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PubMedDate not supplied

Continuous arteriovenous hemofiltration of aminoglycoside antibiotics in critically ill patients.

The effect of continuous arteriovenous hemofiltration on the clearance of either tobramycin or gentamicin (mean dose, 1.65 +/- 0.36 mg/kg) was studied in eight critically ill patients. Mean aminoglycoside clearance by hemofiltration was 3.47 +/- 1.93 mL/min and total body clearance was 11.92 +/- 3.51 mL/min. Hemofiltration clearance (HFCL) was directly correlated with hemofiltration flow rate (HFQR): HFCL (mL/min) = 1.03 HFQR (mL/min)-0.88 (R = .89). Mean volume of distribution was 0.31 +/- 0.08 L/kg, and the elimination rate constant was 0.020 +/- 0.01 hr-1. Continuous arteriovenous hemofiltration was responsible for the removal of between 3% and 36% of each aminoglycoside dose in 24 hours. In critically ill patients with changing hemofiltration flow rates, measurement of multiple serum aminoglycoside concentrations is necessary to accurately assess dosing requirements and avoid ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity.

Adult↗

PubMed1987

[Hemofiltration for the reduction of lung fluid in ARDS?].

Hemofiltration has been advocated for reduction of extravascular lung water (EVLW) in both clinical and experimental ARDS. The influence of hemofiltration on EVLW was studied retrospectively in 10 patients with this syndrome. After 2 to 38 hours' hemofiltration net fluid balance was -3640 +/- 3609 ml. EVLW remained almost unchanged (from 17.6 +/- 5.4 before to 15.6 +/- 4.1 ml/kg after hemofiltration). In 4 patients a reduction of over 15% in EVLW was achieved, whereas in the remaining 6 patients EVLW changed within a range of +/- 10%. However, hemofiltration caused a decrease in cardiac output and oxygen delivery, thereby adversely affecting its benefits on EVLW and gas exchange. In ARDS hemofiltration should be performed under careful hemodynamic monitoring and only in some of the patients an immediate reduction in EVLW can be achieved.

Adult↗

PubMed1985

[Hemofiltration and the neurohumoral system in patients with severe heart failure].

6 fluid overloaded patients with congestive heart failure, NYHA classification IV, resistant to drug therapy, were treated by pump driven venovenous hemofiltration. The sympathetic nervous system measured by plasma norepinephrine concentration was stimulated in all patients. 4 of 6 patients had a markedly enhanced plasma renin activity. Between 7 and 20 l of fluid were removed by hemofiltration. The expected increase of plasma norepinephrine did not occur in 4 out of 6 patients. The improvement of cardiac pump function by hemofiltration could be an explanation for this apparent paradoxical regulation. Patients who had almost a normal plasma renin activity prior to hemofiltration showed a marked increase after the procedure. In patients with extremely high levels of plasma renin activity we noted a decrease after hemofiltration. Almost in every patient with a serum sodium concentration lower or equal 132 mmol/l the plasma renin activity was markedly elevated. Patients with normal serum sodium concentrations exhibited only slightly elevated plasma renin activity. Therefore, a hyponatremia in patients with heart failure can be used as a marker for high plasma renin activity. All patients had a significant improvement of the clinical state after hemofiltration. 3 patients, however, showed deterioration within a few weeks, due to the severity of the disease. Their plasma norepinephrine levels remained high or had a tendency to increase.

Adult↗

PubMed1983

Long-term follow up in chronic hemofiltration.

The course of treatment is demonstrated in 72 patients with chronic renal insufficiency who were undergoing regular hemofiltration for more than 6 months. 29 patients were treated for more than 5 years and 8 for more than 6 years with hemofiltration exclusively, total experience comprising 2,985 patient months. Thus, 16% of all patients accepted for artificial kidney treatment were selected for this form of therapy. Main reasons for transfer from hemodialysis to hemofiltration were hypotension, hypertension and/or repeated episodes of overhydration. In 12 patients with severe drug- and dialysis-resistant hypertension, blood pressure was normalized within 6 weeks after transfer to hemofiltration. Whereas some parameters of lipid and bone metabolism showed a tendency towards normalization, a favourable effect of hemofiltration on neuropathy was not observed. Main causes of death were encephalomalacia and cardiac infarction. Contraindications for post-dilution hemofiltration are vascular access problems resulting in a reduced blood flow and severe catabolism with accumulation of low molecular protein metabolites or potassium.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1978

Chronic hemofiltration. A critical evaluation of a new method for the treatment of blood.

The experiences which have been compiled in more than 2400 hemofiltrations confirm that this method represents an alternative way of treating uremic patients. The main advantages of chronic hemofiltration are the comfort of the patient and the ease in handling excess overhydration without extending treatment time, which is less than 3 X 3 hours/week if adequate hemofilters are used. With regard to the improvement of such typical uremic complications as severe hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia or neuropathy, hemofiltration does not seem to be superior to hemodialysis. However, since most hemofiltration patients do not require phosphate binders and, additionally, remarkable amounts of parathyroid hormone are removed during one hemofiltration, it appears possible that hemofiltration might be an important therapeutic alternative for those renal patients who suffer from severe hyperphosphatemia and secondary hyperparathyroidism.

Adult↗

PubMed1990

Hemofiltrability of H2-receptor antagonist, famotidine, in renal failure patients.

To determine if a new H2-receptor antagonist, famotidine, would be significantly removed by arteriovenous hemofiltration, we measured plasma concentrations and amounts of the drug recovered in ultrafiltrate during 18 sessions of an intermittent hemofiltration performed in five patients with renal failure receiving the repeated intravenous dosings of the drug (5-20 mg/day). Plasma and ultrafiltrate drug concentrations were determined by using a high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescent detection. The mean (+/- SD) amount of the drug removed by the procedure, which was performed at the mean ultrafiltration rate of 19.0 +/- 6.0 ml/min over the mean duration of 212 +/- 168 min, corresponded to 4.1 +/- 2.2% of the daily maintenance doses. There was a significant (r = 0.90, P less than .01) linear relationship between the hemofiltration clearance and the ultrafiltration rate, indicating that the sieving coefficient, an index filtration efficiency, for the drug was largely constant (i.e., 0.73 +/- 0.10) over the ranging filtration rates (i.e., 3.9-29.5 mL/min) employed in the present study. When the mean filtration efficiency of 0.73 obtained from the study is extrapolated into a 24-hour continuous arteriovenous hemofiltration performed at commonly used filtration rates (i.e., 6-12 ml/min), the 24-hour hemofiltration clearances are estimated to range from 4 to 9 ml/min. These clearance values are found to correspond to only 10 to 25% of the mean total body clearance (about 35 ml/min) reported from anuric patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Aged↗

PubMed1996

Pharmacokinetics of ceftriaxone in patients undergoing continuous veno-venous hemofiltration.

Continuous hemofiltration is used widely in the management of patients with acute renal failure, but administration guidelines for many drugs have yet to be established. In this study, the pharmacokinetics of ceftriaxone were compared in patients with normal renal function (n = 9), mild renal insufficiency (n = 5), and acute renal failure receiving continuous veno-venous hemofiltration (n = 6). Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined under steady state conditions. Patients with mild renal insufficiency had a significantly lower renal clearance and longer half-life of ceftriaxone; however, drug recovery in the ultrafiltrate with continuous veno-venous hemofiltration was similar to that in the urine of patients with normal renal function. Pharmacokinetic parameters for renal, nonrenal, and systemic clearance and for volume of distribution and half-life were also similar between patients receiving continuous veno-venous hemofiltration and those with normal renal function. The sieving coefficient (S) of ceftriaxone (0.69) significantly exceeded the expected free fraction in plasma, confirming previous reports that protein binding does not limit the sieving of this compound. The results suggest that a reduction in the usual daily dose of ceftriaxone is not required in patients with acute renal failure receiving continuous veno-venous hemofiltration.

Acute Kidney Injury↗

PubMed2004

Effect of early hemofiltration on pro- and anti-inflammatory responses and multiple organ failure in severe acute pancreatitis.

The effects of early hemofiltration on the serum levels of cytokines, pro- and anti-inflammatory balance and organ function in pigs with severe acute pancreatits (SAP) were studied. SAP pig model was induced by retrograde injection of artificial bile into the pancreatic duct. The pigs were randomly divided into SAP hemofiltration treatment group (HF group, n=8) and SAP non-hemofiltration treatment group (NHF group, n=8). In the HF group, the animals were subjected to high-volume and zero-balance hemofiltration therapy. The results showed that as compared with NHF group, MAP, CVP and PaO2/FiO2 were significantly increased (P<0.01), while HR, urinary protein content, serum ALT level, pulmonary coefficient and lung wet/dry ratio obviously decreased (P<0.05) in HF group. Under a light microscope, the pulmonary histologic scoring was lower that in HF group (P<0.01) and the lesions of renal and liver tissues were milder. However, there was no significant difference in the pancreatic histologic scoring between the two groups. Six h after establishment of the model, the serum levels of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta were lower, while the IL-10/ TNF-alpha ratio was higher in HF group (all P<0.05). It was suggested that early hemofiltration could effectively remove the serum cytokines TNF-alpha and IL-1beta in SAP pigs, elevate the ratio of IL-10/TNF-alpha, improve hemodynamics and alleviate the lesions of lung, kidney and liver tissues.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

Changes in circulating norepinephrine with hemofiltration in advanced congestive heart failure.

In congestive heart failure (CHF), hemofiltration is associated with an obvious decrease in circulating norepinephrine. This method was used for investigating the mechanisms whereby plasma norepinephrine is increased in chronic CHF. In 23 cases of advanced CHF, hemofiltration (2,983 +/- 1,228 ml) lowered plasma norepinephrine by 515 +/- 444 pg/ml. This effect was prompt, persisted or became greater in the next 24 hours. It was not associated with significant changes in cardiac output, aortic pressure or systemic vascular resistance. It did not appear to depend on variations in parameters related to the sympathetic activity, such as plasma renin, right atrial, wedge pulmonary artery and renal perfusion pressures, and was independent of duration and amount of hemofiltration. These observations did not support the concept that the norepinephrine decrease was the main consequence of a neural sympathetic inhibition. Hemofiltration increased diuresis by 606 +/- 415 ml; changes were prompt and correlated inversely (r = -0.7; p less than 0.01) with those in plasma norepinephrine. The same unknown mechanism of the increased urinary output might potentiate the norepinephrine removal from the blood by the kidney, or hemofiltration and the augmented diuresis might result in a regression of congestion of lungs and kidneys, leading to an improved extraction of norepinephrine. In CHF, a relation may exist between fluid retention and norepinephrine and in advanced stages, circulating norepinephrine, although strikingly increased, is devoid of important cardiovascular effects. At these stages, plasma norepinephrine is probably unreliable as an index of the sympathetic neural activity.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Cardiopulmonary bypass influences the plasma levels of calcitonin gene-related peptides in dogs: effects of hemofiltration and hemodilution.

Calcitonin gene-related peptides (CGRP), which are potent vasodilators, are elevated during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) in humans. We evaluated the plasma levels of CGRP in dogs during CPB with hemofiltration with and without hemodilution. Female beagles were divided into control (n=5) and hemodilution (n=5) groups. The CPB with hemofiltration was performed with or without hemodilution. For the measurement of CGRP, blood samples were collected pre-CPB, during CPB, and post-CPB. The concentrations of CGRP in the hemofiltration solution were measured. Although the CPB elevated the plasma CGRP levels in both groups, its elevation was significant in the hemodilution group when compared to the pre-CPB levels. CGRP levels returned to normal post-CPB. Significant differences were found between the two groups in the CGRP amount in hemofiltration. The results show that hemofiltration should be used during CPB to decrease the plasma levels of CGRP.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

Influence of continuous hemofiltration on the hemodynamics of trauma patients.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this prospective randomized controlled study was to investigate the effects of continuous venovenous hemofiltration on the hemodynamics and respiratory function of critically ill trauma patients with multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. METHODS: Thirty consecutive critically ill, mechanically ventilated, trauma patients with multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (without kidney failure) who had invasive hemodynamic monitoring for management of hypotension or hypoxemia were randomized to treatment with or without continuous venovenous hemofiltration. Hemodynamics profile was recorded immediately before and at 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours after the hemofiltration was started (mean of three set data each time). No changes in ventilatory parameters were performed during the study. RESULTS: Thirty patients were analyzed (15 with and 15 without hemofiltration). Both groups were similar in age (36 +/- 18 versus 36 +/- 14 years) and severity scores (Injury Severity Score, 32 +/- 16 versus 30 +/- 11; Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score, 22 +/- 7 versus 21 +/- 6; Goris score, 5.2 +/- 1.7 versus 5.2 +/- 1.8) and received similar inotropic support. We found a significant improvement in mean arterial pressure (80 +/- 9 to 94 +/- 8 (mm Hg), p = 0.01) and partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood/inspiratory oxygen supply index (124 +/- 40 to 204 +/- 44, p = 0.03) in the intervention group during the study period. We did not find any other significant change in variables studied. CONCLUSIONS: Continuous venovenous hemofiltration is associated with a significant improvement in hemodynamic and respiratory variables in critically ill trauma patients with multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. This improvement can help in the management of these patients. Further work is necessary to define whether this technique can reduce the high mortality of this disease.

Adult↗

PubMed1987

Renal response to metabolic alkalosis induced by isovolemic hemofiltration in the dog.

We describe a new model of chloride-depletion alkalosis (CDMA), in which the method of induction of alkalosis does not itself cause a direct alteration in sodium and fluid balance. We have used this model, which is based on hemofiltration techniques in the dog, to study the immediate response of the kidney to the induction of CDMA. Normal dogs maintained with a NaCl-free diet for several days underwent hemofiltration of 50 ml/kg over a 35 minute period. The hemofiltrate was replaced ml for ml with a solution containing sodium and potassium in the same concentrations as found in each animal's plasma water. In control animals, the replacement solution contained chloride and bicarbonate in the same ratio as in the plasma; in the experimental (CDMA) animals the replacement solution contained bicarbonate as the only anion. In the control group, the procedure of hemofiltration coupled with isovolemic replacement caused no appreciable changes in plasma composition, urinary excretion rates, GFR, or tubular handling of bicarbonate. In the CDMA group, 106 +/- 8.4 mEq of chloride were removed in exchange for bicarbonate. A marked metabolic alkalosis resulted, plasma bicarbonate concentration increasing from 21.9 +/- 0.6 to 33.3 +/- 0.6 mEq/liter. The hemofiltration procedure itself, by design, did not alter sodium or fluid balance. Nevertheless, cumulative urinary sodium excretion increased over 2.5 hours by 23.0 +/- 6.4 mEq. A natriuresis of this magnitude is equivalent to a loss of ECF volume of approximately 200 ml. GFR did not change significantly. The rate of tubular reabsorption of bicarbonate increased significantly from 1209 +/- 82 to 1559 +/- 148 mu Eq/min in CDMA animals.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Alkalosis↗

PubMed1999

Activation of the tissue factor pathway occurs during continuous venovenous hemofiltration.

BACKGROUND: Activation of the tissue factor pathway occurs during continuous venovenous hemofiltration (CVVH). Despite adequate exogenous anticoagulation, the occlusion of CVVH circuits can occur within minutes to a few hours of use and is associated with evidence of thrombin generation. Having found no evidence of activation of the contact factor (intrinsic coagulation) pathway during CVVH, we sought to examine the effect of the first episode of CVVH on the tissue factor (extrinsic) pathway of coagulation and thrombin generation. METHODS: Twelve critically ill patients were studied prior to the commencement of hemofiltration and at regular intervals thereafter until the filter clotted. RESULTS: Prior to hemofiltration, most patients had increased levels of plasma tissue factor, thrombin-antithrombin (TAT) complexes, and tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI); during hemofiltration, further generation of TAT complexes occurred. Initially, levels of activated factor VII (FVIIa) fell and TFPI increased, but during the course of hemofiltration, the levels of TFPI fell and FVIIa increased. Levels of tissue factor increased during CVVH in some patients, but this was not related to the generation of FVIIa. CONCLUSIONS: These data indicate that activation of FVII occurred during CVVH, which was related to levels of TFPI, but not tissue factor, and was coincidental to thrombin generation.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

A time for rediscovery: chronic hemofiltration for end-stage renal disease.

Provision of maintenance renal replacement therapy (MRRT) is becoming increasingly challenging. The number of patients requiring MRRT is growing rapidly, while the number of nephrologists, nurses, and other staff available to provide therapy is not increasing at a similar rate. Patients are now older and have more comorbid conditions, which magnifies the complexity of their RRT and makes it increasingly difficult to maintain the quality of care within the limitations of constrained economic resources. The two most commonly used MRRTs are hemodialysis (HD) and peritoneal dialysis (PD). A third modality of MRRT, hemofiltration, is not currently in widespread use in North America. In hemofiltration, plasma is filtered through a highly permeable, biocompatible synthetic membrane and waste products are removed by convection and solvent drag as the filtrate moves across the membrane. Hemofiltration equipment constantly monitors the rate of plasma removal and administers a sterile, nonpyrogenic replacement solution at an appropriate rate to replace the waste-laden ultrafiltrate and avoid vdume depletion in the patient. Hemofiltration may offer some potential clinical advantages to the MRRT patient, including better hemodynamic and cardiovascular stability, enhanced removal of middle molecular weight toxins, increased comfort, and therapy preference. Some reports indicate possible reduced morbidity and mortality and reduced risk of bacterial contamination and inflammation as a result of the use of sterile, ultrapure replacement fluids. Chronic hemofiltration is a relatively simple MRRT option that may offer significant benefits for many patients who have end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and deserves closer consideration for these patients.

Hemofiltration↗

PubMed1994

Hemofiltration during cardiopulmonary bypass: quality assessment of hemoconcentrated blood.

UNLABELLED: Hemofiltration is often used during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) for water removal. In a prospective random study 11 patients undergoing elective coronary artery surgery with hemofiltration during CPB were observed and compared to 11 patients without filtration. The quantitative and qualitative aspects of blood before and after filtration while still on CPB and until the first postoperative day were assessed. Intra- and postoperative volume requirements, standard hematology and chemistry, as well as hemolysis, complement activation, and coagulation factors were analysed at nine sequential points in time. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in pre- and postoperative patient data between the two groups except that the majority of patients in the study group (55%) were anticoagulated and required a significantly longer CPB time with higher doses of protamine and had higher postoperative drainage (2.9 vs. 1.4 L). Intra- and postoperative hemoglobin concentrations, transfusion and volume requirements were similar in both groups. 927 ml of plasma water were filtered during CPB within 4 min 20 s without hemodynamic changes or electrolyte imbalance. Hemoglobin and protein concentrations increased significantly during hemofiltration (Hb increases 3.6 g/dl). Hemolysis and activated complement fractions were elevated during CPB but showed no further increase during filtration; in contrast C4a, C5a, and prothrombin F1 + 2 increased significantly after cessation of CPB. In conclusion, hemofiltration during CPB is a safe and efficient method for water removal and for concentration of red blood cells and proteins without adverse effects on the patient's hemodynamics, blood quality, and volume requirements. More especially, no negative influence of hemofiltration could be determined with regard to activation of the coagulation and complement system.

Blood Cell Count↗

PubMed2004

Outcome prediction for critically ill children with acute renal failure requiring continuous hemofiltration.

Continuous hemofiltration has been used with increasing frequency for treating volume overload and acute renal failure in critically ill, hemodynamically unstable pediatric patients. This retrospective report investigates continuous hemofiltration in pediatric patients, and their survival rate. Sixty children treated between 1999 and 2001 with a diagnosis of acute renal failure and requiring continuous hemofiltration were admitted to this study to determine if pediatric risk of mortality III (PRISM III) scores were an accurate prediction of mortality. PRISM III scores were calculated on the day continuous hemofiltration commenced; mean PRISM III scores of non-survivors were significantly higher than mean scores of survivors. PRISM III scores may be a useful indicator of outcome in children receiving continuous hemofiltration.

Acute Kidney Injury↗

PubMed1990

hemofiltration reverses left ventricular dysfunction during sepsis in dogs.

Depressed left ventricular (LV) contractility in sepsis has been ascribed to the presence of circulating cardiodepressant substance (filterable cardiodepressant factor in sepsis [FCS]); however, this finding is controversial. The authors hypothesized that if a decrease in LV contractility indeed occurred due to a circulating depressant substance, then removal of this substance by hemofiltration would reverse by dysfunction. In this study, LV mechanics were examined before and after hemofiltration in anesthetized dogs during continuous intravenous infusion of live Escherichia coli. Left ventricular anterior-posterior and apex-base dimensions were measured by subendocardial ultrasonic crystal transducers implanted 4 weeks before the experiments. Left ventricular contractility was determined from the end-systolic pressure-dimension relationship. The slope of this relationship (Emax) is an index of contractility. After 4 h of sepsis, Emax was reduced by one half. Hemofiltration resulted in a return of Emax to control values. The FCS activity in the plasma was also assessed by the percent reduction in isometric contraction of electrically stimulated, isolated right ventricular trabeculae obtained from nonseptic dogs. The FCS activity reached a peak 4 h after sepsis and was reduced after 2 h of hemofiltration. The results show that during experimental sepsis, a circulating substance of less than 30,000 d produces a decrease in LV contractility and that this LV dysfunction may be improved by hemofiltration.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Hemofiltration but not steroids results in earlier tracheal extubation following cardiopulmonary bypass: a prospective, randomized double-blind trial.

BACKGROUND: Activation of the inflammatory cascade is thought to account for some of the respiratory dysfunction and prolonged mechanical ventilation associated with cardiopulmonary bypass. The objective of this investigation was to identify whether perioperative steroids or hemofiltration during cardiopulmonary bypass, by their attenuation of inflammation, would reduce duration of mechanical ventilation after cardiac surgery. METHODS: After Institutional Review Board approval and informed consent, 192 patients scheduled to undergo elective primary coronary artery bypass grafting or valvular replacement or repair were randomized in a double-blind prospective study into three groups. One group (Control) received saline at induction and at 6-h intervals for four doses. Another group (Hemofil) received saline and hemofiltration to obtain 27 ml/kg of hemofiltrate. The final group (Steroid) received 1 g methylprednisolone before anesthesia induction and then 4 mg of dexamethasone at 6-h intervals for four doses. All patients underwent normothermic cardiopulmonary bypass and received propofol for postoperative sedation. Separate two-sample comparisons were performed to compare each experimental group versus the control group using the Wilcoxon rank sum test for continuous variables and Fisher exact test for categorical variables. In all cases, two-tailed P values </= 0.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS: The median time until the patient reached an intermittent mandatory ventilation of 4/min (258.5 versus 385.0 min, respectively; P = 0.02) and tracheal extubation (352.0 versus 518.0 min; P = 0.03) was significantly reduced for group Hemofil but no different for Steroid compared to Control. CONCLUSIONS: Hemofiltration and steroids are both previously reported to attenuate the inflammatory response but only hemofiltration reduced time to tracheal extubation for adults after cardiopulmonary bypass in this study.

Aged↗