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A child at all costs: posthumous reproduction and the meaning of parenthood.

The creation of babies by assisted and collaborative techniques of reproduction, such as in-vitro fertilization or cryopreservation of gametes and embryos, stimulates strong emotions and fantasies about life, death, sexuality and immortality. Particularly, the cryopreservation of spermatozoa for post-mortem reproduction forces us to come to terms with the meaning of human reproduction, and the extent of individual rights to procreate using artificial means.

Cryopreservation↗

The provision of a semen cryopreservation service for male cancer sufferers in the Republic of Ireland.

BACKGROUND: Chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgery for cancer all carry risks of sterility. Semen cryopreservation would allow procreational ability to be preserved. METHODS: A human-assisted reproduction unit was set up in the Rotunda Hospital where semen was cryopreserved and stored for use. RESULTS: Semen was frozen for procreational potential during 1998 from 58 males about to have oncology therapy likely to render them sterile. The planning for this service and the modus operandi now in place are described. While cryopreservation was not unsuccessful in any case, substandard samples were obtained from 14 men. Pre-freeze viral tests tested positive for CMV in six patients. One pregnancy is already on-going utilising IVF with thawed semen. One patient's death has been notified and the frozen semen disposed of. CONCLUSION: The service is, at present, outside public purse provision. It is hoped that in the near future this will change, as the deficit between charges and costs cannot be sustained in-house forever.

Cryopreservation↗

[Ethical viewpoints on cryopreservation of human embryos].

In the introduction the author describes how moral judgements are being formed in the pluralistic structures of today's societies. Moral relativism and subjectivism are the wide spread consequences of empirical anthropological theories. In this situation the necessity of an objective and normative moral theory (Christian natural law theory) is being stressed. Neither biology nor medicine can pronounce final judgements on the value of human life. The arguments in favour of cryoconservation (medical progress, parents wish to have children, cost-reduction) are outweighed by those arguments which maintain that man cannot dispose of human life through the manipulation of the progenitive act outside marriage and of the juman act of procreation. There are also the risks and the endangering of the human value of the embryo, up to prolicide which is considered to be permissible in some cases, on these moral grounds the author objects to the cryoconservation of embryos as does the relevant instruction of the papal magisterium of the Roman Catholic Church (Donum vitae 1987). He does not, however, take a final stance on how the subjective decision of the physician is to be judged in the individual case.

Embryo Transfer↗