕ Search

SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “HYPOGLOSSAL NERVE”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 91 records · Page 5Linked to original sources
PubMed1993

Glossopharyngeal-hypoglossal nerve reflex of the frog in metamorphosis.

In adult frogs, a reflex discharge is elicited from the hypoglossal nerve by mechanical and chemical stimuli to the centre of the tongue surface and electrical stimuli to the glossopharyngeal nerve innervating tongue. However, there has been no report concerning the embryological stage at which this reflex develops. The metamorphosis of a frog is divided into three parts, premetamorphic, metamorphic and climax stage. In the climax stage, the forelimbs are lengthened and the tail gradually shortened. The glossopharyngeal-hypoglossal nerve reflex arose in the early climax stage, during which the tongue appeared on the floor of the mouth. At this stage, the conduction velocities of the first compound action potential of the glossopharyngeal and hypoglossal nerves were about 8.7 and 9.3 m/s, respectively. The latency of the reflex was long, especially the central latency. The response of the glossopharyngeal nerve and the reflex discharge from the hypoglossal nerve upon mechanical stimulation of the tongue were smaller in the tadpole than in the adult frog. As metamorphosis proceeded, the conduction velocity of these nerves increased; the latency shortened, especially the central latency; the reflex response to mechanical stimulus increased. These results suggest that, although the glossopharyngeal-hypoglossal nerve reflex is developed in the early climax stage, it is completed only in the adult frog. Therefore, adult frogs living mainly on land may reject and swallow prey by this reflective tongue movement.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed2004

[Study of the anatomical location of hypoglossal nerve at tongue base of male adults].

PURPOSE: This study was undertaken to analyze the anatomical location of hypoglossal nerve at tongue base of male adults to avoid creating a function deficit during radiofrequency of tongue base in OSAHS. METHODS: Ten tongues of male adults in frozen were coronally dissected at foramen cecum, 5 mm,10 mm, 15 mm before/after the foramen cecum. Vertical and horizontal distance of hypoglossal nerve to the surface and middle line of the tongue were measured using computer image procession in micrometer. The data were analyzed with such statistical methods as descriptive statistics, paired t-testing, linear correlation analysis. RESULTS: (1) The anatomical location of the bi-lateral hypoglossal nerve is symmetrical in principle. (2) At the tongue base: The distance of hypoglossal nerve to the surface is 22.21+/-2.22 mm, and has no correlation to the length and the width of the tongue. There are some regularities of the anatomical location of the hypoglossal nerve before/after the foramen cecum. Before the foramen cecum the hypoglossal nerve is located in the mid-medial (21.89+/-1.93)% and after the foramen cecum is in the mid-medial (28.61+/-2.66)%. CONCLUSION: We conclude that if the depth of the needle-polar penetrating into the tongue base doesn't exceed (22.21+/-2.22)mm, and keep away from mid-medial (21.89+/-1.93)% ( before the foramen cecum ) or mid-medial (28.61+/-2.66)% after the foramen cecum, it may be helpful to avoid creating a function deficit when radiofrequency tongue base in snoring and OSAHS is performed.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Postsynaptic potentials in the hypoglossal motoneurons set up by hypoglossal nerve stimulation.

In nembutalized cats intracellular potentials were recorded from hypoglossal motoneurons innervating either protruder or retractor muscles of the tonge (protruder and retractor motoneurons: P-Mns and R-Mns). Responses to stimulation of the hypoglossal nerve were explored and found to consist of an antidromic spike followed by an afterhyperpolarization (AHP) and a postsynaptic potential (PSP). When hypoglossal nerve stimulation was made with an intensity three times as large as the threshold for the hypoglossal motor fibers, the PSPs became evident under blockage of soma-dendritic invasion of the antidromic spike. In most of P-Mns or R-Mns, the PSPs were IPSPs, independent of the side of peripheral stimulation. The latencies were about 12 msec. Even when the cell membrane was hyperpolarized by injecting a hyperpolarizing current of up to 16 nA, the reversal point of the IPSP was difficult to find. In a small fraction of hypoglossal motoneurons the PSPs to hypoglossal nerve stimulation were EPSPs with latencies of 10 to 12 msec.

Afferent Pathways↗
PubMed1982

[Paralysis of the hypoglossal nerve after tonsillectomy? (author's transl)].

While injuries of the lingual nerve and the glossopharyngeal nerve in tonsillectomy are possible, a lesion of the hypoglossal nerve is not understandable because of its anatomical course. To see a connection between the lesion of the nerve and a tonsillectomy is probably due to a wrong anatomical concept or incorrect topographical figures. Seen from the oral cavity, the hypoglossal nerve lies behind the great arteries and has, in the region of the floor of the mouth, no direct connection with the tonsil. The medicolegal aspects are reported. Lesion of the hypoglossal nerve might be possible only in bronchoscopy or in direct laryngoscopy.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Afferent and efferent components of the hypoglossal nerve in the grass frog, Rana pipiens.

In amphibians, the spinomedullary region of the central nervous system is compressed rostrocaudally because of the absence of a neck. In Ranid frogs, the hypoglossal nerve emerges as the ventral ramus of the second spinal nerve. The first spinal nerve, though present in tadpoles, is absent as a separate nerve in adults. To investigate the central nervous system components of the hypoglossal nerve in Rana pipiens, we soaked identified, transected branches of this nerve in horseradish peroxidase, a retrograde and anterograde tracer. We found that the hypoglossal nerve in these frogs originates from two efferent nuclei located in the caudal medulla, a medial and a lateral one. Afferent fibers, primarily from the tongue, are also found in the hypoglossal nerve and travel in the dorsolateral funiculus of the spinal cord, descending to thoracic levels of the cord. Efferents to intrinsic tongue muscles and the genioglossus muscle originate in the medial medullary nucleus. Efferents to the sternohyoid muscle, which travel through the hypoglossal nerve, originate in the lateral medullary nucleus. Since in mammals the sternohyoid muscle is innervated by the first spinal nerve, we have obtained experimental evidence that the hypoglossal nerve in Rana pipiens contains components of this spinal nerve.

Afferent Pathways↗
PubMed1995

Hypoglossal nerve stimulation affects the pressure-volume behavior of the upper airway.

To determine the effects of electrical hypoglossal nerve and submental stimulation on upper airway collapsibility, we examined the pressure-volume (P-V) relationships during bilateral supramaximal stimulation of the distal cut hypoglossal nerve ends over a range of frequencies from zero to 100 Hz in the sealed upper airway of 10 anesthetized supine dogs. Animals were artificially ventilated with 50% O2 and maintained under relative hyperoxia and hypocapnia during the study to eliminate the ventilatory drive output. Sealed upper airway pressures were obtained during random injections of different volumes of air from zero to 50 ml with and without hypoglossal nerve stimulation, and the upper airway P-V curves were obtained. The characteristics of the P-V curves were as follows: (1) the upper airway compliance defined as the slope of the regression of P-V curves fell from 4.07 +/- 0.33 ml/cm H2O without stimulation to 3.02 +/- 0.30 ml/cm H2O with stimulation at 50 Hz and plateaued at frequencies greater than 50 Hz, and (2) the volume at a given pressure during stimulation was larger than that without stimulation. The effects of submental stimulation on upper airway collapsibility were similar to those of hypoglossal nerve stimulation. These results suggest that the increase of upper airway muscle tone by hypoglossal nerve or submental stimulation stiffens the upper airway and that increases in muscle tone expand the upper airway.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Isolated hypoglossal nerve palsy in a 14-year-old girl.

Isolated hypoglossal nerve palsy is rare, but occasionally it appears as the initial or solitary sign of an intracranial or extracranial space-occupying lesion or a vascular abnormality of the internal carotid artery. We present a 14-year-old girl who, following an upper respiratory tract infection, presented with isolated right hypoglossal nerve palsy. Anti-streptolysin O titre was increased to >1280 suggesting a preceding streptococcal infection. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain did not show any intracranial or extracranial abnormality. She had a partial improvement at 3 months. This case emphasizes the value of recognizing the existence of benign self-limiting, post-infectious causes of isolated hypoglossal nerve palsies in children.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

[Mesoscopic and microscopic aspects of the hypoglossal nerve (author's transl)].

Mesoscopic observations on the hypoglossal nerve at the level of the superior portion of the hýpoglossal canal, show that this nerve is separated by bundles, which are attached to the wall of the venous plexus of the hypoglossal canal by means of numerous fibrous septum disposed transversally to the lumen of the canal. The union of the bundles constituting the trunk of the hypoglossal nerve only occurs near this emergency of the base skull through of the hypoglossal canal. One of this nervous bundles described stretch adhesive to the wall of the venous plexus of the hypoglossal canal, while the others are disposed centrally to the lumen of the canal. The central bundle and the fibrous septum delimit tha vascular compartments of the venous plexus of the hypoglossal canal. Microscopically, connective sheaths around the nervous bundles composed of fascicles of circular, oblique, longitudinal collagenic fibers were observed.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Morphometric aspects of the human hypoglossal nerve in adults and the elderly.

AIM: Perform a morphometric analysis of the myelinic fibers of the right hypoglossal nerve, in two age groups; to verify quantitative changes as a result of the aging process. STUDY DESIGN: Anatomic. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A 1 cm fragment of the right hypoglossal nerve was collected from 12 male corpses without any medical history of diseases such as: diabetes, alcoholism, and malignant neoplasia. The sample was divided in two groups: group with six corpses under sixty years old (adult), and another group with six corpses sixty years old or above (elderly). The material was fixed at 2.5% glutaldehyde and 2% paraformaldehyde solution; post-fixed at 2% osmium tetroxide; dehydrated with increasing ethanol concentrations, and included in epoxy resin. Semi-thin sections of 0.3 microm were obtaining, colored in 1% toluidine blue, and evaluated with light microscope combined with image analyzing system. The following morphometric data were quantified: intraperineural transversal section area, number, and diameter of the myelinic fibers. RESULTS: The intraperineural area of the hypoglossal nerve was similar in both age groups (p=0.8691). The average area in the adult group was 1.697 mm2 and in the elderly group it was 1.649 mm2. The total number of myelinic fibers of the hypoglossal nerve was similar in both age groups (p=0.9018). The adult group presented an average of 10,286 +/- 2,308 myelinic fibers, and the elderly group presented an average of 10,141 +/- 1,590 myelinic fibers. A bimodal distribution of the myelinic fibers was observed, with a significant peak on the 9 microm fibers, and another smaller peak on the 2 microm fibers. CONCLUSION: The intraperineural area and the total number of myelinic fibers of the right hypoglossal nerve are similar in both age groups.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Afferent neurons of the hypoglossal nerve of the rat as demonstrated by horseradish peroxidase tracing.

Cell bodies of sensory neurons of the rat's hypoglossal nerve were demonstrated by the somatopetal horseradish peroxidase (HRP) transport technique. Labelled perikarya were found within the second and third cervical spinal ganglia and in the vagal sensory ganglia. After application of HRP to the cut peripheral trunk of the hypoglossal nerve about 200 labelled cell bodies were counted in each animal. The vast majority of the axons from cervical spinal ganglion cells reach the hypoglossal nerve via the descending ramus (N. descendens hypoglossi). However, there may exist an additional pathway, probably via the cervical sympathetic trunk. Application of HPR to the medial and lateral end branches led to a labelling of much fewer spinal ganglion cells while the number of labelled vegal sensory neurons remained unchanged. Thus, it is suggested that the majority of the cervical afferents of the hypoglossal nerve originates within the extrinsic tongue musculature and the geniohyoid muscle, whereas the vagal afferents may perhaps derive exclusively from the intrinsic muslces. Histograms of the mean diameters of labelled cell bodies show a predominance of very small perikarya. This contrasts with the diameter distribution of sensory perikarya labelled after HRP application to nerves supplying other skeletal muscles. It is therefore assumed that the afferent component of the hypoglossal nerve is composed mainly of small-calibre axons.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Quantitative ultrastructural observations on the inhibited recovery of the hypoglossal nucleus from the axotomy response when regeneration of the hypoglossal nerve is prevented.

Electron micrographs of the left hypoglossal nucleus were quantitatively analyzed in adult rats 52 to 98 days after transection of the left hypoglossal nerve and implantation of the proximal stump into the already innervated ipsilateral sternomastoid muscle, a procedure which prevented the transected nerve from regenerating. Many presynaptic boutons with clear spherical synaptic vesicles and symmetrical synapses were lost from the injured perikarya and dendrites. Some perikarya and dendrites (and, rarely, boutons) became electron dense, and astrocyte or microglial sheaths partly surrounded them. Numbers of dendrite profiles in the neuropil decreased. These statistically significant effects persisted throughout the postoperative period, whereas after axotomy with unimpeded nerve regeneration, these features would have returned to normal by 84 days postoperatively. It was therefore suggested that their recovery depended upon successful regeneration and reconnection of the hypoglossal nerve with the tongue. Subsurface cisterns, and profiles containing unusual inclusions, were numerically normal 52 to 98 days postoperatively, so it was suggested that their early response and recovery after simple axotomy might be entirely dependent on nerve disconnection and not on nerve reconnection.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Hypoglossal nerve transfer in obstetric brachial plexus palsy.

A cost-benefit analysis was performed of hypoglossal nerve transfer in six patients with obstetric brachial palsy taking into account the factors donor site morbidity and extent of recovery. Hypoglossal nerve transfer was employed in four children for elbow flexion only; in two patients for elbow flexion as well as for elbow extension. The transfer was part of an extended brachial plexus reconstruction for treatment of obstetric brachial plexus palsy. After a mean post-operative interval of 52 months (SD+/-8.1), two professional speech therapists investigated late donor site morbidity by analyzing elementary and communicative functions. The functional result for the arm was assessed using the Mallet scale and by performing a physical examination. Following hypoglossal nerve transfer, early donor site morbidity was significant causing great anxiety in the parents. Late donor site morbidity consisted of serious oral problems in a number of the children. They also showed clear associated movements in the arm during mouth/tongue activity. Recovery of powerful volitional elbow flexion was achieved in four cases only. We do not believe that the sacrifice of such an important function as exerted by the hypoglossal nerve is balanced by the gain demonstrated in our series.

Brachial Plexus↗
PubMed1997

The blood supply of the hypoglossal nerve: the microsurgical anatomy of its cisternal segment.

BACKGROUND: While the characteristics of the vasculature of the second (intracanalicular) segment of the hypoglossal nerve are well known, the vascularization of the first (cisternal) segment of this nerve has not been examined so far. Many pathologic processes and malformations can be located in the premedullary cistern, which may affect the vasculature of the cisternal segment. Consequently, we decided to examine the blood supply of the cisternal segment. METHODS: The anatomic features of the cisternal segment and its vasculature were examined in 15 hypoglossal nerves after injection of india ink and gelatin into the vertebrobasilar arterial system. RESULTS: The cisternal segment was noted to consist of 3-15 long roots, which usually formed two trunks of the hypoglossal nerve. The roots of each nerve received blood from the anterolateral and the lateral medullary arteries, which ranged from 3 to 5 in number and between 100 microns and 500 microns in caliber. These arteries may arise from the perforating branches or the pontomedullary branch of the basilar artery; the vertebral artery or its perforators; the anterior spinal artery or its vascular roots; the posterior spinal artery; and the posterior inferior cerebellar artery. The main hypoglossal arteries, which ranged in diameter from 20 microns to 80 microns, always coursed along the dorsal surface of the roots of the hypoglossal nerve. CONCLUSIONS: The cisternal segment of the hypoglossal nerve was always vascularized by several vessels, which mainly originated from the vertebral artery and its branches. This observation was discussed from the neurosurgical point of view.

Cadaver↗
PubMed2000

Isolated, unilateral, reversible palsy of the hypoglossal nerve.

We report three patients with isolated unilateral hypoglossal nerve palsy who experienced an excellent outcome. In two patients no cause was found. Our study seems to confirm that the occurrence of benign and idiopathic isolated unilateral palsy of the hypoglossal nerve is more frequent than previously reported. We would like to stress that neuroimaging studies remain mandatory in order to exclude other common causes, such as tumour and spontaneous or traumatic vascular lesions, in which a specific treatment is necessary.

Adolescent↗