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PubMed1976

Body perception upon awakening.

12 male subjects were evaluated with a battery of body perception measures before sleep and just after awakening. Personality measures were also obtained. The results indicated a borderline, but not significant, trend at the time of awakening for the body boundary to be reduced in definiteness; and there were sensations that one's body is more dirty, that its openings are more blocked, and that its size is of less expansive proportions. There were also trends for the traits of stability and reflectiveness to predict bodily experiences upon awakening.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Performance of forensic patients on the Holtzman Inkblot Technique: a normative study.

The Holtzman Inkblot Technique was administered to all 269 adult males admitted as forensic patients in the state of Texas during a 12-mo. period. Normative data presented suggest that these forensic patients differ from other criterion groups in their responses to this psychometrically rigorous projective technique. Factor analysis of the scores indicated a factorial structure similar to that reported for several of the Holtzman standardization samples but with at least one factor which seems to be unique to these forensic patients.

Dangerous Behavior↗
PubMed1989

[Aspects of object relations in borderline and neurotic patients: an empirical study using the Holtzman Inkblot technic].

In the present study hospitalized borderline and neurotic patients were compared concerning certain aspects of object relations. The diagnosis of a borderline disorder was given on the basis of the "Diagnostic Interview for Borderlines" (Gunderson u. Kolb 1978). Certain aspects of object relations were assessed by applying the 7-point scale developed by Urist (1977) to responses in the Holtzman Inkblot Technique. According to the results the two diagnostic groups differ with regard to 5 of the 7 scale levels which are connected with the following interpersonal themes: Being supplied and guided; controlling; sucking out, devouring and damaging; engulfing and overwhelming. The results are interpreted referring to object relation theory. Furthermore hit rates were assessed on the basis of the Urist scale data with relatively good results for sensitivity and specifity.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

[Relation of social integration and personality].

This study aims at describing personality characteristics in three groups of children with different levels of social integration. The three groups were virtually 'confused' with the type of school the children attended at. The first group attended the kind of special school which is shanty towns typical. The second group attended usual State primary schools located in low-income popular areas, and the third group, the same type of school located, however, in medium to high-income residential areas. The Holtzman Inkblot Technique was administered to 120 children (boys and girls), ranging from 8 to 13-year-old's. Triple variance analyses were performed to study the influence of age, sex, social integration, and their interaction among the different personality variables. It was found that the three groups differentiated according to their level of social integration, with different personality traits.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Effects of material rewards on inkblot perception and organization.

To explore further the potential relationship between material rewards and developmental regression, this research examined the effects of material rewards on perceptual organization as measured by Holtzman inkblot responses. Forty introductory psychology students (20 males and 20 females) were assigned to either a reward or nonreward group initially matched on sex and IQ. Reward subjects had lower scores on form definiteness, form appropriateness, integration, human, movement, color, and shading; faster response time; and higher scores on location and on pathognomic verbalization. Although reward/nonreward differences reached significance only for form definiteness, form appropriateness, shading, and response time, the differences on all 10 Holtzman Inkblot Technique variables that are sensitive to developmental change were in the predicted direction of a lower level of functioning under reward.

Cognition↗
PubMed1994

[Reducing ambiguity: semantic statistical studies of "normal" probands, neurotic patients, borderline patients and schizophrenic patients].

The present study tries to answer three questions: 1.) Do patients with neurotic disorders differ from normals by a stronger tendency to avoid or reduce ambiguity? 2.) Does the tendency to avoid or reduce ambiguity increase with increasing ambiguity of the stimulus? 3.) Does the avoidance or reduction of ambiguity increase with affects of anxiety and hostility? In order to answer these questions, Ertel's dogmatism-dictionary was applied to the answers of 30 normals, 30 patients with neurotic disorders, 30 borderline-patients, 25 acute and 25 chronic schizophrenics in the Holtzman Inkblot Technique (HIT). According to the results, (1) patients with neurotic disorders do not differ from normals by a stronger tendency to avoid or reduce ambiguity. 2.) The tendency to avoid or reduce ambiguity increases with measures of increasing stimulus ambiguity of the HIT cards in all diagnostic groups studied with the exception of chronic schizophrenics. As far as response ambiguity (variability of interpretation) is concerned, only in chronic schizophrenics the tendency to avoid or reduce ambiguity decreases with increasing response ambiguity. 3.) The avoidance or reduction of ambiguity increases with affects of anxiety and/or aggression assessed by HIT-measures in all diagnostic groups studied with the exception of normals and chronic schizophrenics. In both normals and chronic schizophrenics, the reduction of ambiguity decreases significantly with increasing anxiety, in chronic schizophrenics the reduction of ambiguity decreases significantly with an increase of low levels of aggression.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

[Symptom complex, prevalence of trauma and body image of psychiatric patients with self-injury behavior].

Within the group of in-patients the patients exhibiting self-injurious behavior (SIB) have a significantly more disturbed body image--as assessed by the Holtzman Inkblot Technique (HIT)--than the patients who do not have this symptomatology. The more disturbed the body image, the higher the frequency of SIB. The method of self-injury most frequently reported is cutting the skin of the extremities, followed by burning the skin with cigarettes or open flames. This behavior serves the purpose of alleviating diffuse internal tension, of directing aggression inward, i.e. toward the self, and of terminating depersonalization states. During the act of self-mutilation, the perception of pain is lessened appreciably or inactivated. 48 percent of the female patients in this group suffered sexual abuse during childhood.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Body image boundary definiteness and psychopathology.

In an attempt to clarify the relation between body image boundary definiteness and psychopathology, the hypothesis that at each level of psychic adaptation groups with stronger and groups with weaker body image boundaries should be found, is examined. The hypothesis that hysterics as well as nonparanoid schizophrenics would have weaker, whereas obsessive compulsives and paranoid schizophrenics would have stronger body image boundaries receives only indirect empirical support. A short theoretical discussion is presented.

Body Image↗