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At least 91 records · Page 5Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Intraocular pressure and systemic blood pressure: longitudinal perspective: the Beaver Dam Eye Study.

AIM: To investigate the relation between change in systemic blood pressures and change in intraocular pressure. METHODS: This was a population based study of people 43-86 years old living in Beaver Dam, Wisconsin. Measurements at baseline (1988-90) and 5 year follow up of systemic blood pressures, intraocular pressures, and history of use of blood pressure medications. RESULTS: Intraocular pressures were significantly correlated with systolic and diastolic blood pressures at both baseline and follow up. There were significant direct correlations between changes in systemic blood pressures and changes in intraocular pressure. There was a 0.21 (95% CI: 0.16 to 0.27) mm Hg increase in IOP for a 10 mm Hg increase in systolic and 0.43 (0.35 to 0.52) mm Hg increase in IOP for a 10 mm Hg increase in diastolic blood pressure. Further adjustment for diabetes and medication use did not alter these associations. Decreased systolic or diastolic blood pressures of more than 10 mm Hg over 5 years were significantly associated with decreased IOP. CONCLUSIONS: Reduced systemic blood pressure is associated with reduced intraocular pressure. This finding should be evaluated in other studies, especially with respect to the possibility of resultant decreased risk of open angle glaucoma.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

The effect of betaxolol and timolol on postoperative intraocular pressure.

Postoperative intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation is a well documented phenomenon after cataract surgery. Many pharmacological agents have been used to prevent this complication. We conducted a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled study to evaluate the effect of topical betaxolol and timolol on postoperative IOP after extracapsular cataract extraction and intraocular lens implantation. One hundred and twenty patients were randomly divided into three groups. At the end of the operation, the patients were given one drop of 0.5% betaxolol, 0.5% timolol or placebo solution into the lower cul-de-sac of the operated eye. IOP was measured preoperatively and five and twenty-four h postoperatively. There was a significant rise in IOP in the placebo and betaxolol groups but not in the timolol group five h postoperatively. IOP was significantly higher in all groups twenty-four h after the operation than preoperatively. Betaxolol did not have any significant effect on the postoperative IOP, but timolol was effective in preventing the early IOP rise. The differences in the antagonist effects of these drugs and the possible role of beta 2-receptors in mediating the aqueous humour flow are discussed.

Betaxolol↗
PubMed1997

[Are there genuine and pseudo-normal pressure glaucomas? Body position-dependent intraocular pressure values in normal pressure glaucoma].

BACKGROUND: Elevation of intraocular pressure in the supine position has been previously described in literature. Aim of this study is to investigate the elevation of intraocular pressure in normal tension glaucoma and its effect on the morphology of the optic disc, visual field function and capillary blood flow of the retina and optic disc. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 56 eyes of 28 preperimetric and advanced normal tension glaucoma patients were prospectively evaluated. Ten eyes of ten normal patients served as a control group for the measurements of the intraocular pressure. In the course of a 24-h pressure profile applanation tonometry was performed in the morning in a supine and three and ten minutes later in a sitting position with Draeger's and Goldmann's tonometers. Arterial blood pressure was measured at the same time. The optic disc's morphology was evaluated by stereo photographs and Laser Scanning Tomography. As a sensory test computer perimetry was used. Capillary blood flow was measured at defined areas of the retina and optic disc. An intraocular pressure above 21 mm Hg in the supine position was used as a criterium to define two groups of normal tension glaucoma patients. RESULTS: In the supine position a statistically significant elevation of intraocular pressure was observed in 24 normal tension glaucoma patients by 6.2 +/- 2.8 mm Hg up to 21.8 +/- 3 mm Hg. Diastolic blood pressure in the supine position (80 +/- 10.5 mm Hg) was significantly lower than in the sitting position (94 +/- 11 mm Hg, p = 0.021). 12 of 28 normal tension glaucoma patients showed an intraocular pressure lower than 22 mm Hg in the supine position. In these patients a tendency towards a higher incidence for the occurrence of optic disc haemorrhages and significantly higher values for blood flow (p < 0.0005) and volume (p < 0.005) in the retina and optic nerve head could be shown. In this group of normal pressure glaucoma patients a higher incidence of migraine and vasospastic complaints was reported in the patients' history. CONCLUSION: In this study some normal tension glaucoma patients showed intraocular pressures in the supine position higher than 21 mm Hg and a lower diastolic arterial pressure. The higher incidence of haemorrhages and higher values for flow and volume parameters of the optic disc in normal tension glaucoma patients with an intraocular pressure lower than 22 mm Hg implicate the existence of two entities: real and pseudo normal tension glaucomas.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Circadian intraocular pressure management with latanoprost: diurnal and nocturnal intraocular pressure reduction and increased uveoscleral outflow.

Based on their mechanism of action, the most frequently used ocular hypertensive agents, the beta-blockers, cannot be assumed to reduce IOP during sleep. The need for drugs that reduce IOP around-the-clock is underscored, however, by the fact that inadequate nocturnal ocular perfusion pressure is considered to be one of the likely causes of glaucomatous optic neuropathy especially in some cases of normal tension glaucoma. The studies reviewed here demonstrate that latanoprost, a new ocular hypotensive prostaglandin F2 alpha analogue, applied once a day at a concentration of 0.005%, maintains a statistically highly significant IOP reduction around-the-clock. The magnitude of this IOP reduction was found to be essentially identical during the day and at night, both in patients maintained on timolol and in those not receiving other glaucoma medication. Latanoprost-induced IOP reduction was also found to be associated with increased uveoscleral outflow in normotensive volunteers, both during the day and at night. These circadian studies suggest that this new ocular hypotensive agent can be expected to be particularly useful for the medical management of some forms of glaucoma, such as normal tension glaucoma, when the cause of the glaucomatous damage cannot be linked specifically to diurnal IOP abnormalities.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1998

Measurement of intraocular pressure during laparoscopy and its relationship to central venous pressure.

UNLABELLED: STUDY OBJECTIVE. To determine the effect of different positional degrees on hemodynamics, especially central venous pressure and intraocular pressure, and a possible interrelationship, during laparoscopic surgery. SETTING. University teaching hospital (Canadian Task Force classification II-1). PATIENTS: Seven women undergoing elective gynecologic laparoscopy. INTERVENTIONS: The women were monitored for heart rate, partial pressure of oxygen, end-tidal carbon dioxide, arterial blood pressure, central venous pressure, end-tidal isoflurane concentration, and intraocular pressure in several body positions during general anesthesia. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Intraocular pressure depends on body position (r2 = 0.58) related to central venous pressure (r2 = 0.7). Heart rate and arterial blood pressure are also dependent on the body position, but to a lesser degree. CONCLUSION: Continuous monitoring of intraocular pressure may help detect alterations in central venous pressure during general anesthesia for laparoscopic surgery. Undesirable alterations caused by degree of Trendelenburg position may negatively affect patients with high cardiac or ophthalmic risk.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

[The influence of systemic digitalis application on intraocular pressure].

The intraocular pressure (IOP) of ten healthy subjects was measured before and after a 2-week systemic application of beta-methyldigoxin. The drug led to a highly significant decrease of IOP of on the average 2 mm Hg. The decrease was independent of the blood concentration of glycoside - at least within the therapeutic range. There was a positive correlation between IOP before digoxin application and the subsequent IOP decrease. The rate of outflow increased, but not significantly. Implications for the therapy of glaucoma are briefly discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Central nervous system control of intraocular pressure.

Normal intraocular pressure (IOP) is the result of an equilibrium between aqueous humor (AH) production, AH outflow and episcleral venous pressure. Most available antiglaucoma agents produce their effects by interacting with autonomic mechanisms (beta-blockers, epinephrine or parasympathomimetics). In contrast, the role of the central nervous system (brain and nerves) in the regulation of IOP remains unclear in view of the complex haemodynamic, metabolic or hormonal changes which occur under experimental conditions. In this paper, we discuss a basic understanding of the anatomic and physiological relationships between central nervous system and IOP and describe how the brain can affect functions in ciliary body and trabeculum meshwork.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Comparison of the effect of hypertonic hydroxyethyl starch and mannitol on the intraocular pressure in healthy normotensive dogs and the effect of hypertonic hydroxyethyl starch on the intraocular pressure in dogs with primary glaucoma.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine if intravenous hypertonic hydroxyethyl starch (7.5%/6%) (HES) could decrease the intraocular pressure (IOP) in healthy normotensive dogs, and compare its effect with that of mannitol (20%) (experimental study). In addition, the potential IOP-lowering effect of hypertonic HES was evaluated in six dogs with primary glaucoma (clinical study). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Experimental study: eight male ophthalmoscopically and clinically healthy Beagles were included in this study. The IOP of each dog was measured by applanation tonometry in both eyes to obtain control values at 10:00, 10:15, 10:30, 10:45, 11:00 a.m., and then every hour until 6:00 p.m. prior to the first treatment (control period). Each dog received, with at least 2-week intervals and in a random order, an intravenous (IV) infusion of 4 mL/kg hypertonic HES (1.2 g/kg NaCl; 0.96 g/kg HES) and 4 mL/kg mannitol 20% (1 g/kg) over a period of 15 min starting at 10:00 a.m. IOP was measured oculus uterque (OU) at the same time intervals as in the control study. The differences in IOP between the treatment groups and the baseline IOP (before the start of infusion), between oculus sinister (OS) and oculus dexter (OD) and between the same time points of all groups were determined with a Student's t-test for paired samples (P = 0.05). Clinical study: six dogs with primary glaucoma (representing seven eyes) received an IV infusion of 4 mL/kg hypertonic HES over a period of 15 min. IOP was measured before and 15 and 30 min after starting the infusion. RESULTS: Experimental study: no significant difference between IOP of both eyes was found. A significant decrease in IOP from baseline value was recorded at 15, 30, 45, and 60 min after the start of mannitol infusion (mean amplitude in IOP decrease 3.21 mmHg; P < 0.05) and at 15 and 30 min in dogs treated with HES (mean amplitude in IOP decrease 2.43 mmHg; P < 0.05). At 120 and 180 min there was a significantly higher IOP (P < 0.05) in HES treatment group compared to the values of the control group. Clinical study: in 5/7 eyes diagnosed with primary glaucoma a maximum decrease in IOP of an average of 24% from the baseline value (IOP before start of the infusion) was observed (range of decrease 2-21 mmHg). In three of these five cases the maximum decrease was reached at 15 min and in two cases at 30 min. In one case an increase in IOP of 35% (+ 18 mmHg) was seen after 15 min and 26% (+ 13 mmHg) after 30 min. Case 4 showed an increase in IOP of 5% (+ 3 mmHg) after 15 min and a decrease of 6% (- 4 mmHg) after 30 min. CONCLUSIONS: Intravenous hypertonic HES is comparable to intravenous mannitol 20% in lowering the intraocular pressure in healthy normotensive dogs. But this effect lasted half an hour longer after mannitol. In 6/7 eyes with primary glaucoma, hypertonic HES decreased IOP.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

The effect of positive pressure breathing for altitude protection on intraocular pressure.

BACKGROUND: The effect of positive pressure breathing for altitude protection (PBA) on intraocular pressure was studied; the behavior of intraocular pressure both during and after PBA exposure was of particular interest. METHODS: Seven subjects were exposed to PBA of up to 60 mmHg at ground-level. The subjects were seated, and wore an aircrew helmet (HGU-55/P), oro-facial mask (M8U-20/P), thoracic counterpressure garment (CSU-17/P) and an extended coverage G-suit (ATAGS). Before, during and after each exposure, intraocular pressure was measured using a Tono-Pen XL applanation tonometer. RESULTS: All 7 subjects completed 10 min of PBA at breathing pressures of 30 and 40 mmHg, and 6 subjects completed 10 min at 50 and 60 mmHg. Mean and SEM increases in intraocular pressure, as compared to pre-exposure baseline measurements, were 7.7 +/- 0.6 mmHg at a breathing pressure of 30 mmHg, 12.0 +/- 0.9 mmHg at 40 mmHg, 18.4 +/- 1.3 mmHg at 50 mmHg and 20.0 +/- 0.6 mmHg at 60 mmHg. The difference between each of these increases was significant (p < 0.05), with the exception of that between 50 and 60 mmHg PBA. CONCLUSIONS: Intraocular pressure increases as breathing pressure increases. It is likely that this change in intraocular pressure would provide some protection to the retinal vasculature during PBA. In addition, it is unlikely that the temporary elevation of intraocular pressure following pressure breathing is of medical concern.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Elevated intraocular pressure in secondary piggyback intraocular lens implantation.

We report 2 cases of postoperative intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation in secondary piggyback intraocular lens (IOL) implantation without history of glaucoma or ocular hypertension. A 74-year-old woman with myopic pseudophakia and a 68-year-old man with hyperopic pseudophakia received secondary piggyback AcrySof IOL implantation in their left eyes. In both patients, the left IOP gradually increased and sustained around 30 mm Hg for about 1 year. In the first, IOP continued elevating despite topical and systemic medications. There was an episode of pupillary block in the second. Gonioscopically, heavier trabecular meshwork pigmentation in their left eyes was observed. Because of this, the 2 IOLs implanted were removed and replaced by an adequate IOL and trabeculotomy was performed in the former. The AcrySof IOL has a truncated optic edge, which increases the risk for chafing the iris, resulting in pigment dispersion syndrome; thus, it would be a poor choice for a sulcus-placed piggyback implantation.

Acrylic Resins↗