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PubMed1989

[A study on the examination of the incidences of streptococcal infectious diseases in the nationwide and the regional surveillance information of infectious diseases in Japan (1st report)].

As the first step to examine the incidences of streptococcal infectious diseases for the nationwide and the regional surveillance information of infectious diseases in Japan, the number of patients with streptococcal infectious diseases per year or week and the hospitals in the surveillance systems in 47 prefectures from 1982 to 1987 were compared. It was found to have the tendency that the numbers of the patients were comparatively more in Hokkaido, Tohoku, partial areas of Kyushu and Shikoku than in other regions, and more in rural areas than in urban areas. Because of the deviation from the tendency, however, it was also suggested that the information of the disease in some prefectures might be poor. Although ratios of no. of the patients against no. of patients with exanthema subitum in 16 prefectures, respectively, were calculated and compared, it was be not enough to analyze the difference among the incidences of streptococcal infectious diseases in these prefectures.

Humans↗
PubMed2006

[The duty of notification for pathologists according to the infectious disease control act. Tuberculosis as dominating disease].

The Infectious Disease Control Act enacted in Germany in 1.1.2001 led to a duty of notification also for institutes of pathologic-anatomical diagnostics. All reports within 45 months after enacting concerning diseases and agents being subject to registration were evaluated. Among the notifiable diseases with fatal outcome ( section sign 6) belonged 3 cases of Meningococcus sepsis, 13 of tuberculosis und 5 cases of Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease. During lifetime 54% of tuberculosis cases remained undetected. Notifiable agents ( section sign 7.1) concerned 92 times Mycobacterium-tuberculosis-complex, twice Influenza Virus and one case of Cryptosporidiosis and Giardia lamblia each. Six Echinococcus granulosus cysts were reported ( section sign 7.2). Notification needs exact diagnosis of infectious diseases and agents being subject of registration. By this pathologists participate in the control of infectious diseases.

Bacterial Infections↗
PubMed2003

[Early hospital mortality due to infectious diseases].

BACKGROUND: Infectious diseases are an important health problem. Early hospital mortality (EHM) (first 48 hours after hospital admission) give us information about the etiology and the focus of infection. This study was designed because no articles have been found about this subject. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We reviewed the medical records coded by the ICD-9-CM of all patients that suffered from EHM due to infectious diseases during the period 1992 to 1999. RESULTS: Of all the patients analyzed, 0.7% died of EHM, and of theses, 6.9% were due to an infectious disease. Median age was 73.2 years; 56.1% were men. Index of comorbidity was higher than 1 in 59,9%, and 70,7% never has been admitted to the hospital before. At admission, fever was present in 43.9%. The illness severity was 60.9% sepsis, 24.4% severe sepsis, 13.4% septic shock and 1.2% multiorgan failure. Causes of death were respiratory (76.8%; pneumonia 58.5%). Pneumonia was more frequent among aged 65 years and older (p = 0.03). In 69.5% no microbiological techniques were performed with independence of the clinical severity or the presence or absence of fever. In 85.4% the casual agent was unidentified, but in the case of isolation, gram positive was the most frequent microorganism. CONCLUSIONS: Infections are an important cause of EHM, and community-acquired respiratory tract infection (mainly pneumonia) the most frequent cause of EHM. Patients were admitted to the hospital with sepsis in 60.9%, perhaps due to a diagnostic or therapeutic delay. Among aged 65 years and older, microbiological diagnostic procedures were rarely employed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Infectious disease testing for blood transfusions. NIH Consensus Development Panel on Infectious Disease Testing for Blood Transfusions.

OBJECTIVE: To provide physicians and other transfusion medicine professionals with a current consensus on infectious disease testing for blood transfusions. PARTICIPANTS: A nonfederal, nonadvocate, 12-member consensus panel representing the fields of hematology, infectious disease, transfusion medicine, epidemiology, and biostatistics and a public representative. In addition, 23 experts in hematology, cardiology, transfusion medicine, infectious disease, and epidemiology presented data to the consensus panel and a conference audience of 450. EVIDENCE: The literature was searched through MEDLINE and an extensive bibliography of references was provided to the panel and the conference audience. Experts prepared abstracts with relevant citations from the literature. Scientific evidence was given precedence over clinical anecdotal experience. CONSENSUS: The panel, answering predefined consensus questions, developed their conclusions based on the scientific evidence presented in open forum and the scientific literature. CONSENSUS STATEMENT: The panel composed a draft statement that was read in its entirety and circulated to the experts and the audience for comment. Thereafter, the panel resolved conflicting recommendations and released a revised statement at the end of the conference. The panel finalized the revisions within a few weeks after the conference. CONCLUSIONS: The serum alanine aminotransferase test should be discontinued as a surrogate marker for blood donors likely to transmit posttransfusion non-A, non-B hepatitis infection since specific hepatitis C antibody testing has eliminated more than 85% of these cases. Antibody to hepatitis B core antigen testing should continue as it may prevent some cases of posttransfusion hepatitis B; it may also act as a surrogate marker for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in donors and may prevent a small number of cases of transfusion-transmitted HIV infection. Syphilis testing should continue until adequate data can determine its effect on the rarity of transfusion-transmitted syphilis. Vigilant public health surveillance is critical in responding to emerging infectious disease threats to the blood supply.

Alanine Transaminase↗
PubMed1999

[Communicable diseases law: new legislation for infectious disease control].

On April 1st, 1999 the new law on control of infectious diseases (the Infectious Diseases Act) came into effect. This law replaces former legislation, largely dating from 1928. The Infectious Diseases Act legally enables the government to take action against the spread of infectious diseases. This legal base is necessary because constitutional rights of individuals might be affected. The Infectious Diseases Act only applies to diseases specifically mentioned in the law. The Act regulates the statutory notification and the enforceable actions the authorities can take to protect the community. The mayors of municipalities decide on the appropriate measures, acting on advice of the municipal or regional public health agencies. The Infectious Diseases Act does not provide for detailed regulations regarding the control of infectious diseases but contains obligations that are the end piece of a policy continuum.

Communicable Disease Control↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Highlights from the 13th European Congress of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases in Glasgow, Scotland, May 10-13, 2003. The complex world of infectious diseases.

At the 13th European Congress of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, held in Glasgow, Scotland, May 10-13, 2003, the latest developments in clinical microbiology and the treatment of infectious diseases were presented alongside recent progress on molecular aspects of diagnosis and emerging patterns of infection. Around 5,000 delegates from more than 80 countries attended the congress, which saw the presentation of more than 400 oral communications and 1,700 posters. In addition to a historical session looking at Scotland's own contribution to the control of infectious diseases, the meeting involved up to six parallel sessions a day, looking at all the major aspects of infectious diseases, treatment, surveillance, epidemiology and drug pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics. The organizers also organized a Late Breaker symposium on severe acute respiratory syndrome. The topics likely to be of most interest to Drug News and Perspectives readers are described here.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2003

[First evaluation of the surveillance systems of notifiable diseases under the infectious disease control law in Germany].

INTRODUCTION: The implementation of the infectious disease control law (IfSG) in 1.1.2001 standardised the German surveillance system for notifiable diseases. For management and transmission of reports health departments use either the software programme Surv Net@RKI, which was developed by the Robert Koch-Institut (RKI), or one of five commercially offered disease-reporting software. After more than one year of its existence, we investigated the success of the implementation of the new surveillance system with the aim to identify possibilities for further improvement. METHODS: Based on 2001 data available to the RKI, we evaluated the criteria simplicity (standardisation of legal regulation and of software systems), acceptability (number of reporting regional counties), time (period from data entry at the health department to entry at the RKI) and data quality (information on immunisation status among reports of hepatitis A cases). RESULTS: For electronic processing 5 versions of Surv Net@RKI and 47 versions of the 5 commercial products are used. Additional rules of individual states expand the legal obligation for notification of the IfSG, by adding new diseases, different definitions or different reporting channels. Within the first quarter after implementation of the IfSG, 393 (90 %) of the 425 counties transmitted data weekly. The median transmission time from data entry at the health department and entry at the RKI was 5 to 7 days after the fourth reporting week. The proportion of hepatitis A case reports with information on immunisation status was 58 % (1323 of 2277); among the 1052 reports by health departments using Surv Net@RKI the proportion was 82 % (n = 858); among the 1225 reports from health departments using other programmes the proportion was 38 %. CONCLUSION: Implementation of the new surveillance system is successful. Electronic data systems should be standardised to improve data quality and simplicity. The deadlines for transmission should be shortened to allow earlier detection and control of multi-state outbreaks. State-specific rules on notifiable diseases should be standardised to avoid conflicting or redundant reporting channels.

Communicable Disease Control↗
PubMed2003

[Chronic urticaria and infectious diseases].

INTRODUCTION: Infectious diseases are often considered as a classic cause of chronic urticaria. Nevertheless, laboratory investigations greatly vary from one centre to the other and the link between the infection and skin signs does not rely on hard data. The purpose of this work was a systematic analysis of the published cases of urticaria associated with infection. METHODS: We did a Medline search, using the key-words "urticaria" and "infection/infectious disease"; a second analysis was carried out in groups of infectious agents (viruses, bacteria, parasites) and using each germ name as a key-word. We excluded cases of acute urticaria and articles without English abstract, as well as general reviews without clinical data. RESULTS: No viral cause has ever been clearly documented in chronic urticaria; the screening of viral markers does not yield significant results, compared to the general population (hepatitis B, hepatitis C, HIV). Among bacterial infections, sinusitis and dental infection are not significantly associated with urticaria, and their treatment produces variable and poorly documented results. Helicobacter pylori infection was studied in numerous series, which produced contrasted results: the prevalence was not higher than in controls in the majority of comparative studies; conversely, the outcome of antibiotic treatment was not significant in randomised trials. Only anecdotal series of cases documented a link between parasites and chronic urticaria. Two French studies have suggested a high prevalence of Toxocara canis markers in chronic urticaria, but anti-parasitic treatment had only inconstant effects. CONCLUSION: There is not enough clear-cut data to affirm a direct link between chronic urticaria and infectious diseases, except in occasional case reports. Therefore, systematic screening for infectious markers cannot be recommended in chronic urticaria. A role of Toxocara canis infections should be re-evaluated by controlled studies.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Global Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology Network (GIDEON): a world wide Web-based program for diagnosis and informatics in infectious diseases.

The Global Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology Network (GIDEON) (http://www.gideononline.com) consists of 4 modules. The first is designed to generate a ranked differential diagnosis list for any infectious diseases scenario in any of 220 countries. The second follows the country-specific epidemiology of 337 individual diseases. The third presents a comprehensive encyclopedia of 308 generic anti-infective drugs and vaccines, including a listing of >9500 trade names. The fourth generates a ranked identification list based on the phenotype of bacteria, mycobacteria, and yeasts. The program performs well and serves as a useful paradigm for World Wide Web-based informatics. GIDEON is an eclectic program that can serve the needs of clinicians, epidemiologists, and microbiologists working in the fields of infectious diseases and geographic medicine.

Communicable Diseases↗
PubMed2000

Geography, ecology and emerging infectious diseases.

Emerging infectious diseases are the focus of increased attention and even alarm in the scholarly and popular literature. The emergence of new diseases and the resurgence of older and previously recognized infectious diseases both in developing and developed country poses challenges for understanding the ecological web of causation, including social, economic, environmental and biological components. This paper is a synthesis of the major characteristics of emerging diseases, in an interdisciplinary context. Political ecology is one framework for analysis that is promising in developing a modified ecology of disease.

Communicable Disease Control↗
PubMed2005

Emerging infectious diseases: a 10-year perspective from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases.

Although optimists once imagined that serious infectious disease threats would by now be conquered, newly emerging (e.g., severe acute respiratory syndrome [SARS]), reemerging (e.g., West Nile virus), and even deliberately disseminated infectious diseases (e.g., anthrax bioterrorism) continue to appear throughout the world. Over the past decade, the global effort to identify and characterize infectious agents, decipher the underlying pathways by which they cause disease, and develop preventive measures and treatments for many of the world's most dangerous pathogens has resulted in considerable progress. Intramural and extramural investigators supported by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) have contributed substantially to this effort. This overview highlights selected NIAID-sponsored research advances over the past decade, with a focus on progress in combating HIV/AIDS, malaria, tuberculosis, influenza, SARS, West Nile virus, and potential bioterror agents. Many basic research discoveries have been translated into novel diagnostics, antiviral and antimicrobial compounds, and vaccines, often with extraordinary speed.

Anthrax↗
PubMed1986

Clinical applications of gene probes in human genetic disease, malignancy, and infectious disease.

Recent developments in recombinant DNA technology have made possible the production of gene probes consisting of cloned gene segments, cloned segments of DNA linked to genes, and synthetic gene fragments. Several methods have been developed by which these probes may be used for the diagnosis of human disease. This technology has been outstandingly successful for prenatal diagnosis and carrier detection in many genetic diseases. These methods have also been successfully applied to the analysis of human malignancies, by providing for the determination of cell lineage and clonality in lymphoid neoplasms. Finally, these methods have shown potential for rapid and sensitive diagnosis of some infectious diseases.

B-Lymphocytes↗
PubMed1999

[Infectious disease trends].

Infectious disease mortality has increased during the last decades: from a rate of 38.10(5) inhabitants in 1980-95 to 41, 5.10(5) in 1998. Demographic changes have modified susceptibility to infections, due to the increment of elderly people--who have less immunity--, and the increase in drug-abusers and HIV-infected subjects. Social and technological environmental factors have had some influence on emergent and re-emergent diseases. Key issues to be considered are problems with antimicrobial resistance, infectious related- to chronic diseases, infections in immunodeficient subjects, and new vaccines to use. Among the challenges to public health is the need for incorporating new and rapidly technologies as microarrays, strategies of planning, multisectorial approaches to detecting preventing and controlling emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2001

The management of varicella-zoster virus exposure and infection in pregnancy and the newborn period. Australasian Subgroup in Paediatric Infectious Diseases of the Australasian Society for Infectious Diseases.

Zoster immunoglobulin (ZIG) should be offered to pregnant, varicella-seronegative women with significant exposure to varicella-zoster virus (VZV) (chickenpox) infection. Oral aciclovir prophylaxis should be considered for susceptible pregnant women exposed to VZV who did not receive ZIG or have risk factors for severe disease. Intravenous aciclovir should be given to pregnant women who develop complicated varicella at any stage of pregnancy. Counselling on the risk of congenital varicella syndrome is recommended for pregnant women who develop chickenpox. ZIG should be given to a baby whose mother develops chickenpox up to 7 days before delivery or up to 28 days after delivery. Intravenous aciclovir should be given to babies presenting unwell with chickenpox, whether or not they received ZIG. Breastfeeding of babies infected with or exposed to VZV is encouraged. A mother with chickenpox or zoster does not need to be isolated from her own baby. If siblings at home have chickenpox, a newborn baby should be given ZIG if its mother is seronegative. The newborn baby does not need to be isolated from its siblings with chickenpox, whether or not the baby was given ZIG. After significant nursery exposure to VZV, ZIG should be given to seronegative babies and to all babies born before 28 weeks' gestation.

Acyclovir↗